Ukuqonda Ilungelo Lokukhuluma Ngenkululeko Ezikoleni Nasezindaweni Zomphakathi

Inkululeko yokukhuluma iyisisekelo semiphakathi yentando yeningi, inika abantu amandla okuhlanganyela imibono, ukubekela igunya inselele, nokuhlanganyela enkulumweni yasobala. Lelilungelo eliyisisekelo, elivikelwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala e-United States, lisebenza kuzo zombili izikole nasezindaweni zomphakathi, kodwa izinga nokulinganiselwa kwalo kuyahluka kuye ngokwesimo. Ukuqonda lokhu kushintshanisa kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zisebenzise amalungelo azo ngendlela ehloniphekile uma kuphathelene nokuhleleka kwemiphakathi. Lesiqondiso sihlola isivikelo nemingcele yokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ezifundeni nasezindaweni zomphakathi, sidwebela ezingokomthetho, izibonelo ezisebenzayo, nezimpikiswano zamanje.

Nakuba isimiso sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile sibanzi, asikho nhlobo. Izinkantolo sekuyisikhathi eside ziqaphela ukuthi izinhlobo ezithile zenkulumo − njengezinsongo zeqiniso, ukugqugquzela ubudlova, ukuhlazisa, nokuhlambalaza (ukuwa ngaphandle kwesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhulumeni angabeka imingcele enengqondo esikhathini, indawo, nendlela yokukhuluma ezindaweni zomphakathi, futhi izikole zingalinganisela amazwi aphazamisa umsebenzi wemfundo. Ukulinganisela amalungelo ngamanye kanye nezithakazelo zomphakathi kuwumsebenzi obucayi, futhi lokhu kulinganisela kuyaqhubeka kuvela ngemithetho nangemithetho nangemithetho yokwahlulela.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Ezikoleni: Amalungelo Nemingcele

Izikole zomphakathi zisebenza njengezindawo ezikhethekile lapho umbuso unesithakazelo esinamandla sokulondoloza ukuhleleka, isiyalo, nesimo sokufunda esiphephile. Abafundi abawadeli amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo esangweni lesikole, kodwa lawomalungelo awafani namalungelo abantu abadala kwezinye izimo. INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. iseke isisekelo esivumela izikole ukuba zivimbele ukukhuluma kwabafundi lapho kubangela ukuphazamisa izinto ezibonakalayo noma ukuhlasela amalungelo abanye.

Icala le-Landmark: [[FLT: 0] Isifekethiso olunyiriri. Des Moines Independent School District [[FLT: 1]

Ngo-1969, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi izikole zingavimba ukukhuluma kwabafundi uma kungenza "ukuphazamisa kwesikole" noma "ukuphazamisa kwesikole". Isinqumo silokhu silokhu siyisiqalo sokuhlaziya inkulumo ekhululekile ezikoleni. Nokho, iNkantolo yaphawula nokuthi izikole zingakuvimbela ukukhuluma kwabafundi kuphela uma kungenza ukuba "ukuphazamiseka okungalawuleki" noma "ukuphazamisa kwesikole". [FLTB:][2]

Inkulumo-yesikole ne [I-Hazelwood] isigaba

IHazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier [1988], iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhuluma ngamaphephandaba abafundi kanye neminye imisebenzi enikezwa yisikole eqondiswe isikole. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi othisha bangalawula okuqukethwe yinkulumo yesikole sesikole esineziphakamiso eziphikiswayo uma nje izenzo zabo "zihlobene ngokufanele nezingagunyaziwe nezingasithinta isikole." Lokhu kusho ukuthi izikole zingacubungula izihloko emaphephandabeni angokomthetho, imidlalo, noma eminye imisebenzi ethwala i-imrimur, ikakhulukazi uma zikhuluma ngezihloko zesikole eziphikisanayo noma zibhalwe kabi. [[FLT:] [FF:]

Ukukhuluma Ngenkani, Ukuqinela Abanye Nokuzonda Inkulumo

Izikole zinesithakazelo esishukumisayo ekuvikeleni abafundi ekuhlukunyezweni nasekuhlukunyezweni. Inkulumo ehlasela abantu abasekelwe ohlazweni, ebulilini, ebuhlotsheni bobulili, enkolweni, noma ekukhubazekeni ingabekwa imingcele uma idala imfundo ephambene. Izinkantolo zisekela ngokuvamile izimiso ezimelene nokuhlasela nokujezisa abafundi abahileleka ekuhlukunyezweni okunzima noma okusakazekile, ngisho noma lokho kuhlukunyezwa kuthatha uhlobo oluthile lwenkulumo. Nokho, ukumane ukhulumela imibono engathandeki noma ukusebenzisa ulimi olungathandeki akuzihluphi ngokuzenzekelayo ukulahlekelwa iSiphetho Sokuqala. Umehluko oyinhloko uwukuthi inkulumo inyukela ezingeni lokuhlukunyezwa noma isongela ukuphepha kwabanye.

Inkulumo yenzondo ngokwayo ayiyona ingxenye ehlukile yenkulumo engavikelekile e-United States (engafani nakwamanye amazwe). Nokho, uma inkulumo yenzondo iwela ekusongeleni, ekwesabiseni, noma ekuhlukunyezweni, izikole zingangenela. Ngokwesibonelo, umfundi okhuluma kabi ngohlanga kumfundi ekilasini ngokuphindaphindiwe angase abhekane nesijeziso ngisho noma amazwi engenzeka ngokuzikhulula ngemithombo yezindaba yomphakathi, uma nje ebangela ukuphazamiseka okukhulu esikoleni.

Inkulumo ye-Campus nemithombo yezindaba

Inkathi yemitapo iyinkimbinkimbi ezikoleni. Lokho abafundi abakufaka kuwebhusayithi ekhaya kungangena endaweni yesikole. [IMahanoy Adelation School District v. B.L.[[FL:1] [201], iNkantolo Ephakeme yacabangela icala lomfundi oyekwe ngenxa yokufaka umyalezo wesiko owenziwe ngempoqo owenzelwe ukugxeka iqembu lokuthokoza. Inkantolo yamisa ukuthi izikole zinegunya elinciphile kakhulu ngenkulumo ekhululekile, ikakhulukazi uma zihilela ukukhulumela kwezombangazwe noma ngokwezenhlalo. Nokho, izikole zingabheka icala labafundi ngenxa ye-camplueus liyinkulumo esho ukuhlukunyezwa, ukuhlukunyezwa, noma ukuhlukunyezwa kwezenzo zesikole, ukuvivinya isithakazelo sokulwa kwezemfundo yabafundi.

Ukuze uthole ukuhlaziywa okujulile kwesinqumo [[QULT:0] , bheka [ Oyez isishwankathelo[.

Ukubonakaliswa Kwezombangazwe Nenkolo Ezikoleni

Abafundi banelungelo lokuhlanganyela empilweni yezombangazwe neyenkolo ngesilinganiso esinengqondo. Bangase basakaze amapheshana, bafake izinkinobho zezombangazwe, noma baxoxe ngezinkolelo zabo phakathi nesikhathi esingafundiswanga, uma nje imisebenzi enjalo ingaphazamisani nendawo yokufunda. Izikole azinakuhlukanisa phakathi kwemibono; kumelwe zibe nombono wokungalawuli lapho zifaka imithetho egcwele engekho emthethweni. Ngokwesibonelo, isikole asivumeli abafundi ukuba banikeze izimemo eqenjini likaKhisimusi kodwa sinqabele ukusakazwa kwezindiza nge-LGBTQ + umhlangano weqembu leqembu lezifundo. Ngokufanayo, abafundi bangahlanganyela emthandazweni ngesikhathi esingahambisani isikhathi sokufundisa, kodwa izikole zingaphoqedi ukuhlanganyela noma ukuhlela izigaba zomthandazo.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Ezindaweni Zabantu Bonke: Izingxoxo Zomphakathi Neziqondiso Ezinengqondo

Izindawo zomphakathi − amapark, amabala, imigwaqo, nezindawo zikahulumeni zenza isikhungo senkulumo yeningi ngokomlando. Iziphetho zeSiphendulo sokuqala zinamandla kakhulu kula "izindawo zomphakathi ezingokwesiko," lapho abantu bengakhuluma khona, babhikishe, futhi basakaze izincwadi ngaphandle kwemvume kahulumeni wangaphambili. Nokho, ngisho nakulezi zindawo, uhulumeni angabeka imingcele "ngesikhathi, indawo, nendlela" yokuqinisekisa ukulondeka nohlelo lomphakathi.

Imfundiso Yomphakathi Yokuzihlela

Izinkantolo zihlukanisa izakhiwo zikahulumeni eziyizigaba ezintathu zokuhlaziya ukukhomba ama-curecule okukhululekile: ama-cuream angokwesiko (ama-street, amapaki, ama-pareki), amagumbi omphakathi akhethiwe avulekile ukuze kuqhutshwe imisebenzi eyimfihlo, kanye namagumbi okuhlangana angekho emphakathini (umz., izisekelo zempi, iziteshi zezindiza, noma amahhovisi kahulumeni avamile asemthethweni, asekelwe ngokwesiko, imingcele esekelwe ngokwenzuzo esemthethweni ayi-i-protutitunion, kuyilapho okuqukethe okungakho kuvulekile isikhathi, indawo, nezimiso zokusebenza kuyavunyelwa uma zithungaphathwangaphelele futhi zishiya izinhlelo ezivulekileyo zokuxhumana.

Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha lingase lidinge abahleli bodwebo ukuze bathole imvume yokuhlela isikhathi nendawo okuyokwenzeka kuyo umbukiso ngoba ukuba khona kwamaqembu amakhulu kungaphazamisa ukuhamba kwezimoto nabantu abahamba ngezinyawo. Nokho, idolobha kumelwe libe nezimiso ezicacile, eziqondile zokunikeza noma ukulahla imvume futhi lingakwazi ukuphika imvume esekelwe embonweni womhleli. ACLU’s Know Accut A Rights of Your ikhasi lenkululeko yokukhuluma [[]

Imingcele Yesikhathi-swni-perMondal

Imingcele engokoqobo ihlanganisa ukulinganisela imibhobho noma umsindo owengeziwe ngemva kwamahora athile, ukufaka imiboniso endaweni ethile ekhethekile, noma ukufuna imvume yokubuthana okukhulu. Lemithetho kumelwe ibe egcwele-neutral .=ayinakuhlasela isigijimi esithile. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wedolobha owenqabela ukucwasana kwezindawo zokuhlala ezingemva kwe 9 p.m. kungenzeka uyasebenza, kodwa umthetho ovumela ukucwasa ngezingxabano zemisebenzi kuyilapho unqabela ukuvinjelwa kwezizathu zezombangazwe ungaba umbono wokucwaswa.

Izinkantolo zicabangela futhi ukuthi imingcele ishiya "isibonelo sezindlela ezihambelanayo" sokuxhumana. Ukuvinjelwa kwawo wonke amapheshana epaki lomphakathi kungaba okungavumelani, kodwa umthetho odinga abathathi-maphepha ukuba bahlale okungenani amamitha ayishumi ukusuka ezingeni lokungena ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvinjelwa ungamukeleka.

Imvume Nemingcele Engaphambili

Ukufuna imvume yokuthatha uhambo noma ukuhlangana akuyona into engokwemvelo engekho ngokwesivumelwano. Nokho, amaqhinga okuvumela ukuba akhishwe kancane futhi akumelwe anikeze izikhulu imvume engaphazanyiswanga ukuze ziphike imvume esekelwe ekuqukethe inkulumo. Ku-Foryth County v. National Movement [1992], iNkantolo ePhakeme evumela izikhulu ukuba zandise izindleko ezisekelwe entengweni zezikhulu ezithiwayo zempikiswano. INkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi lesimiso sijezalela inkulumo engathandwangathandwanga. Imvume kumelwe isekelwe ezinqunyweni eziqondeni eziqondile, njengaleso sikhathi, umzila, nobukhulu obulinganiselwa, ngaphandle komyalezo.

Izakhiwo Zikahulumeni Nezakhiwo Zomphakathi

Akuzona zonke izindawo ezitshalwe nguhulumeni ezivulekele inkulumo yasobala. Izinkantolo, izikhungo zempi, neziteshi zezindiza ngokuvamile zibhekwa njengezingahleli izikhungo zomphakathi lapho uhulumeni engavimbela khona inkulumo ngobubanzi kakhulu (nangoba nje imingcele iwumbono we-enothismmental nenothi ilula uma iqhathaniswa nenjongo yempahla. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha lingase livimbele izimpawu ngaphakathi enkantolo zokulondoloza isithunzi nokulondeka, kodwa alikwazi ukuvumela izimpawu zokuthuthukisa ukuvakasha kwedolobha kuyilapho livimbela izimpawu zokugxeka imeya.

Imikhawulo Engokomthetho Yokukhuluma Ngenkululeko: Okungavikelwe

Nakuba inkululeko yokukhuluma ibanzi, ezinye izinhlobo zezimpawu azinaso isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo.

  • Izinsongo zeqiniso:[ Inkulumo eveza inhloso engathi sína yokwenza ubudlova obungekho emthethweni kumuntu othile noma iqembu elithile. Izinkantolo zibheka umongo nokuthi umuntu onengqondo angawachaza yini amazwi njengesibonakaliso esingathi sína sokulimaza.
  • Ukuhloniphiswa kwesenzo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze: inkulumo ebhekiswe ekuvuseleleni noma ekubangeleni isenzo esingekho emthethweni esisondelayo futhi ngokunokwenzeka iveza isenzo esinjalo. Lendinganiso, emiswe ku- Brandenburg v.[ [1969], ivikela udwebo olunobudlova ngaphandle uma luhloselwe futhi ngokunokwenzeka luveza ukungabi namthetho okusheshayo.
  • Impahla ekhanga izifiso eziphambili, ibonisa ukuziphatha kobulili ngendlela ephambene, futhi ayinakho ukuqapha, ubuciko, izombangazwe, noma isayensi (ngalokho ukuhlolwa ). Ohulumeni bangalawula izinto ezingcolile, kodwa i-acconding assistion kumele baqaphele ukungakhanyisi inkulumo evikelwe.
  • Ukushaya amanzi: Izinkulumo ezingamanga ezithi zilimaza idumela lothile. Izibalo zomphakathi kumelwe zibonise "izenzo zonya""""" ukuthi isikhulumi sasazi ukuthi inkulumo yayiyinkohliso noma yayenze ngokunganaki. Abantu ngabanye badinga ukubukelwa.
  • amagama ahlabayo: Inkulumo ethi ngamazwi ayo abangela ukulimala noma athambekele ekuvuleni igebe elisheshayo lokuthula. Loluhlobo oluncane, oluchazwe ku Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire [1942], aluvamile ukusebenza namuhla ngoba izinkantolo zivikela ngisho nenkulumo echaphayo.
  • Ukumelana nosongo lweqiniso nosongo:[ Ukuphikelela, inkulumo ehloselwe edala indawo enobutha noma egxilisa ukwesaba kungabekwa imingcele emsebenzini, emfundweni, noma ezindlini ezingaphansi kwemithetho yamalungelo omphakathi.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuzonda inkulumo iyodwa, ngaphandle kokukhuphuka kuze kube sezingeni lokukhuthaza, ukusongela, noma ukuhlukumeza, kuhlala kuvikelekile eUnited States. Lokhu kuhlukile kwezinye imibuso eminingi ebusa ngentando yeningi, enemithetho evimbela ukukhuluma ngenzondo ebanzi.

Ukucabangela Okuwusizo Kokukhuluma Ngenkululeko Yokukhuluma

Ukwazi uhlelo olungokomthetho kungenye into; ukulusebenzisa ezimweni ezingokoqobo zezwe kungenye. Nansi amacebiso awusizo kulabo abafisa ukusebenzisa amalungelo abo okukhuluma ngokukhululekile ezikoleni nasezindaweni zomphakathi:

Abafundi

  • Yazi izinqubo zakho zesikole: izigodi eziningi zinezincwadi zabafundi ezichaza imithetho yenkulumo, yezingubo, nemibuthano. Ukuqonda lemithetho ngaphambi kokuhileleka emisebenzini evezayo. Umthetho omelene "nombono" awucacile, kodwa izinkantolo ngokuvamile zilalela izikhulu zesikole uma umthetho usetshenziswa ngokulinganayo.
  • Uxwebhu oluningi: Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho okukhuluma aphuliwe, gcina amarekhodi esenzakalo, kuhlanganise nezinsuku, ofakazi, nanoma yiziphi izingxoxo nabaphathi besikole. Le mibhalo ibalulekile uma kamuva ufuna ukucela usizo olungokomthetho.
  • Khonsoni umuntu omdala noma umsekeli: Ukuxhumana nomzali, uthisha, noma inhlangano njenge-ACLU uma ubhekene nesiyalo senkulumo evikelekile. Ukuphulwa okuningi kolimi olukhululekile kungaxazululwa ingxoxo ngaphambi kokuba kufuneke ukubekwa i-ligita.

Ezindaweni Zomphakathi Kwabathandi Bezenzo Nezakhamuzi

  • Qonda imithetho yendawo: Ngaphambi kokuhlela ukubhikisha noma ukuhlanganisa, cwaninga ukuthi idolobha lakini lidinga imvume yokubuthana ngesilinganiso esithile, umsindo olinganiselwe, noma izifunda ezimisiwe zokubhikisha. Ngisho noma imvume ingadingwa ngokomthetho, ukuthola umuntu kunganciphisa ingozi yokungenela kwamaphoyisa.
  • Kugcine kunokuthula:[ Ubudlova, ukucekela phansi, noma ukwenqaba ukulalela iziyalezo zamaphoyisa ezingokomthetho kululaza ukufaneleka kokubhikisha futhi kungaholela ekuboshweni. Ukungalaleli komphakathi okunokuthula kungavikelwa, kodwa abahlanganyelayo kumelwe bakulungele imiphumela engokomthetho.
  • Wazi amalungelo akho phakathi nokusebenza nomthetho: Unelungelo lokuthula nokubuza uma ukhululekile ukuphuma. Uma uboshiwe, cela ummeli. Ungamela ngokomzimba, ngisho noma ukholelwa ukuthi ukuboshwa akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho. Ungabekela inselele ukugcinwa komthetho kamuva enkantolo. Abameli bomthetho wesizwe u-Guild banikeza imithombo yokwazi amalungelo akho [[.

Izimpikiswano Zanamuhla Nezindaba Eziqhubekayo

Umthetho wokukhuluma okhululekile uyaqhubeka ushintsha njengobuchwepheshe nezimiso zomphakathi ezishintshayo. Izindaba eziningana zezinkinobho ezishisayo ziqokomisa ukungathiya phakathi kokuvikela nokugcina ukuhleleka.

Khansela Isiko Nesiyalo Sesikole

Izezobungane ziphakamisa imibuzo ngegunya lezikole lokuyala abafundi be-campus ezikhungweni ezikhona. Nakuba [[FLT: 0]] iMahanoy amandla esikole alinganiselwe, izikole eziningi zisanquma noma zixoshe abafundi ngezolayini abaphethe ababona ukuthi kuyaphazamisa noma kuyingozi. Abagxeki baphikisa lenkulumo yabafundi ebandayo, kuyilapho abasekeli basekela ukuthi izikole kumelwe zikhulume nge-inthanethi nezinsongo. Izinkantolo eziphansi zisabambene nendlela yokusebenzisa [[[FLT:] Mahano] ukuze bakhiphe abafundi abaphethe imicimbi ethile, eholela ekunqumeni okungavumelani ukuvumelana komthetho ezweni lonke.

Impikiswano Yokukhuluma Yama - Campus

Amakholiji namayunivesithi abhekene nezinselele ezifanayo: indlela yokulinganisela ukuveza inkululeko nemizamo yokudala indawo ezungezile. Ezinye izigodlo ziye zamisa imithetho efuna amakholiji omphakathi ukuba amukele izivikelo ezinamandla zokukhuluma, kuhlanganise nezijeziso ze "izigodi zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile" ezivimbela ukuvinjelwa kwenkululeko yokukhuluma. Ngokuphambene, ukuphikisa kwabafundi ngokumelene nezikhulumi eziphikisanayo kuye kwaholela ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene "no-heckler's votoes" lapho ukuphikiswa kuvimbela isikhulumi ukuba singazwiwa. [FT]] ISijeziso samalungelo enkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ne-FRE (FLT) kulandele ngenkuthalo le mpikiswano yezingxoxo kanye nezokuvikela.

Ukungavumelani Nokuzonda Inkulumo Kuyi - Internet

Umthetho wezenhlalo zezokuxhumana unezela omunye ungqimba. Nakuba iSichibiyelo sokuqala sisebenza kuphela ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni, izinkampani ezizimele ezinjenge Facebook ne-twitter zinganemba ngokusesilinganisweni njengoba zibona kufanele. Nokho, izimpikiswano mayelana ne-Cult 230 ye-Decampency Act nokucindezela kukahulumeni ukuze kususwe umehluko ofiphele phakathi kokulinganisela komuntu siqu nesenzo esingase sibe sesombuso. Ezikoleni zomphakathi, ukufinyelela kwabafundi kumawebhusayithi athile kungahlungwa ngezimiso zesikole, kuphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nobandlululo uma izikhaphethi zivimbela inkulumo yezombangazwe kodwa hhayi ezentengiselwano.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Amalungelo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ezikoleni nasezindaweni zomphakathi isendaweni eqinile yomthetho edinga ukulinganisela njalo. Isimiso esiyisisekelo sisalokhu sikhona kuhulumeni − kuhlanganise nezikole zomphakathi − cishe izikhulumi azithuli ngoba azivumelani nesigijimi sazo. Nokho, imingcele enengqondo ivunyelwe ukuvikela izithakazelo eziphikisanayo: ukuphepha, ukuhleleka, namalungelo abanye. Njengoba umphakathi uhlangana ngokwengeziwe futhi uveza ingcaca, ukuqonda lemingcele kuba okubaluleke kakhulu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi ohlela ukuphuma ngaphandle, umshisekeli wempi, noma isakhamuzi esihlanganyela engxoxweni yezombangazwe, sazi ukuthi kokubili amalungelo akho, ukuhlelelwa kanye nemingcele yawo kukunika amandla okukhuluma ngokuphumelelayo nangesizo esinenzuzo.

Ukufundwa okwengeziwe kweSichibiyelo sokuqala, kubhekisela [[QL:0] Cornell Legin Information Institute ku-inquisition yokuqala [[FLT: 1].