Ukuthunyelelwa Enkantolo Yomphakathi

Isimiso senkantolo ye-United States sisingatha amacala ahilela imithetho kahulumeni, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., izimpikiswano phakathi kwezindawo noma izakhamuzi zezifundazwe ezihlukene (ukubusa ngokwezimo) kanye neminye imiba enjengohulumeni ngokwawo. Ukuqonda izinqubo zenkantolo zikahulumeni kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile ekuhlawulweni kwalelizinga. Nakuba izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha izimpikiswano eziningi zansuku zonke, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenza njengenkundla yezindaba zokubaluleka kwesizwe, izimpikiswano zezifunda eziyinkimbinkimbi, nokuphula imithetho esemthethweni. Lesiqondiso sinikeza indlela ebanzi yokuhamba ngezinyathelo eziyinhloko nemithetho elawula izinkantolo zesifunda somphakathi, kusukela ekudluliseni icala lesifunda sesifunda.

Izinqubo ze-Foderal zibuswa kakhulu Imithetho ye-Civil Procediture (FRCP), eqinisekisa ukusebenza okufanayo kuzo zonke izindawo zokwahlulela eziyi- 94. Inqubo ilinganisela ngokulunga, ukusebenza kahle, namalungelo afanele. Nakuba icala ngalinye lihlukile, imabala yomgwaqo ulandela isilinganiso esiqinisekile: ubuko nokwakhiwa kwezindawo, ukuvubukulwa, ukumiswa, ukuqulwa kweminyaniswa kwemikhankazo, nokuhlola.

I - Jurisdiction Ne - Venue

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqhutshwe noma yiliphi icala enkantolo kahulumeni, kumelwe kuphendulwe imibuzo emibili ebalulekile: Ingabe inkantolo inegunya elingokomthetho lokulalela leli cala? Ingabe inkantolo ekhethiwe ifanelekile?

Indaba Emangalelwayo

Izinkantolo eziphethe imingcele yazo. Zingalalela amacala agunyazwe uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. noma imithetho kahulumeni. Izisekelo ezimbili ezivamile yilezi:

  • I-Federal Question Jurisdition: Icala elivela ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., imithetho kahulumeni, noma izivumelwano. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusho kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu noma isuti esemthethweni.
  • Icala lokungathathi hlangothi: Icala lapho amaqembu eyizakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene (noma isakhamuzi sase-U.S. nezwe lakwamanye amazwe) nenani eliphikisanayo lidlula u-R350 000. Isizathu siwukunikeza i-instrum engathathi-hlangothi yama-produm ngaphandle kwe-62of"%otligisants.

Ezinye izizathu ezikhethekile zihlanganisa ukuvinjelwa kwabaphathi, ukuwiswa kwamalungelo abantu, nezenzakalo lapho iUnited States iyiqembu.

Isinqumo Sakho Siqu

Inkantolo futhi kumelwe ibe namandla kummangalelwa. Ukulawula komuntu siqu ngokuvamile kuba khona uma ummangalelwa exhumana ngokwanele nombuso lapho inkantolo ihlala khona – njengokuhlala khona, ukuqhuba ibhizinisi, noma ukubeka itoti khona. I-Duetied Procession Clause yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu ilinganisela ukuthi inkantolo kahulumeni ingafinyelela kude kangakanani, kodwa ezimweni eziningi, inkonzo yesizwe yemithetho yenqubo iyasebenza.

Venue

Venue unquma inkantolo yesifunda ethile lapho icala kufanele libekwe khona. Ngokuvamile, indawo ifanelekile esifundeni lapho bonke abamangalelwa behlala khona, noma lapho ingxenye enkulu yezehlakalo noma impahla okwaxoxwa ngayo yenzeka khona. Izimiso ze-Federal (28 U.S.C. . 761914) zinikeza imithetho eningiliziwe. Ukudluliselwa kwesinye isifunda esifanele ngezinye izikhathi kuvunyelwe ukuba kulungiselelwe noma kulungiswe ubulungisa.

Ukumisa Umthetho Wesifunda

Lapho nje inkantolo efanele isitholakele, ukudluliswa kwalendaba kuqala ngokuhlelwa kwecala.

Isikhalo

Ukukhononda yisikhalazo sokuqala esiveza izinkulumo zommangaleli. Kumelwe sibe nenkulumo emfushane necacile ebonisa ukuthi unelungelo lokukhululeka, isidingo sokwahlulela, nesisekelo sokulawula kwenkantolo. Ngaphansi kwe-FRCP 8, ukukhononda kumelwe kunikeze ummangalelwa isaziso esicacile sokuzisho. Ezinhloboni eziningi zezenzo, ukuncenga okukhushulelwe – njengalokho okungaphansi Bell Atlantic Corp. v. 2mbly kanye [FLT:] ne[FLT] Ashcreft. [I-ILB][FLD:3] -] idinga ukumangalela okwanele kokusholo okunengqondo.

Umthenwa futhi kumelwe akhokhe intela yemali ekhokhelwe (R240 kungu-2025), nakuba isicelo sokuqhubeka e-foma pauperes (IFP) sikhona emicimbini enganakiwe. Ngemva kokubhala, umabhalane wenkantolo ukhipha izimemo eziyala ummangalelwa ukuba aphendule.

Inkonzo yenhlelo

U-paltiff kumelwe adlulisele izimemo nokukhononda kummangalelwa. FRCP 4 uhlela izindlela ezifanele zomsebenzi: ukuhambisa komuntu siqu, ukushiya amakhophi endlini yommangalelwa, noma ukuthumela ngomthumeli wenkonzo. Inkonzo kumelwe iqedwe phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-90 zokuvala isikhalo. Inkonzo efanele ibalulekile – ngaphandle kwayo, inkantolo ayinagunya futhi icala alikwazi ukuqhubeka.

Impendulo Nezinyathelo Zokuxosha

Uma eseyitholile, ummangalelwa uthatha izinsuku ezingu-20 (60 uma enqaba inkonzo engokomthetho) ukuphendula. Impendulo evamile iyimpendulo, evuma noma ephika ukumangalelwa ngakunye futhi angagomela ukuthi uyavuma. Okanye, ummangalelwa angase athathe uhambo lokuxosha ngaphansi kwe-FRCP 12(b) ngezizathu ezinjengokungabi nagunyazo lokulawula kwendaba, indawo engafanele, noma ukwehluleka ukubeka icala ukuthi isiphi isikhalazo esinganikezwa. Uma ukunyakaza kungaphikwa, ummangalelwa kungathatha impendulo kamuva.

Izindlela Zokuthatha Iminyaka Eminingi

Ngemva kokuba ukuncenga sekuvaliwe, icala lingena esigabeni sangaphambi kwenkantolo – isikhathi esiningi sokuqubuka kanye nengxenye yephepha ebhalwe ngomthetho kahulumeni.

Ukuthola

Ukuthola kuyinqubo esemthethweni amaqembu athola ngayo ubufakazi komunye nomunye nakumacala amathathu. I-FRCP ivumela amathuluzi amaningana okuthola:

  • Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo (ilinganiselwa ku 25, kuhlanganise nezingxenye ezingaphansi).
  • Izicelo zokuveza: izicelo zezincwadi, ulwazi olugcinwe nge-tektroniki (ESI), noma ezinye izinto ezibonakalayo.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Izindawo:[ Ubufakazi bomlomo obuthathwe ngaphansi kwesifungo ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, ngokuvamile obuqhutshwa abameli.
  • Izimemo zokukhipha imvume: izimemezelo okumelwe aphikisane nazo avume noma aphike, ezisetshenziselwa izimpikiswano ezingokoqobo ezilula.
  • [[I- Izibalo zengqondo noma zengqondo: ihlelwe kuphela uma isimo somzimba noma sengqondo yomunye umuntu siphikisana.

Ukuvubukulwa kubanzi kodwa kumelwe kuvumelane nezidingo zecala. Amadili adingeka ukuze kuqalwe – ngokuzenzakalelayo kunikeze amagama ofakazi, amaphepha, kanye nezibalo zomonakalo – ngaphandle kokulinda izicelo ezingokomthetho. Inkantolo iqondisa ukutholwa futhi ingaxazulula izimpikiswano, ngokuvamile ngengqungquthela yokuthola noma ukunyakazisa.

Imihlangano Yangaphambi Kwezinkantolo Nezinhlelo Ezimisiwe

Ekuqaleni kwalelicala, umahluleli unikeza uhlelo lokuhlela olumisa isikhathi sokujoyina amaqembu, ukuqeda ukusungula, nokuthatha izintambo zokuhlela. I-FRCP 16 idinga ingqungquthela lapho inkantolo ixoxa ngabaphathi becala, ukuxazululwa kwecala, nesimiso sokuqulwa kwecala. Ingqungquthela yokugcina ngaphambi nje kokuba kuqulwe izinhlu zokubonisa, uhlu lofakazi, nanoma yiziphi izindaba ezicatshangelwe ngokungalungisiwe.

Umkhuba Wokuhamba

Inkathi yangaphambi kokwahlulela igcwele ukuthatha ngamanyathelo. Okubaluleke kakhulu yisimo sokwahlulela okufushanisiwe [ (FRCP 56). Iqembu liphikisa ngokuthi, ngokusekelwe emaqinisweni angenakuphikiswa, banelungelo lokwahlulelwa njengendaba yomthetho. Uma bevunyelwa, icala liphela ngaphandle kokulingwa. Eminye imiyalo evamile yangaphambi komthetho ihlanganisa ukuthatha imikhondo yokukhipha ubufakazi obungochwepheshe (izenzo ze-Daubertry), ukuthatha imincintiswano yokususa ubufakazi obunelisayo, kanye nemiyalo yokuthola amaphutha.

Ukuxazulula Inkinga Nezingxabano Ezihlukile

Amacala amaningi kahulumeni axazululwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Izinkantolo zikhuthaza ukuxazululwa ngokuncintisana, ukuphenya kokuqala, noma izingqungquthela zokuhlalisana. Ezinye izifunda-zwe zinezinhlelo ze-ADR eziphoqelelwe. Izinkulumo zokumisa zingaba khona noma kusiphi isigaba; amaqembu angakhipha isivumelwano sesikhungo futhi afake imvume yokuxoshwa. Uma isakhiwo singafinyelelwa, icala liyoqulwa icala.

Inqubo Yokuqulwa Komthetho

ISichibiyelo seSember siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ezicabeni eziningi zomphakathi lapho isamba secala singaphezu kuka - R2,50. Inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala ihlelwe kahle, nemithetho eqinile yobufakazi (iMithetho Yesiphekethi) nenqubo.

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Uma kucelwa icala lejaji, isinyathelo sokuqala ukukhetha ijaji. Abahluleli abalindele ukuchotshelwa baphenywa abahluleli abagconwayo ukuze bavulwe ubandlululo. Uhlangothi ngalunye lungasebenzisa izinselele ezilinganiselwe [ (ngokujwayelekile 3) nezinselele ezingenamkhawulo zesizathu. Umgomo ukuhlalisa ijaji elingakhethi labangu-6 kubantu abangu-12.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Ummangalelwa anganikeza inkulumo yokuqala ecatshangelwayo yobufakazi ngokushesha ngemva noma alinde kuze kuqale icala lakhe. Izinkulumo zokuvula akuzona izimpikiswano; kufanele bamane baqale babheke amaqiniso.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Ummeli uveza icala lakhe kuqala, ubiza ofakazi nokwazisa imibukiso. Ufakazi ngamunye uyahlolwa (ukuhlola okuqondile), abese enqamule i-preexamine ebekwe ummeli ophikisayo, ngokuqondisa okungase kwenzeke futhi aphinde abekwe futhi abekwe futhi. Izimpikiswano ezisekelwe ekusebenziseni, emahemuhemu, noma kweminye imithetho esobala zibekwa uma uma uma ijaji likhona, ummangalelwa angashela ukuthatha isahlulelo njengendaba yomthetho (isinqumo esiqondile) uma ubufakazi bunganele ngokomthetho.

Uma ukunyakaza kwempi kuphikiswa, ummangalelwa uveza icala lakhe. Umahluleli angalawula ijubane nemithetho kuzo zonke izindaba ezisobala.

Izinkulumo Zokugcina Neziqondiso

Ngemva kokuba bonke ubufakazi bunikezwe, uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza impikiswano yokuphetha efushanisa ubufakazi futhi luchaze ukuthi kungani abasizi bejaji kufanele bathole imvume yabo. Ummangalelwa uphikisa kuqala; ummangalelwa ulandela; ummangalelwa angase anikeze imvume yokuphikisa. Ngokungasho lutho, umahluleli ulungiselela iziyalezo – izindinganiso ezingokomthetho ijaji okumelwe lizisebenzise. U-Attorney ngokuvamile unikeza iziyalezo ezihlongoniswayo. Umahluleli ufunda iziyalezo zokugcina kubahluleli.

Isigwebo Nokwahlulela

Abahluleli bazenza ngasese ngasese. Emacaleni omphakathi, indinganiso yobufakazi ivame ukubucabangela kakhulu ubufakazi (okusho ukuthi “kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi”). Isinqumo singavumelana noma, ezinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni, sivumelana neningi ngaphandle kokuba amaqembu avumelana ngenye indlela. Uma isinqumo sesimenyezelwe, umahluleli uthatha isahlulelo ngokuvumelana. Ekuqulweni kwebhentshi, umahluleli uveza okutholakele ngamaqiniso neziphetho zomthetho.

Ukuhamba Nezingcindezi Nokukhanga Kwangemva Kwesenzakalo

Akugcini lapho kuqulwa icala, kodwa kunezici eziningana ezibekela isinqumo noma ukwahlulela inselele.

Ukuhamba Kwangemva Komshado

Phakathi nezinsuku ezingu - 28 ngemva kokwahlulela, lowo olahlekelwayo angase abhale phansi omunye noma ngaphezulu yalokhu okulandelayo:

  • [[NT.0] Umjongo we-New Trial (FRCP 59): osekelwe kumaphutha enkantolo, ukuziphatha okubi, noma ukulimala okungaphezulu/okunganele.
  • [[[QUT:0] Ukuhlela ku-Alter noma Amend Isahlulelo (FRP 59(e)): ukulungisa iphutha elicacile lomthetho noma iqiniso.
  • [ Ukuvuselelwa kokuhamba kwesahlulelo njengendaba yoMthetho (FRCP 50):[ I-Agues ukuthi asikho isisekelo esisobala esingokomthetho sesinqumo.
  • Ukuthatha i-Motion yempumuzo eSigwebeni (FRP 60):[ ngezizathu ezinjengokukhwabanisa, iphutha, noma ubufakazi obusanda kutholwa (bufakwe phakathi nesikhathi esifanelekile, ngokuvamile kuze kube unyaka owodwa).

Uma umahluleli ephika le nqubo, umcimbi olahlekile angase adlulisele isaziso kuqala sokudlulisa izicelo phakathi nezinsuku ezingu - 30 zokwahlulela noma ukuphika ukunyakaza kwangemva kwenkundla.

Inqubo Yokukhanga

Izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda zikahulumeni ziya ezinkantolo zesifunda zezindawo ezithatha iziphetho (izifunda). Impinda ilinganiselwe emibuzweni yomthetho, hhayi eqinisweni – inkantolo edlulisayo ibambe isibopho salokho okutholakele komahluleli uma engaphazanyiswanga ngokucacile. Izikhalo zinqunywa ngokusekelwe ezibhalweni ezimfushane futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezishiwo ngomlomo. Iqembu lesithathu le-projekthi eliphethe lingase liqinisekise, liphendule, noma libuye libuye libuye lifake (emuva ngenxa yezindaba eziqhubekayo).

Ngemva kwesinqumo senkantolo yesifunda, umkhandlu olahlekile anganxusa ukuba kuhlolwe i-en binc (ngaphambi kwesifunda sonke) noma uhele we-certiorari nge-U.S. INkantolo Ephakeme[[FLT]]. INkantolo Ephakeme yamukela amacala ambalwa kakhulu, ngokuvamile ahilela umbuzo kahulumeni obalulekile noma ukwahlukana phakathi kwezifunda.

Ukunakekelwa Okukhethekile Kwezisulu

Abantu abazimelelayo (prose) babhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu. Izinkantolo zamaFederal zinemithombo, enjenge [FLT]] Proficity Se Guide kuwebhusayithi ye-US Courts, echaza imithetho eyisisekelo. Nokho, i-seligigns ilindeleke ukuba ivumelane nazo zonke izimfuneko ze-FRCP, futhi ukuhluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaphumela ekuxoxiweni noma ekujezisweni.

Izindleko Nezimfashini Ze - Attorney

Ukukhokha enkantolo kahulumeni kungabiza. Iqembu elikhona ngokuvamile linelungelo lokubuyisa izindleko ezithile (njengenkokhelo yefatimende nenkokhelo yofakazi) ngaphansi kwe-FRCP 54. Nokho, intela ye-Attorney ikhokhelwa kuphela uma umthetho noma isivumelwano sivuma, noma uma icala lihilela ukholo olubi. Lemithetho ikhuthaza ukuhlolwa kwecala ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokufaka icala.

Isiphetho

Izinqubo zenkantolo kaFederal zakha isimiso esihlelwe kahle kodwa esiyinkimbinkimbi esiklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ubulungisa lapho kubekwa iziphakamiso ngokuphumelelayo. Kusukela esinqumweni sokuqala sokuba kubhalwe amacala akha izikhalo, isinyathelo ngasinye sidinga ukuhlela ngokucophelela nokunamathela ngokuqinile emithethweni. Ochwepheshe namalitha asemthethweni bazuza ngokuqonda lezi zinqubo ukuze basebenzise i-ligitation ngokuphumelelayo. Imithetho eminingi yamanje eyimfihlo nemithetho yendawo eguquguqukayo, njalo ihlola [FLT][FLT][FLT]] Imithetho ye-Civicced Procedture[] etholakala nge-Cornell’s Legiverformation Institute nangemithetho yendawo yenkantolo yesifunda.