Ukusungulwa Kwendlela Yokusebenza Ebhayisikilini Neyokuhlola Ukuhlolwa Kwama - document

Isimiso senkantolo sisebenza njengesisekelo senqubo yobulungisa, futhi ibheyili yokuqonda nezindlela zokuqulwa kwecala kubalulekile kubafundi, othisha, nanoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda indlela isimiso somthetho esilinganisela ngayo amalungelo abantu nokulondeka komphakathi. Isigaba sangaphambi komthetho siqala ngokushesha ngemva kokuboshwa futhi siqhubeke kuze kuqale icala. Sihlanganisa izinqumo ezibucayi mayelana nenkululeko yommangalelwa nokulungiselelwa kwecala. Lesiqondiso sinikeza ukucaciswa okuphelele, okunegunya kwalezizici zesisekelo, sichaze izimiso ezingokomthetho, izinqubo ezisebenzayo, neziqhubekayo ezilawula ukuqulwa kwecala lesimanje.

Uyini uBail?

UBail uyindlela evumela ummangalelwa ukuba akhululwe ngecala lapho elindele ukuquliswa kwecala. Injongo eyinhloko akukhona ukujeziswa kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuvela kwenkantolo kwesikhathi esizayo. UBail angathatha amafomu amaningana, kodwa umsebenzi wakhe ongokomthetho ukunikeza ummangalelwa isikhuthazo sezimali sokubuyela enkantolo. Imali ibekwa umahluleli phakathi nokuqulwa kwemali, futhi uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuvela, ibheyili ihliswa enkantolo, futhi isiqinisekiso sokuboshwa kwakhe singakhishwa.

Isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo sebheyili siseSichibiyelo seNguquko Sezigwebo Sesi - 8, esivimbela “ibheyili yezezimali.” Nokho, ilungelo lokukhipha ibheyili aliphelele. Emacala athile angathi sína, njengamacala entambo noma lapho ummangalelwa ebeka khona ingozi enkulu yokuhamba ngendiza emphakathini, umahluleli angaphika ibheyili. Imithetho yoMbuso nemithetho yenkantolo yendawo ichaza ukuthi ibheyili inqunywa kanjani, iholela ekuhlukahlukeni okukhulu kwemithetho ye-galelo.

Izinhlobo Zebhayili

Ngokuvamile ukukhetha kuxhomeke emalini yommangalelwa, ekutheni amacala anzima kangakanani, nasekuhloleni kwejaji izingozi. Ngezansi kuyindlela evame kakhulu yokukhokha ibheyili enemininingwane enwetshiwe.

Imali Ewuhlweza

Ibheyili idinga ummangalelwa (noma othile osebenza ngenxa yabo) ukuba akhokhe imali ephelele ebekwe inkantolo. Lemali igcinwa inkantolo kuze kube yilapho icala liphela. Uma ummangalelwa evela kukho konke ukuthethwa kwecala, imali iyabuyiswa, incishiswe noma yiziphi izintela zokuphatha. Imali yebheyili iqondile kodwa ingaba umthwalo kubamangalelwa abaphansi, okuholela ekugxekeni ukuthi inqanda ubumpofu kunokuba ibangele ingozi yokuhamba.

Isibopho Esiqinisekile

Uma ummangalelwa engakwazi ukuthenga imali egcwele, ngokuvamile baphendukela ku-paill joage. Umbophi ubiza imali engakhokhwayo ("inani elilingana ne-pargeyn") futhi ufaka isibopho esiphelele nenkantolo. Uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuvela, umbophi wesibambiso angase afaneleke ngenxa yemali egcwele futhi ngokuvamile aqashe abazingeli bemali ukuze athole ummangalelwa. Impela izibopho zisetshenziswa kakhulu kodwa zibangela impikiswano ekwakheni kwezemboni ezizimbonini kanye nemiphumela yayo kwabamangalelwa abahliswa abahlawulwa kakhulu.

Isibopho Sempahla

Esibophweni sempahla, ummangalelwa noma ummangalelwa wesithathu unikeza indawo noma enye impahla eyigugu njenge-panel ukuze avikele isibopho. Inkantolo ibeka umqambimanga endaweni, futhi uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuvela, inkantolo ingathatha impahla ukuze yanelise isamba se-parset. Izibopho zempahla azivamile ngoba zifuna ummangalelwa ukuba abe nempahla eqinile futhi zihlanganise izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho ukuze athole i-stacium futhi avikele ummeli.

Ukukhululwa Ekwazisweni (ROR)

Ukukhululwa ngokuqashelwa kabusha kuyindlela elinganiselwe kakhulu yokukhululwa kwangaphambi kwenkantolo. Ummangalelwa ukhululwa ngaphandle kokukhokha noma iyiphi imali, ngokusekelwe kuphela esithembisweni esibhaliwe sokuvela enkantolo. IROR inikezwa abamangalelwa abaphansi abanezibopho zomphakathi eziqinile, kungekho rekhodi lobugebengu langaphambili, futhi akukho kumangalelwa okungenabudlova. Amagunya amaningi manje akhuthaza i-OR njengendlela yokunciphisa ukuvalelwa okungadingekile nemiphumela yayo emibi.

Isibopho Esingaqinisekile

Isibopho esingalondekile sifana neROR kodwa sihlanganisa isijeziso semali. Inkantolo ibeka ibheyili, kodwa ummangalelwa akudingeki ukuba akhokhele lutho ngaphandle kwecala. Nokho, uma ehluleka ukuvela, afanelwe yimali egcwele.

Ukukhipha umcabango

Kumacala amancane, ukugcinwa komthetho kunganikeza isici esibonisa ukuboshwa, esifana nethikithi lomgwaqo. Ummangalelwa akangeniswa ejele kodwa kumelwe avele enkantolo ngosuku oluhleliwe. Ukukhululwa komcabango kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu nengaphazamiseki kakhulu yokukhulula amajaji, nakuba kusetshenziselwa izono ezisezingeni eliphansi ezichazwe umthetho.

Izici Ezishukumisa Izinqumo Eziwumgogodla

Abahluleli bayazinqumela kakhulu lapho behlela ibheyili noma benquma ukuthi bazokhulula ummangalelwa uma beqaphela futhi. Ukucabangela okuyinhloko kuhlanganisa ingozi yokubaleka nengozi ummangalelwa ayiletha emphakathini. Ukuhlola lezizici, abahluleli babukeza ubufakazi obuhlukahlukene nokutusa.

  • Ububi bobugebengu okuthiwa: amacala anobudlova, ubugebengu obuhilela izikhali, nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa okungathi sína kuphumela ekunyuseni ibheyili noma ukuboshwa.
  • Umlando ongokomlando: Umlando ongaphambili wokwehluleka ukuvela, izinkolelo ezingaphambili, noma ukukhomba okulindelwe ungasinda ekukhululweni.
  • Ingozi elula: Izici ezinjengokuntuleka komsebenzi oqinile, izibopho zomphakathi ezibuthakathaka, indawo yokuhlala yangaphandle, noma ukukwazi ukuthola izimali ezinkulu kwandisa ingozi ecatshangelwayo yokubaleka.
  • Izinkinga zokuphepha kwe-Public: Uma ummangalelwa ebhekwa njengosongo kofakazi, izisulu, noma umphakathi, umahluleli angaphoqa izimo zokukhululwa (umz., ukugada ngemishini, imiyalelo engekho) noma aphike ngokuphelele ibheyili.
  • Umlando wokusetshenziswa kabi kotshwala: ukusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa noma utshwala kungaholela ezimweni ezinjengokuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa okuphoqelelwe noma ukwelashwa njengengxenye yokuqondisa kwangaphambi kwezobuchwepheshe.
  • Amathuluzi okuhlola amacala engozi: Izinkantolo eziningi manje zisebenzisa isiqinisekiso, amathuluzi okwaziswa awenziwe nge-drive ukubikezela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuvela noma umsebenzi wobugebengu omusha. Lamathuluzi anikeza amaphuzu anika izimemezelo kodwa angathatheli hlangothi.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izici zezenhlalo nezomnotho − njengeholo, uhlanga, kanye nobuzwe . kungakhona nje ukuphenya ngebheyili. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi abamangalelwa abambalwa nalabo abanezizinda eziphansi basengozini kakhulu yokwamukela imali eshisiwe noma ukuvalelwa ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe inkundla, ngisho nalapho kulawulwa ukungathi sína kwecala. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekubizeni inguquko ezindaweni eziningi.

Izimpikiswano Nezinguquko EBail

Isimiso semali sesiko sesahlolwa kakhulu. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi yenza ubumpofu bube ubugebengu, ngoba umuntu ongakwazi ngisho nokuthenga imali encane yebheyili angase ahlupheke ejele izinsuku eziningi noma amasonto kuyilapho ummangalelwa ocebile ebhekene namacala afanayo ekhululekile. Ijele lezezimali, lingabangela ukulahleka kwemisebenzi, ukungahleleki kwezindlu, nokucindezela okwengeziwe ukuze amangalelwe, ngisho noma ummangalelwa engenacala.

Izindawo eziningi ziphendule ngokuthi zithathe izilinganiso ze-bell. I-New York, i-California, ne-Illinois ziye zanciphisa noma zasusa ibheyili yemali emacaleni amaningi angenabudlova, esikhundleni sayo zifake izinqumo ezisekelwe engozini. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zandisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinkonzo zangaphambi kokuhlolwa kwezindawo . Ziye zathuthukisa izimemo zezikhumbuzo zocingo kanye nokuphathwa kwecala ngaphandle kokuthembela emalini.

Nokho, imizamo yokulungisa iye yabhekana nokungavumelani komthetho kanye nezisulu zobugebengu, eziphikisa ngokuthi ukukhulula abamangalelwa abaningi ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala kwandisa ingozi yokuphindela. Impikiswano iyaqhubeka ngokulinganisela ukubekwa kobumsulwa nokulondeka komphakathi. Ukuze ifunde ngokuqhubekayo, i-FLT:0] National Institute of Justice inikeza ukucwaninga ngengozi engaphambili kanye ne Brenan Center yeJaji ikhipha izikhangiso eziningi zemithetho yoshintsho.

Izinhlelo Zangaphambili

Ukuqonda lezi zinyathelo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela isimiso senkantolo esiwaxazulula ngayo kahle nakahle amacala.

Ukubonakala kokuqala

Ukuvela kokuqala inkantolo yokuqala, ngokuvamile phakathi namahora angu-24 kuya kwangu-48 okuboshwa. Phakathi nalelicala elifushane, umahluleli utshela ummangalelwa ngamacala abamangalelwa ngawo, uchaza amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo (kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuthula nelungelo lommeli), futhi unquma ngezimo zangaphambi komthetho. Uma ummangalelwa engakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli, inkantolo izomisa umuntu kulesigaba. Lesi futhi isikhathi lapho ibheyili iqala ukumiswa khona, nakuba ingashintshwa kamuva.

Ukungakwazi Ukuzwa

Uma kuthethwa amacala amakhulu noma lapho umshushisi ecela ukuboshwa, kungaqulwa icala elilodwa. Lapha, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ngokucacile nangokuqiniseka ukuthi akukho zimo zokukhululwa ezingaqinisekisa ngokunengqondo ukubukeka kommangalelwa noma ukuvikela umphakathi. Ummangalelwa anganikeza ubufakazi futhi aphikise ngokukhulula. Ukuqulwa kwecala kubaluleke kakhulu emacaleni kahulumeni ngaphansi kwe-Bail Reformation Act ka-1984 kanye nemithetho kahulumeni eyibonisayo.

Ukuzwa Kwangaphambili

Ukuqulwa kwecala kokuqala kusebenza njenge-chekethiso emandleni abashushisi. Inkantolo ihlola ukuthi kukhona yini imbangela engagxekwayo ukukholelwa ukuthi ubugebengu benziwa nokuthi ummangalelwa uyenzile. Umshushisi unikeza ubufakazi nofakazi, futhi ukuzivikela kungadlula kubo. Uma uma umahluleli ethola imbangela, icala liqhubekela ekuqulweni. Uma kungenjalo, amacala angapheliswa. Akuyona yonke imingcele edinga ukuqulwa komthetho; amanye amajaji amakhulu asebenzisa amajaji esikhundleni sawo.

Icala

Uma ummangalelwa equliswa, uphinde azwe amacala futhi angene esicelweni: unecala, ungenacala, noma ungenamncintiswano (unoli imateriere). Uma ummangalelwa enxusa enecala, inkantolo izomisa usuku lokugweba. Uma isicelo singabi nacala, inkantolo ihlela ukuqulwa kwamacala esikhathini esizayo futhi ibeke imithetho emisiwe. Kwezinye izikhulu, ummangalelwa angase acele ushintsho lwesicelo ngosuku olulandelayo uma isicelo sifinyelelwe.

Ukuthola

Ukuvubukulwa kuyindlela bobabili abamele badlulisele ngayo ukwaziswa okuhlobene necala. Ukushushisa kumelwe kuveze ubufakazi obuvumelana nommangalelwa (izinto eziseceleni), izitatimende zobufakazi, ubufakazi obungokoqobo, nemibiko engochwepheshe. Ukuzivikela kungadingeka futhi ukuze kuthulwe ubufakazi obuthile, njengofakazi abafana no-alibi noma ohlose ukusebenzisa isivikelo sokusangana. Imithetho yokuthola ihlukile ngokulawula kodwa iklanyelwe ukuvimbela izimangaliso ezisekuqulweni nokuthuthukisa izenzakalo ezilungile.

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambi Kokuhlolwa

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, abameli bathatha amafayela ukuze baxazulule izindaba ezithile zomthetho. Izenzo ezivamile zangaphambi kokwahlulela zihlanganisa:

  • Motion ukuvimbela ubufakazi: inselele yobufakazi obutholakele ngokwephulwa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo (umk., ukusesha okungekho emthethweni noma ukuvuma izono okuphoqelelwe).
  • Ukuxosha: Isu lokuthi amacala ahluleka ukuveza ubugebengu noma ukuthi kunobufakazi obunganele.
  • [ Ukuguqula indawo: ifuna ukuyisa icala kwenye indawo ngenxa yokusakazwa kwangaphambi kwezindaba noma ubandlululo lwasendaweni.
  • [[[I-FLT:0] i-Motion in limine:[ izicelo zokungabufaki ubufakazi obuthile noma ubufakazi ngaphambi kokuba inikezwe abahluleli.

Le mithetho iphikiswa ngokuqulwa kwecala, futhi izinqumo zomahluleli zingazinciphisa ngokuphawulekayo izimpikiswano zokuqulwa kwecala.

Indima Yezimfene Nezinye Izidlali Eziyinhloko

Inqubo yangaphambi kwenkantolo ihilela abadlali abaningi abanemithwalo yabo yemfanelo ebalulekile ukuze kube nomphumela omuhle.

Izinhlayiya Zokuzivikela

Abameli bezokuzivikela (abangase banikeze iseluleko esiyimfihlo noma abavikeli bomphakathi) baluleka amakhasimende abo ngokukhetha ibheyili, baxoxe nabashushisi, futhi bawamelele kukho konke ukuqulwa kwecala langaphambi komthetho. Baqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa uyawaqonda amalungelo abo nemiphumela yanoma yiziphi izinqumo. Ummeli onekhono angathola ibheyili ephansi, abeke isisekelo sokunxusa okuhle noma ukuqulwa kwecala.

Abamangaleli

Abashushisi bamelela umbuso futhi banokukhetha okukhulu ekunqumeni izinqumo ezibophayo, batusa izimo ze-beil, futhi bafaka izivumelwano. Banomthwalo wemfanelo wokunikeza ubufakazi lapho kuqalwa ukuzwa nokusabela emikhankasweni yokuvikela. Nakuba umsebenzi wabo ukufuna ubulungisa, indima yabo iwukuvikela ngokwemvelo, futhi ngokuvamile basekela ibheyili ephakeme noma ukuvalelwa ngaphambi kokugcinwa ukuze kuvikelwe ukuphepha komphakathi futhi baqinisekise ukuthi ummangalelwa uyavela.

Izikhulu Zezinkonzo Zangaphambi Kwezikole

Ezikhundleni eziningi, izinhlangano zezinkonzo zangaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala zixoxa nabamangalelwa ngemva kokuboshwa, ziqinisekise ukwaziswa okuphathelene nesizinda, futhi zilungise imibiko yejaji. Lezi zikhulu zingatusa izimo zokukhululwa, i-monitor neziqondiso (njengezivivinyo zezidakamizwa noma amasheke), futhi zisebenzise amathuluzi okuhlola izingozi ukuze zazi izinqumo. Umsebenzi wazo ubalulekile ekususeni isimiso ekususeni ukuthembela emabhayisekilini emali kuya ekufinyeleleni kobufakazi obengeziwe.

Isiphetho

Izenzakalo zenkantolo ezilandelayo azizona nje ezenqubo yokuzihlela; zithinta ngokuqondile inkululeko, ukuzinza ngokwezimali, nemiphumela emide yesikhathi eside yaseMelika unyaka ngamunye. Ukuqonda kahle indlela ibheyili ehlelwa ngayo, izici ezicatshangelwayo zilinganisa, futhi izenzakalo ezilandelayo zihlobisa abafundi nabafundisi ukuba bahlaziye inqubo yenkantolo ngokuhluzekile. Izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo zokuguqula ibheyili zigcizelela isidingo sesimiso esiphathelene nokungasoleki, esinciphisa ukuvalelwa okungadingekile, futhi siphinde sivikele umphakathi. Njengoba izinkantolo eziningi zithatha amathuluzi asekelwe kanye nezinkonzo eziphambili, ukugcizelelwa kwezezimali kuya kusuka ezinkonzweni zemali kuya ezingozini ezingokoqobo. Ukushintsha okuthembisa ukulunga okukhulu nokusebenza kokulandela ubulungisa.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe okunegunya, cabangela ukuhlola i-Fudial Justicery’s beilver ikhasi, [[FLT:] i-ACLU’s beil ye-pager imithombo yenguquko yemali [, futhi ucwaninge ku-[FLT:] i-Véra Institute of Justice [ ekuqedeni ukugcinwa kwemisebe ngenguquko ye-pager.