Table of Contents

Ukuqonda izimiso zikahulumeni nomthetho kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela izinhlangano zanamuhla ezisebenza ngayo, zigcine ukuhleleka, futhi zivikele amalungelo ezakhamuzi zazo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, isakhamuzi esisha, noma ungumuntu onesithakazelo ezindabeni zomphakathi, ukuqonda lemiqondo kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngezimo ezilawula ukuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezimiso zikahulumeni, izakhiwo zenhlangano ezizigcina zisebenza, kanye nezimiso ezingokomthetho ezimisa imithetho futhi zigcine ubulungisa phakathi kwemiphakathi yezizwe ehlukene.

Uyini Uhulumeni Futhi Kungani Ubalulekile?

Uhulumeni umelela isimiso noma iqembu labantu ababusa umphakathi ohleliwe, ngokuvamile uhulumeni noma isizwe. Bonke ohulumeni bayaqhubeka behlanganyela izici ezifanayo eziyisisekelo: bazimisele ukuhola nokuvikela abantu babo. Uhlobo lukahulumeni abantu abaphila ngaphansi kwalo lunemiphumela ejulile yenkululeko yabo, inhlalakahle, ngisho nokuphila kwabo.

Kuwo wonke umlando wesintu, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zikahulumeni ziye zazivelela ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo ezishintsha imiphakathi nezindinganiso zomphakathi. Kusukela emadolobheni asendulo kuya emibuso ebusa ngemibuso ezimele yanamuhla, isimiso ngasinye sibonisa amafilosofi ahlukene mayelana namandla, igunya, nobuhlobo phakathi kwababusi nababuswayo. Ukuqonda lezi zimiso kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwazo futhi ziqaphele amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo evela ezimikhakheni ehlukahlukene yezombangazwe.

Izinhlobo Ezinkulu Zezimiso Zikahulumeni

Ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke bangahlukaniswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kodwa abaningi bawela ezigabani eziningi ezibanzi ezisekelwe endleleni amandla asakazwa ngayo nendlela abaholi abakhethwa ngayo. Ngokuka-Juan José Linz uprofesa weYale kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zezimiso zezombangazwe namuhla: idemokratismenti, imibuso yobushiqela kanye, ihleli phakathi kwalemibuso emibili, yempoqo nemibuso exubile. Make sihlole ngasinye salezizinhlobo ezinkulu zikahulumeni ngokuningiliziwe.

Ukubusa Ngentando Yeningi: Ukubusa Abantu

Isimiso sentando yeningi singachazwa njengesimiso sikahulumeni esinamandla aphakeme abekwe ezandleni zabantu. Umqondo usukela emuva eGreece yasendulo, futhi eqinisweni, igama lentando yeningi liyisiGreki elisho "ukubusa kwabantu". Izimiso zedemokrasi zakhiwe ngesimiso sokuthi uhulumeni kufanele ukhonze abantu kunakwenye indlela ezungezile.

Kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningana ezibalulekile zentando yeningi:

Isimiso sombuso wentando yeningi: Ebuthweni lentando yeningi eliqondile, isakhamuzi ngasinye siphiwa isisho esilinganayo kuhulumeni. Loluhlobo lwentando yeningi luyivelakancane ezindaweni zamazwe zanamuhla ngenxa yokulinganiselwa okusebenzayo, nakuba lungase lube khona emiphakathini emincane noma ezinqumweni ezithile ezicatshangelwe ngama-arendendum.

Imelela idemokrasi: Ebuthweni lentando yeningi elimelela i-demokrasi, abameleli abakhethiwe abamisa umthetho. Lolu uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwentando yeningi emazweni anamuhla, oluvumela ukubusa okuwusizo kwemiphakathi emikhulu kuyilapho isalondoloza izimiso zentando yeningi.

Isimiso sombuso wentando yeningi esingokomthetho: Ephalamende, abantu bakhetha indikimba yemithetho ebizwa ngokuthi iPhalamende, futhi umphathi, ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi undunankulu, ukhethwa kuleliqembu. Ngokuvamile, idemokrasi yephalamende lizoba namaqembu amaningi ezombangazwe ahlukene, futhi amaqembu kuzodingeka asebenzele ekulawuleni uhulumeni ngoba akukho qembu elinenani elicacile endikimbeni. Amazwe anjengeNdiya, iUnited Kingdom, neJalimane asebenza ngaphansi kwezimiso zephalamende.

I-Pursidie Democracy: Idemokrasi yobumongameli ilapho abavoti bekhetha khona abameleli babo kokubili equlwini lomthetho nasesikhululweni. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, abavoti bakhetha abameleli babo njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili, abavoti abakhetha umongameli wabo nge-Electoral College njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine, kanye nesikhulu sabo njalo eminyakeni eyisithupha.

Ohulumeni bedemokrasi bagcizelela izindinganiso ezithile eziyisisekelo. Eziningi zentando yeningi, imiqondo yamalungelo nenkululeko ibalulekile. Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi futhi ihlobene nokulingana kwezombangazwe nesakhamuzi ngasinye esinelungelo lokuvota. Lesi simiso saziwa ngokuthi impoqo yendawo yonke.

Nokho, idemokrasi ikhona nezinselele zayo. Izinqubo zokwenza izinqumo zingathatha kancane futhi zingaphumeleli, futhi ukungalingani kwezenhlalo okuhlukahlukene kungaqhubeka ngisho naphakathi kwezimiso zentando yeningi. Nokho idemokrasi ithambekele ekuzilungiseni ngokwayo izimiso ezingasusa kalula ezimisweni ezingathandwa noma ezingaqondi kahle kunezinye izinhlobo zikahulumeni.

Umbusi: Ukubusa Kwabaholi Abahleliwe

Ebusweni bombuso, umbuso wezwe ulawulwa umkhaya owodwa ozuza ifa lokubusa kusukela kwesinye isizukulwane kuya kwesinye.

Imibuso yanamuhla yama - monarch inezindlela ezihlukahlukene:

Absuete Monarchy: Inkosi ephelele ilawula wonke uhulumeni; isibonelo saloluhlobo lukahulumeni iSaudi Arabia. Ebubusini obuphelele, i-monarch ilawula ngokugcwele imisebenzi kahulumeni futhi ingabusa ngaphandle komthetho-sisekelo.

Inkosi yomthetho-sisekelo inamandla futhi isebenza njengesikhulu, kodwa umthetho-sisekelo ulinganisela lombuso; iMonaco inomthetho sisekelo womthetho-sisekelo. Kulezi zimiso, igunya lenkosi licindezelwa umthetho futhi livame ukwabelana nezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Inkosi engumbusi: Embusweni wemikhosi, inkosi inamandla amancane kakhulu futhi yenza imisebenzi yemikhosi; iGreat Britain iyisibonelo sokubusa kombuso okungokwesiko. Namuhla, iningi lohulumeni bombuso wenkosi yenkosi iye yashintshela ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo, lapho inkosi iyinhloko yezwe kodwa yenza kuphela indima yemikhosi futhi ayinawo amandla ezwe.

Amazwe ambalwa kuphela asenazo izimiso lapho i - monarch ilawula khona; lezi zihlanganisa iBrunei, i - Oman, iSaudi Arabia neSwaziland.

Izikhulu Nezingoma Zobushiqela

Ohulumeni ababusa ngempoqo, amandla agxilwe ezandleni zabambalwa — ngokuvamile iqembu elilodwa lezombangazwe noma ngisho nomholi oyedwa (lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi i - autocracy). Uhulumeni wempoqo unesithakazelo, ngaphezu kwakho konke okunye, ekulondolozeni amandla awo.

Inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye enjengokukhuluma ngokukhululekile (kuhlanganise nokubhikisha) nelungelo lokufuna izinto zomuntu siqu ngokuvamile kuyancishiswa kule nqubo. ohulumeni abagunyazi bamukela amasheke ambalwa noma abawatholi nhlobo avela kwenye indawo kuhulumeni, futhi abaholi abacindezelwa yisishaya - mthetho, isimiso senkantolo, imithombo yezindaba, noma umphakathi (izinhlangano namabhizinisi angaphandle kukahulumeni).

Ubushiqela bumelela uhlobo olubi kakhulu lobushiqela. Uhulumeni olandela ubushiqela ufana kakhulu nohulumeni ocindezelayo ngoba ulawula izwe ngokuqinile futhi awukubekezeleli ukungavumelani phakathi kwabantu, nokho, ngokungafani nohulumeni onobushiqela, uhulumeni wobushiqela ufuna ukulawula izici eziningi zokuphila kwabantu, kuhlanganise nemisebenzi yansuku zonke nezinkolelo zomuntu siqu.

Kuhulumeni wobushiqela, uhulumeni ulawula izakhamuzi zakhe ngokuphelele, ulawule izenhlalo, izombangazwe, nezomnotho, futhi umuntu akatholi nkululeko nakancane. Imibuso yobushiqela ayivamile emlandweni, nohulumeni ababili abavelele kakhulu abafanelekela ukubizwa ngokuthi amaNazi Germany (1933-191945) kanye noStalin uRussia (1929 299-1953).

Ukubusa Ngempoqo

Kuhulumeni wobushiqela, umuntu oyedwa, umashiqela, unamandla aphelele phezu kombuso, futhi uwuhlobo lukahulumeni olubusa ngempoqo lapho umuntu oyedwa ephethe khona ukuphoqelela nokumisa umthetho. Ubushiqela bubuswa iqembu labantu elikhethwe umuntu oyedwa, futhi abantu abaphethe uhulumeni banomthwalo wemfanelo kunoma ubani omunye.

Imibuso yobushiqela ihlukile emibusweni yemibuso yenkosi kulelo gunya alizuzwa njengefa ngemigqa yomkhaya. Kunalokho, omashiqela bathatha amandla ngempi, ngezindlela zezombangazwe, noma ezinye izindlela ezingekho zedemokrati. Njengezinye izimiso zebushiqela, abashiqela ngokuvamile bavimbela inkululeko yomphakathi futhi bacindezele ukuphikiswa kokulondoloza ukulawula.

I - oligarchy: Ukubusa kwabambalwa

I - oligarchy iwuhlobo lukahulumeni lapho wonke amandla ehlala khona kubantu abambalwa, futhi ngokuvamile laba bantu bazuza khona ngefa amandla ngenxa yengcebo yabo, isikhundla noma imfundo. Uhulumeni olawulwa yiqembu elincane labantu abanegunya elisekelwe engcebweni noma egunyeni.

Inkolelo ye-oligarchy ingaba nzima kakhulu kwezombangazwe zanamuhla. Imiphakathi embalwa eveza obala i-oligarchy, futhi leli gama livame ukusho izinto eziphambene. Nokho, abanye abahlaziyi bezombangazwe baphikisa ngokuthi ezinye izinqubo zentando yeningi zisebenza njengezikhundla zobuzwe, ikakhulukazi lapho abantu abacebile noma izinhlangano zithonya ngokungalinganiyo izinqumo zezombangazwe.

IRepublic: Ubuholi Obungaboniswanga Ngomusa

Kuyi-republic kahulumeni, leligunya futhi lisebantwini, njengoba bephethe ukukhetha noma ukukhetha umholi wezwe, esikhundleni sokuba umholi amiswe noma azuze ifa. Ngokubanzi, irepublic iyisimiso sikahulumeni esingenayo inkosi.

Igama elithi "republic" livame ukusetshenziswa ngokufana "nombuso wentando yeningi omelelayo," nakuba kunokwehlukana okucashile. I republic igcizelela ukubusa komthetho kanye nokungabikho kwamandla ombuso wenkosi, kuyilapho idemokrasi igcizelela ubukhosi obuthandwayo. Izizwe eziningi zanamuhla, kuhlanganise ne-United States, zingamaRepublic namademocratic.

Amazwe obuKhomanisi

Isimiso sikahulumeni wobukhomanisi ngokuvamile sisekelwe emfundisweni ethile yobukhomanisi efundiswa uKarl Marx noma uVladimir Lenin, futhi iqembu elilodwa noma iqembu labantu ngokuvamile liqhuba imibuso yobukhomanisi. Izibonelo zezifunda zobukhomanisi zihlanganisa iChina, iCuba neVietnam.

Ngokwenkolelo - mbono, izimiso zobukhomanisi zihlose ukuqeda ukuba umuntu siqu futhi zakhe umphakathi ongenazigaba lapho izinto zabelana khona ngokulinganayo.Empeleni, imibuso eminingi yobukhomanisi iye yasebenza njengemibuso yobushiqela noma yobushiqela elawula kakhulu umbuso phezu kokuphila okungokomnotho nokungokombangazwe.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla: Ukuhlukanisa Igunya Likahulumeni

Esinye sezimiso ezibaluleke kakhulu ekubusweni kwentando yeningi kwanamuhla ukwahlukana kwemibuso. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezimiso zezimiso kuhlukanisa ngokusebenza izinhlobo eziningana zamandla ombuso (ngokuvamile umthetho, ukufushaniswa, nokubulawa) futhi kudinga ukuba lemisebenzi kahulumeni ihluke ngokwemibono nangezimiso, kanjalo ilondoloze ubuqotho begatsha ngalinye.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kwabalawuli nombuso waseBrithani kwazisa inkolelo yabo yokuthi ukugxilisa amandla kahulumeni ahlukile enhlangano eyodwa kungabangela abantu besizwe ukuba bathathe isinyathelo sikahulumeni esiwubushiqela, njengobuningi bemibuso, i-propati, isikhulu, nejaji, ezandleni ezifanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yenye, embalwa, noma eminingi, futhi noma ifa, ukuzimisa, noma ukuzikhetha, kungachazwa ngokufanelekile njengencazelo efanayo yobushiqela.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, uHulumeni kaFederal wase-U.S. wakhiwa amagatsha amathathu: ukushaya umthetho, ukuphatha nokwahlulela. Lengxenye ye-trartite iye yaba isibonelo kohulumeni abaningi bentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni engamashumi amane ikhanyisa ukuthi uhulumeni uhlukaniswa ube amagatsha amathathu: ukushaya umthetho, ukuphatha nokwahlulela.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Igatsha lemithetho linomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imithetho. E-United States, lombuso uphathiswe i-Congress, ehlanganisa iSigele nendlu yabameleli. Igatsha lezemithetho linemithwalo yemfanelo eminingana eyinhloko ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, kuhlanganise nokulawula uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, ukugunyaza umongameli, nokunikeza ukuqondisa igatsha eliphethe.

Igatsha lemithetho linamandla okuvumela ukumiswa kukaMongameli, ukulawula uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, futhi lingase likhiphe uMongameli futhi limkhiphe ehhovisi. Lokhu kubonisa indlela igatsha lomthetho elisebenza ngayo njengesehlo emandleni okulawula.

Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho. Ezimisweni zomongameli, leligatsha liqondiswa umongameli okhethwa ngokwahlukana nendlu yomthetho. Igatsha eliphethe alimi-ngomongameli kuphela kodwa futhi lihlanganisa namalungu ekhathemende, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, nezigidi zezisebenzi zikahulumeni ezisebenza usuku lonke kuhulumeni.

Umongameli wase-United States uphethe iGaza eliBusayo likahulumeni wethu. Umongameli unemibuso ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nekhono lokubeka umthetho weveto, amajaji neziphathi zikahulumeni, futhi ukhonza njengomphathi-nhloko wamabutho.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela lihlanganisa iNkantolo Ephakeme nezinye izinkantolo zikahulumeni wethu ezihlanganisa iNkantolo Ephakeme namaJaji angu - 9, abangabahluleli abakhethekile abachaza imithetho ngokoMthetho - sisekelo.

Igatsha lokwahlulela lisebenza njengomhumushi wemithetho noMthetho-sisekelo. Linamandla okubukeza imithetho nezenzo eziphetheyo ukunquma ukuthi zivumelana yini nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo. AmaJaji eNkantolo Ephakeme angagumbuqela imithetho engekho ngokwemithetho. Lamandla okuhlola kokwahlulela ayinhlolo-

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Ukuvimbela Ukusetshenziswa Kabi Kwamandla

Amasende nezilinganiso ziklanyelwe ukugcina isimiso sokuhlukanisa kwemibuso egcina igatsha ngalinye lisendaweni yalo, njengoba kunganele ukuhlukanisa imibuso nokuqinisekisa ukuzibusa kwayo kodwa amagatsha kudingeka abe nezindlela zomthetho - sisekelo zokuvikela amandla awo siqu angokomthetho ekungeneni kwamanye amagatsha.

Ikhono legatsha ngalinye lokusabela ezenzweni zamagatsha alo yisimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Nazi ezinye izibonelo eziyinhloko zokuhlola nokulinganisela okusebenzayo:

  • Igatsha lemithetho lenza imithetho, kodwa uMongameli wegatsha eliphethe angayigunyaza leyomithetho ngoMongameli uVeto.
  • Igatsha lezomthetho lenza imithetho, kodwa igatsha lokwahlulela lingayimemezela leyo mithetho ngokungemthetho.
  • Igatsha eliphethe lingamemezela iMiyalo Ephethe, enjengezimemezelo ezinamandla omthetho, kodwa igatsha lokwahlulela lingamemezela lezozenzo ngokungemthetho.
  • Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho, kodwa uMongameli ubeka ahluleli beNkantolo Ephakeme, abahluleli bamacala okudlulisa icala, nabahluleli benkantolo yesifunda abahlaziya lendaba.
  • Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho, kodwa iSigele egatsheni lemithetho siqinisekisa ukugunyazwa kukaMongameli kwezikhundla zokwahlulela, futhi uMkhandlu ungaphoqelela noma yimuphi walabo bahluleli futhi uwakhiphe esikhundleni.

Lesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuqondisana sisiza ekuvimbeleni ubushiqela futhi siqinisekise ukuthi amandla kahulumeni ahlala elandisa kubantu.

Ukuqonda Izimiso Zezomthetho

Izimiso zomthetho zinikeza uhlelo lapho imiphakathi imisa khona imithetho, ixazulule izingxabano, futhi igcine ukuhleleka.

Izimiso Zomthetho Ezivamile

Izimiso zomthetho ezivamile zaqala eNgilandi futhi ziye zamkelwa amazwe amaningi ayeyingxenye yoMbuso waseBrithani, kuhlanganise neUnited States, iCanada, iAustralia, neNdiya.

Isimiso se "stare decisis" (isiLatin se-"ma ngokwezinto ezinqunyiwe") sibalulekile kumthetho ovamile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinkantolo zibophelele ukulandela izinqumo zezinkantolo eziphakeme ezicaleni ezifanayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lezi zinqumo zokwahlulela zakha umthetho wokwahlulela owenezelayo nochaza umthetho womthetho odluliswa yizishaya-mthetho.

Izimiso zomthetho ezivamile zibonakala ngokuvumelana nezimo nokuvumelana nezimo. Njengoba abahluleli bebhekana nezimo ezintsha nezinguquko zezenhlalo, bangathuthukisa umthetho ngokuthatha izinqumo zabo. Lokhu kuvumela isimiso somthetho ukuba sishintshe ngaphandle kokufuna ukuba kuthathwe imithetho eqhubekayo, nakuba izishaya - mthetho zingazidlulisa izimiso ezivamile ukuze zithathe noma zicacise izimiso zomthetho ezivamile.

Izimiso Zomthetho Wangaphakathi

Izimiso zomthetho womphakathi, ezaziwa nangokuthi izimiso zeze-kontinenti noma zamaJamani, ziyisiko elingokomthetho elisakazeke kakhulu emhlabeni. Zitholakala kulo lonke elaseYurophu, eLatin America, izingxenye ze-Asia ne-Afrika, nezinye izindawo. Izimiso zomthetho wangaphakathi zisukela eMthethweni wamaRoma nasemithetho esemthethweni eyasungulwa phakathi nenkathi ephakathi eYurophu.

Kuzo zonke izimiso zomthetho wezwe, imithetho ebanzi isebenza njengesisekelo somthetho. Lemithetho iyiqoqo elihleliwe lezimiso zomthetho ezihlelwe ngezihloko, njengemithetho yesizwe, imithetho yobugebengu, nemithetho yezentengiselwano. Abahluleli ezimisweni zomthetho ngokuyinhloko basebenzisa le mithetho ezicini ezithile kunokuba bamise umthetho ngezinqumo zabo.

Nakuba izinqumo zokwahlulela ezimisweni yomthetho wezakhamuzi zingase zikholise, ngokuvamile azinawo ukubaluleka okubophayo ezinakho ezimisweni zomthetho ezivamile. Ukugcizelela kugcizelela isimiso esilotshiwe njengomthombo onegunya womthetho, abahluleli abasebenza kakhulu njengabaphenyi nabafaki bemithetho kunokuba abadali bezimiso zomthetho.

Izimiso Ezingokwenkolo Ezingokomthetho

Amanye amazwe ahlanganisa umthetho wenkolo ezimisweni zawo zomthetho. Umthetho wamaSulumane (u-Sharia) mhlawumbe uyisibonelo esaziwayo kakhulu, ubusa izici ezihlukahlukene zokuphila emazweni amaningi amaSulumane azimele. Izinga lomthetho ongokwenkolo osetshenziswa ngalo liyahluka kakhulu, kusukela emazweni lapho ubusa izindaba zomuntu siqu kuphela (njengezemishado nefa) kulawo akha khona isisekelo saso sonke isimiso somthetho.

Kwamanye amazwe, izimiso zomthetho ezingokwenkolo zihambisana nezimiso ezingokomthetho zezwe, zidala izimiso zomthetho ezihlanganisa imiphakathi ehlukahlukene noma izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezingxabano lapho imithetho ehlukahlukene ingase isebenze khona emiphakathini ehlukahlukene noma ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zezingxabano.

Izimiso Ezingokomthetho Ezixubile

Amazwe amaningi anezimiso zomthetho ezixubene nezihlangene namasiko ahlukene angokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, amanye amakoloni aseBrithani anezinqubo zomthetho ezihlanganisa umthetho ovamile nomthetho wesizwe noma wezenkolo. ULouisiana eUnited States unesimiso esixubeneyo somthetho ovamile nemithetho yomphakathi ethathelwe ifa eFrance.

Lezi zimiso ezixubile zibonisa amathonya ayinkimbinkimbi angokomlando, amasiko, nangokwezombangazwe aye athonya imiphakathi ehlukahlukene.

Inqubo Yomthetho: Indlela Imithetho Eyenziwa Ngayo

Ukuqonda indlela imithetho eyakhiwe ngayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela izimiso ezingokomthetho ezisebenza ngayo.

Ukumisa Imithetho

Ezimisweni eziningi zentando yeningi, imithetho iqala njengeziphakamiso noma izikweleti. Lezi zihlongozo zingavela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezishayamthetho ngabanye, amakomiti okumisa imithetho, izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe, noma ngisho nezakhamuzi eziphethe kwezinye izifunda. Ikhono lokumisa umthetho ngokuvamile lingenye yemibuso eyinhloko yegatsha lemithetho.

Izincwadi zikhuluma ngezindaba ezithile noma izinkinga ezidinga amakhambi angokomthetho. Zingase ziqale ukuveza imithetho emisha, zilungise imithetho ekhona noma zikhiphe umthetho ophelelwe isikhathi. Ukuhlelwa kwemithetho kuhilela ukucwaninga ngokucophelela, ukuxoxa nochwepheshe nokucabangela imiphumela engenzeka emphakathini.

Ukubukezwa Kwekomiti Nempikiswano

Uma sekwamukelwe, izikweleti zivame ukuthathwa ngenqubo yokuhlola ikomiti. Amakomiti agunyaza umthetho angamaqembu akhethekile ezishaya umthetho agxila ezindaweni ezithile ezingokomthetho, njengezezimali, ezemfundo, noma ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe. AmaKomiti ahlola izikweleti ngokuningiliziwe, agcine amacala ukuze aqoqe ubufakazi obungochwepheshe kanye nokufakwa komphakathi, futhi angase ahlongoze ukulungisa noma ukulungisa umthetho.

Lesi simo sekomiti sibalulekile ekulungiseni umthetho futhi siqiniseke ukuthi uhlelwe kahle futhi uyasebenza. AmaKomiti angatusa ukuba kudluliswe isikweleti, silungiswe noma senqatshwe.

Ukugunyazwa Kwemithetho

Izincwadi eziqondisa ikomiti ngokuphumelelayo zidlulela endikimbeni yemithetho ukuze zizwane nempikiswano futhi zivote. Ezindlu zomthetho ze-bimaral (labo abanamakamelo amabili, njenge-Congress yase-U.S.), umthetho kumelwe udlulise kokubili ngaphambi kokuba kube umthetho. Inqubo yokuvota ingahlanganisa ukufundwa okuphindwe kaningi, izimpikiswano zasesitezinsimini, namathuba okulungisa.

Eminye imithetho idinga inani elivamile kuphela, kanti eminye (njengezinguquko zomthetho-mthetho) ingadinga ukuba kube nezinqubo ezinkulu kakhulu noma izinqubo ezikhethekile.

Ukugunyazwa

Ezimisweni ezihlukanisa imibuso, umthetho odlulisa isishaya-mthetho udinga imvume egatsheni eliphetheyo ukuba libe umthetho. Isikhulu (njengomongameli noma umbusi) singasayina isikweleti emthethweni noma kuwe-weto. Uma sifakwe, isishaya-mthetho singakwazi ukudlula i-veto ngokuvota okukhulu, kuye ngomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Lokhu kuhlola okuphethe kusebenza njengenye inqubo yokuhlola esimisweni, kuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho unesisekelo esikhulu ngaphambi kokuba ube umthetho. Nokho, kungaholela futhi ezimpikiswaneni phakathi kwamagatsha lapho amagatsha aphethe nezomthetho elawulwa amaqembu ezombangazwe ahlukene noma enezinqubo ezihlukile.

Ukusebenzisa Nokuphoqelelwa

Lapho isikweleti sesiba umthetho, igatsha eliphethe ihhovisi linesibopho sokusebenzisa nokusimisa. Lokhu kungahilela ukwenza imithetho, ukumisa izimiso zokuphoqelela nokumisa imithombo. Izinhlangano eziphethe zivame ukwenza indima ebalulekile ekuhumusheni imithetho eqondile yemithetho ngokwemithetho nezinqubo.

Isimiso Senkantolo: Ukuchaza Nokusebenzisa Imithetho

Izinkantolo zakha umgogodla wesimiso sokwahlulela, zisebenza njengezindawo zokuxazulula izingxabano, zokuchaza imithetho, nokuqinisekisa ubulungisa.

Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala

Lezi zinkantolo ziqala lapho amacala amaningi angokomthetho eqala khona, zizwa ubufakazi, zihlola ofakazi, futhi zenze izinqumo zokuqala zeqiniso nomthetho. Emacalani obugebengu, izinkantolo zinquma icala noma ubumsulwa futhi zikhiphe izigwebo.

Izinkantolo zenkantolo zingase ziqashelwe izindaba, zinezinkantolo ezihlukene ezisingatha amacala obugebengu, izimpikiswano zombango, izindaba zomkhaya, izindaba ezingokwezimo, noma ezinye izinhlobo ezikhethekile zamacala.

Izinkantolo Eziphakamiso

Izinkantolo eziqulwayo zihlola izinqumo ezenziwa izinkantolo ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi umthetho usebenza kahle. Ngokungafani nezinkantolo zamankantolo, izinkantolo eziqulwayo ngokuvamile azibuzwi ubufakazi obusha noma zihlole ofakazi. Kunalokho, zibukeza umbhalo wenkantolo ogciniwe wecala, zicabangele izinkulumo ezibhalwe ngamacala, futhi zingazwa izimpikiswano zomlomo ezivela kubameli.

Izinkantolo eziqulwayo zingaqinisekisa izinqumo zenkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala, ziwaphendule, noma zithumele amacala ezinkantolo ukuze kuqulwe ezinye izikhalo. Izinqumo zazo ngokuvamile zimisa izenzakalo ezingokomthetho eziqondisa amacala esikhathi esizayo, ikakhulukazi ezimisweni zomthetho evamile.

Izinkantolo Eziphakeme Noma Zomthetho - sisekelo

Izimiso eziningi zomthetho zinenkantolo ephakeme kakhulu esebenza njengommangaleli wokugcina wezimpikiswano zomthetho. E-United States, lena iNkantolo Ephakeme. Lezinkantolo zivame ukunquma ukuthi yimaphi amacala okumelwe azwe, ngokuvamile zigxila emacaleni aphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho noma zixazulule izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi.

Izinkantolo eziphakeme zivame ukuba namandla okuhlola ukwahlulela--(-) igunya lokunquma ukuthi imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni ziyavumelana yini nomthetho-sisekelo. Lamandla azenza zibe abaqaphi ababalulekile bamalungelo nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, ngisho noma zivame ukuba igatsha elincane kakhulu likahulumeni ngokwezimo zezisebenzi.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Izimiso eziningi zomthetho zihlanganisa izinkantolo ezikhethekile ezisingatha izinhlobo ezithile zamacala. Lezi zingahlanganisa izinkantolo zentela, izinkantolo zokuqondisa, izinkantolo zempi, noma izinkantolo zomhlaba wonke. Izinkantolo ezikhethekile zivumela ukuba kube nobuchwepheshe obungcono nokuphumelela kakhulu ekusingatheni izindaba zomthetho eziyinkimbinkimbi noma ezobuchwepheshe.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho: Ukulondoloza Ukuhleleka Nokulondeka

Izinhlangano ezimisa imithetho zinomthwalo wokusekela imithetho, ukuvimbela ubugebengu, nokugcina ukuhleleka komphakathi. Lezi zikhundla zakha ingxenye ebalulekile yesibopho segatsha eliphethe sokuphoqelela imithetho edluliswa yisishaya-mthetho.

Amabutho Amaphoyisa

Iminyango yamaphoyisa ingezinkampani ezibonakala kakhulu zokugcinwa komthetho emiphakathini eminingi.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamaphoyisa nemiphakathi bubalulekile ukuze kuqikelelwe umthetho. Amaphoyisa anamuhla agcizelela ukubophana komphakathi, ukuvimbela ubugebengu, nokwakha ukwethembana phakathi kwamaphoyisa nabantu akhonzayo.

Izimo Zokucwaninga

Izinhlangano ezikhethekile ezicwaningelwe zisingatha ubugebengu obuyinkimbinkimbi obudinga ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile noma imingcele elawula imingcele. E-United States, izinhlangano ezinjengeFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) zihlola ubugebengu bukahulumeni, kuyilapho ezinye izinhlangano zigxila ezindaweni ezithile ezinjengokugcinwa kwezidakamizwa, ubugebengu obungokwezimali, noma ubugebengu be-inthanethi.

Lezi zikhungo ngokuvamile zibambisana namaphoyisa endawo nezinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho emhlabeni wonke ukuze zilwe nobugebengu obudlula imingcele engokwesiko.

Iziphathimandla Zokuqulela Icala

Abamangaleli bamelela uhulumeni emacaleni obugebengu, banqume ukuthi bangabamangalela yini abantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu futhi banikeze ubufakazi enkantolo. Ezimisweni eziningi, abashushisi banesinqumo esiphawulekayo ekunqumeni ukuthi yimaphi amacala okumelwe alandelwe nokuthi yiziphi izimangalo okufanele zibekwe.

Abashushisi kumelwe balinganisele isidingo sokuba abenzi bobubi balandise nomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela amalungelo ommangalelwa nokuqinisekisa ukuthi kukhishwa ubulungisa.

Izimiso Zokulungisa

Izimiso zokuqondisa ziqondisa abantu abaye baboshwa ngenxa yobugebengu, ukusebenza emajele, ukuvalelwa emajele, izinhlelo zokukhishwa kwesigwebo nezimiso zokukhipha izigwebo. Lezi zimiso zifeza izinjongo eziningi, kuhlanganise nesijeziso, ukunqanda ukunqamuka kwecala, ukuvuselelwa kwesimilo, nokuphepha komphakathi.

Izimiso zanamuhla zokulungisa zigcizelela ngokuqhubekayo ukululama nokubuyiselwa, ziqaphela ukuthi abantu abaningi ababoshiwe ekugcineni bayobuyela emphakathini.Izinhlelo ezigxile emfundweni, ekuqeqesheni umsebenzi, ekusebenziseni kabi izidakamizwa, nasezinkonzo zezempilo zengqondo zihlose ukunciphisa ukuncishiswa kwezidakamizwa nokusiza abantu ababeboshiwe ukuba babe amalungu omphakathi akhiqizayo.

Umthetho - sisekelo: Isisekelo Sikahulumeni

Imithetho - sisekelo isebenza njengomthetho oyisisekelo wesizwe, ukumisa ukwakheka kukahulumeni, ukuchaza amandla amagatsha ahlukahlukene, nokuvikela amalungelo omuntu ngamunye. Ukuqonda umthetho - sisekelo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela izimiso zomthetho ezisebenza ngayo.

Ibhalwe ama-v. Imithetho-sisekelo engabhalwanga

Amazwe amaningi abhale imithetho-sisekelo − imibhalo eyodwa noma imiqumbelo yezincwadi ezimisa izimiso eziyisisekelo zikahulumeni. Umthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, owamukelwa ngo-1787, ungomunye wemithetho-mthetho emidala kakhulu ebhaliwe esebenzayo. Imithetho-sisekelo elotshiwe inikeza ukucaca nokuzinza, yenza kube lula ngezakhamuzi ukuqonda amalungelo azo nemingcele yamandla kahulumeni.

Amanye amazwe, ngokuphawulekayo iUnited Kingdom, anemithetho-sisekelo engabhalwanga noma engamiswanga. Lokhu akusho ukuthi awanazo izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, kodwa kunalokho ukuthi lezizimiso zitholakala emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nemithetho, izinqumo zenkantolo, nemihlangano yesifunda, kunokuba kubhalwe encwadini eyodwa.

Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Nenkululeko

Imithetho engokomthetho eminingi ihlanganisa amalungiselelo avikela amalungelo abantu nenkululeko yabo. Lena ingase ihlanganise inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, nokuhlangana; ilungelo lenqubo efanelekile nesivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho; nesivikelo ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nasekuthuthweni. Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo asebenza njengemingcele emandleni kahulumeni, eqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nohulumeni abakhethwe ngedemokrasi abanakuphula inkululeko eyisisekelo.

Eminye imithetho - sisekelo ihlanganisa uhlu olude lwamalungelo ezenhlalo nawezomnotho, kuyilapho eminye igxila ngokuyinhloko ekwamukeleni inkululeko yomphakathi neyezombangazwe.

Izinhlelo Zokuchithwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Imithetho - sisekelo ihlanganisa izinqubo zokulungisa, ezivumela ukuba zishintshe ngokushintsha kwezidingo zomphakathi kuyilapho zilondoloza ukuzinza. Izinqubo zokuchithwa ngokuvamile zidinga okungaphezu kwemithetho emikhulu eyisisekelo, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo zisekelwa kabanzi.

Eminye imithetho - sisekelo ilula ukuncishiswa, kuyilapho eminye inezimfuneko eziqinile. Ubunzima bokulungisa buthinta indlela isimiso somthetho - sisekelo esisabela ngayo ekushintsheni kwezimo nokuthi sinikeza ukuqina okungakanani.

Umthetho Wezizwe Zonke Nokubuswa Kwembulunga Yonke

Ezweni eliya lihlangana, umthetho wezizwe zonke nezakhiwo ezibusa imbulunga yonke kufeza indima eyandayo ekulolongeni indlela izizwe ezisebenzelana ngayo nendlela izimiso zomthetho ezisingatha ngayo izimpikiswano zezizwe zonke.

Umthetho Womphakathi Wezizwe Zonke

Umthetho womphakathi ulawula ubuhlobo phakathi kwezizwe nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke. Uhlanganisa izivumelwano, umthetho wezizwe ongokwesiko, nezimiso ezivamile eziqashelwa amazwe aphucukile. Umthetho wezizwe zonke uxoxa ngezindaba ezinjengobuhlobo obungokwenhlalo, izimpi zezikhali, amalungelo abantu, ukuhweba, nokuvikela indawo ezungezile.

Ngokungafani nomthetho wasekhaya, umthetho wamazwe onke awunayo indlela yokuqinisekisa umthetho. Ukuqapha ngokuvamile kuxhomeke ekulungiseni, ekutholeni idumela, nasekuzithakazeleni kwamazwe ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka okuqinile kwezizwe. Izinkantolo zomhlaba wonke, njengeNkantolo Yobulungisa Yomhlaba Wonke, kunikeza iziphakamiso zokuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwamazwe.

Izinhlangano Zomhlaba Wonke

Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke njengeZizwe Ezihlangene, i - World Trade Organization, ne - International Criminal Court zifeza indima ebalulekile ekubuseni kwembulunga yonke.

Izinhlangano zezifunda, njenge - European Union, i - African Union, ne - Organization of America, zikhuthaza ukubambisana nokuhlangana kwamazwe angomakhelwane, ngezinye izikhathi zakha izimiso ezingokomthetho ezithatha indawo yomthetho wesizwe ezindaweni ezithile.

Umthetho Wamalungelo Abantu

Umthetho wezizwe zonke wenkululeko yabantu uye wavela ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II, wamisa izindinganiso zendawo yonke zokuphatha abantu ngohulumeni babo.

Nakuba ukugcinwa komthetho wamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke kusalokhu kuyinselele, kuye kwathonya izimiso zezomthetho zasekhaya emhlabeni wonke futhi kwanikeza uhlelo lokubeka ohulumeni icala ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Indima Yezakhamuzi Embusweni Kahulumeni Nasemithethweni

Ukuqonda izimiso zikahulumeni nezomthetho akuyona nje indlela yemfundo kuphela — okunemiphumela ewusizo endleleni izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela ngayo emiphakathini yazo futhi zisebenzise amalungelo nemithwalo yazo yemfanelo.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe Nokushisekela Imisebenzi

Ngezinqubo zentando yeningi, ukuvota kuyindlela eyinhloko izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela ngayo kuhulumeni.Ngokhetho, izakhamuzi zikhetha abameleli bazo futhi zithonye iziqondiso zikahulumeni.

Ukuhlanganyela ngolwazi kudinga ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo, amagunya anawo izikhulu ezihlukahlukene, nendlela izakhamuzi ezingenza ngayo ngokuphumelelayo ukuba amazwi azo azwakale.

Inkonzo Yamajukunci Nokuhlanganyela Ngokomthetho

Emazweni amaningi avamile, izakhamuzi zihlanganyela ngokuqondile ezimisweni zomthetho ngenkonzo yamajaji.

Ukuqonda izinqubo zomthetho namalungelo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zisebenzise isimiso somthetho ngokuphumelelayo lapho kudingeka zisisebenzise.

Umphakathi Wasezweni Nokubusa Kwabantu

Izinhlangano zomphakathi − kuhlanganisa nezinhlangano ezingezona ezohulumeni, amaqembu okuphatha, amaqembu ochwepheshe, nezinhlangano zomphakathi − zifeza indima ebalulekile emiphakathini yentando yeningi. Lezinhlangano zisekela izinguquko zezimiso, zinikeza izinkonzo, zifaka uhulumeni icala, futhi zivulela isakhamuzi ukuba sihlanganyele ezindabeni zomphakathi.

Umphakathi ochumayo wezakhamuzi usebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwezakhamuzi ezithile nohulumeni, ukhulisa amazwi angase angazwiwa futhi anikeze amakhono nemibono enikeza izinqumo zesimiso.

Izinselele Ohulumeni Nabezomthetho Banamuhla Ababhekene Nazo

Uhulumeni wesikhathi esizayo nezimiso zomthetho zibhekana nezinselele eziningi ezivivinya ukuvumelana kwabo nezimo nokuzivumelanisa nezimo.

Ushintsho Lwezobuchwepheshe

Intuthuko esheshayo yezobuchwepheshe idala izinselele ezintsha ezingokomthetho nezibusayo. Izindaba ezinjengokungafihliwe kokwaziswa, ukungalondeki kwe-inthanethi, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, kanye nezinqubo zemishini kudinga izisekelo ezingokomthetho ezivame ukuphelelwa intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe. Ohulumeni kumelwe balinganisele ukuthuthukiswa kokuthuthukiswa kwamalungelo nokulondeka komphakathi.

Ubuchwepheshe buthinta nendlela uhulumeni asebenza ngayo, bunikeza amathuba okuba izakhamuzi ziphumelele kakhudlwana futhi zithembise izakhamuzi kuyilapho bubangela ukukhathazeka ngokugadwa, ukucwaswa kwemithetho elawulayo, nokuhlukaniswa kwemishini okungase kukhinyabeze ezinye izakhamuzi ukuba zingahlanganyeli.

Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke

Izindaba ezihlanganisa amazwe amaningi eziwukuxhumana zibekela inselele imibono engokwesiko yobukhosi nezimiso zesizwe. Izindaba ezihlanganisa izizwe zonke njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukufuduka, ubuphekula, nokuhlangana kwezomnotho kudinga ukubambisana phakathi kwamazwe futhi ngezinye izikhathi nokusungulwa kwezakhiwo ezintsha zokubusa ezeqa imingcele yezizwe.

Ukulinganisela isidingo sokubambisana kwezizwe zonke ekubuseni kwesizwe kuseyinselele eqhubekayo kohulumeni nezimiso zomthetho emhlabeni wonke.

Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe

Lapho izakhamuzi nabaholi bezombangazwe benemibono ehlukene futhi bezama ukuthola izinto abavumelana ngazo, kuba nzima ukwakha isivumelwano esidingekayo ukuze kutholwe futhi kushintshwe umthetho.

Ukukhuluma ngokuhlukana kudinga ukuqinisa izinhlangano zentando yeningi, ukuthuthukisa inkulumo yomphakathi, nokuthola izindlela zokuhlukanisa kuyilapho kuhlonishwa ukungezwani okungokomthetho kombono.

Ukungalingani Nokufinyelela Ubulungisa

Ukuqinisekisa ukufinyelela ubulungisa ngokulinganayo kuseyinselele ezimisweni eziningi zomthetho. Ukungalingani kwezomnotho kungaguqula ukutholakala ngokulinganayo kokumelelwa okungokomthetho nokuphathwa okuhlukile ngaphansi komthetho. Ukulungisa lokhu kungafani kudinga imizamo eqhubekayo yokwenza izimiso zomthetho zitholakale futhi zilinganiswe.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Uhulumeni Nezimiso Ezingokomthetho

Izimiso zikahulumeni nezomthetho zakha isisekelo somphakathi ohleliwe, zimisa imithetho esihlala ngayo ndawonye nezindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano nokugcina ukuhleleka.

Kubantu abahlala khona, ukuqonda lezi zimiso kubalulekile ukuze bahlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi, ekuvikeleni amalungelo abo ngabanye, nasekusekeleni ushintsho oluqondile.

Njengoba imiphakathi iqhubeka iguqula futhi ibhekana nezinselele ezintsha, izimiso zikahulumeni nomthetho kumelwe zivumelane lapho zilondoloza imisebenzi yazo eyinhloko yokunikeza ukuhleleka, ukuvikela amalungelo, nokusiza umphakathi. Ngokuqonda lezi zimiso (_izakhiwo zayo, izimiso, nezinqubo), zingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ziyaqhubeka zisabela, zilandisa, futhi zilungile.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi oqala ukuhlola lezihloko, isakhamuzi esisha esifunda ngezinhlangano zezwe lakho elitholiwe, noma umuntu omane nje onesithakazelo endleleni imiphakathi ezihlela ngayo, lolu lwazi lunikeza isisekelo sokuba nezakhamuzi ezinolwazi nokuhlanganyela okunenjongo ekuphileni komphakathi. Lapho siqonda ngokwengeziwe ngohulumeni nangezimiso zomthetho, sisuke sihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuzilondoloza nokuzithuthukisa izizukulwane ezizayo.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngezici ezithile zikahulumeni nezimiso zomthetho, kunemithombo eminingi. Iwebhusayithi ye-.gov inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngohulumeni wase-U.S., kuyilapho izinhlangano ezifana ne Council on Foreign Relations inikeza imithombo yemfundo ezimisweni zikahulumeni ezilinganayo. Izinhlangano ze-Academic nezinhlangano zezezezezesizwe zinikeza nezinto eziwusizo zokujulisa ukuqonda kwakho lezi zihloko ezibalulekile.