Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela singenye yezinga elibaluleke kakhulu kunoma yimuphi umthetho wentando yeningi. Akusona nje isidingo esingokomthetho kodwa isidingo esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukubekwa kwamandla kunoma yisiphi isimiso esisodwa. Ngokuhlukanisa igunya likahulumeni emagatsheni ahlukene futhi unikeze indlela yokuvimbela amanye, lesi simiso sivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elingathatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kokulandisa. Kubantu, ukuqonda indlela ukuhlola nokulinganisela okubalulekile okubalulekile ekuqapheleni ukuthi amalungelo abo avikelwe kanjani nokuthi angahlangana kanjani ngokunenjongo nohulumeni wabo.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States umisa uhulumeni wemibuso ehlukene, wandisa igunya emagatsheni amathathu alinganayo: i-Legislative, i-Speciety, ne- Judicial. Igatsha ngalinye linemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene futhi, ngokugxeka, ikhono lokulinganisela amandla amanye. Lokhu kuhlukana akuzenzakaleli; kubonisa ukusola okujulile kwabaqali ngamandla alinganiselwe nenkolelo yabo yokuthi isifiso sokuvelela kumelwe singenziwa ukuze kulwisanwe nesifiso sokuvelela. UMthendelelo ugwema ukunikeza noma igatsha elilodwa eliphelele phezu kwanoma yimuphi umsebenzi kahulumeni, esikhundleni sokwakha iziphathimandla ezibodwa ezidinga ukubambisana nemvume.

Ukuze umuntu aqonde ukuhlola nokulinganisela, kumelwe aqale aqonde imisebenzi eyinhloko yegatsha ngalinye. I-Legislative Branch imisa umthetho, i-Guevitive Branch imisa umthetho, futhi i-Reaudicip Bat stage ichaza umthetho. Nakuba le ngxenye ibonakala icacile, ingcweti yangempela yalesi simiso ixhomeke endleleni igatsha ngalinye elihlanganyela ngayo emsebenzini waleli gatsha futhi lingase liphindisele ngayo ekuphathweni.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

IGaffaice i-Legislative Branch, eyakhiwe eSiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo, isakhiwo se-badamaral esihlukaniswe njengendlu yabameleli neSishaya-mthetho. ISishaya-Mkhandlu siphethe amandla okwenza imithetho, intela ye-levy, igunyaza ukuyisebenzisa, ilawula ezohwebo, futhi imemezele impi. La mibuso mikhulu, kodwa ayimi ngobukhulu, kodwa ayiyona i-Programmes ayenza igatsha lokuqala, ihlela amandla ayo phambi kwalabo abaphethe noma abaMbuso, ibonakalisa inkolelo yokuthi isakhiwo somthetho kumelwe sibe igatsha elinamandla kakhulu kuhulumeni weRepublicational. Nokho futhi i-Congresston ngokwayo isekelo: isakhiwo neSishaya-mthetho kumelwe kuvumelane kokubili phambi kokuba kuthunyelwe kumongameli.

Indlu yabameleli, kanye namalungu ayo ayekhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili evela ezifundeni ezahlulwe abantu, yayiklanyelwe ukuba ikwazi ukusabela ngokuqondile kubantu. ISigele, esinombuso ngamunye, esimelelwe ngokulinganayo iziphathi ezimbili ezikhonza amagama aneminyaka eyisithupha, sasihloselwe ukunikeza izisekelo nokumelela izithakazelo zikahulumeni. Lesi sakhiwo se-biobaral ngokwaso siwuhlobo lwesheke nezilinganiso, sidinga ukuvumelana okukhulu kokubili ukumelelwa nombuso.

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, iSishaya-mthetho siphethe amagunya abalulekile okuqondisa. Ingahlola izenzo zegatsha eliphetheyo, amaphepha angaphansi nafakazi, futhi iphoqelele ubufakazi. ISigele sinegunya lokuqinisekisa noma ukulahla ukumiswa komongameli, kuhlanganise nonobhala beKhabhinethi, amajaji ombuso, namajaji eNkanto Ephakeme. ISishaya-mthetho futhi kumelwe ivume izivumelwano ngevoti eliyi-35, inikeza i-cheke ukuhlola kwemithetho enqubeni yokulawula izikhulu. Indlu iphethe amandla okuqala ukuqulwa kwemithetho, kuyilapho iSigele siqhuba ukuqungalathisa. La mandla aqinisekisa ukuthi i-Lemithetho yegatsha i-Greastivation ne-Revition i-ficioctivesss systent ne-octrivement systemmes systemmes.

Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha Eliphethe, elamiswa eSiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo, liqondiswa uMongameli wase-United States, okhonza njengenhloko yombuso nenhloko kahulumeni. Umsebenzi oyinhloko kaMongameli uwukukhipha imithetho edluliswa uKhongolo ngokwethembeka. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukumisa imithetho kahulumeni, ukumisa iziyalezo zezikhulu, nokuqondisa umthetho wangaphandle. UMongameli usebenza njengoMphathi kuMphathi wamabutho ahlomile, indima enikeza umthwalo wemfanelo obalulekile kodwa futhi umema ukucusumbulwa ngokucophelela yi-Hulumeni.

Ukuhlolwa okunamandla kakhulu kukaMongameli eMfuleni i-Legislative i-veto. Uma nje uMkhandlu udlulisa umthetho, uMongameli angawusayina emthethweni noma awubuyisele eMkhandlwini ngokuphikisa. I-veto ingamane incishiswe yizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu kuphela kuyo yomibili iNdlu neSishaya-Mnyango, isithilo siphakeme senza kube nzima ukuhlehla. Lo mbuso u-Hulumeni ukuba uxhumane noMongameli nomthetho wobungcweti ongaqinisekisa ukubambisana kwamanye amagatsha. Nokho, iveto ayikho ngokuphelele, kodwa ibilokhu injalo izikhathi eziningi emlandweni waseMelika, ibonisa ukuthi isimiso semisebenzi ehloselwe: akukho gatsha elingakho elikwazi ukuphoqeqelela ukuxhumana nawo.

Igatsha Eliphethe lihlola futhi iJadia ngokugunyaza ukumiswa. UMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, ngaphansi kwesiqinisekiso seSishayamthetho. Lokhu kunikeza iGatya Eliphetheyo izwi lokulungisa ikomiti yejaji amashumi eminyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMongameli unamandla okunikeza ukuthethelelwa nokubuyiselwa kwecala likahulumeni, ukuhlola isimiso sokwahlulela esingalungisa ukushendezelwa kobulungisa noma isihe. Igatsha eliphethe ngokwalo lihlolwa amandla eKhosi likaHulumeni ukuba lingamele ilungu likamongameli futhi lisuse uMongameli, ngendima yeSigebe sokuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwezikhulu, nangegunya lenkantolo lokushaya imingcele yezengamele umthetho noma imingcele.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha Lokwahlulela, elasungulwa eSiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo, liholwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme futhi lihlanganisa izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni ezakhiwa yiSishaya-mthetho. Indima eyinhloko yejaji ukuchaza umthetho nokunquma ukuthi imithetho nezenzo zokuphatha ziyavumelana yini noMthetho-sisekelo. Lo mbuso, owaziwa ngokuthi ukubukeza komthetho, waqinisekiswa enkantolo [Marbury v. Madison [1803] futhi uye waba enye yeziphetho ezinamandla kakhulu esimisweni saseMelika.

IJaji Arcouncip Brants aliqali ngedwa; linquma amacala nezimpikiswano ezilethwa phambi kwalo. Lendima engekho phambili isho ukuthi ijaji lixhomeke kumanye amagatsha ukuze liqinisekise izinqumo zalo. UMongameli nezinhlangano eziphethe kumelwe basebenzise izimemezelo zenkantolo, futhi i-Congress i-covement ifaka izinkantolo futhi inikeze izinkonzo zazo. Ikomiti yejaji ihlolwa futhi ihlolwa ngenqubo yokumiswa kwayo: Abahluleli bahulumeni abamiswa nguMongameli futhi baqinisekiswa iNxanxathela, okusho ukuthi amagatsha ezombangazwe anendima eqondile ekulungiseni ibhentshi yebhentshi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSishayamthetho ungahlongoza ukumiswa komthetho ukuze kugumbuqele izincazelo zokwahlulela, futhi ingasusa abahluleli abangokomthetho futhi ikhiphe abahluleli bezwe ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi.

Amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela anikeza izinkantolo igunya elikhulu lokuhlola kokubili amagatsha agunyawe futhi aqondiswe. Ngokumemezela umthetho ongekho emthethweni noma isenzo sokubusa esingekho emthethweni, ijaji lingaqeda umsebenzi wamanye amagatsha. Nokho, izinkantolo zisebenzisa leligunya ngokuqapha, ziqondiswa izimiso zokunqanda ukwahlulela futhi zithobele amagatsha akhethiwe uma kungenzeka. Ukudlala phakathi kwamandla okwahlulela nemingcele ebekwe kuwo amanye amagatsha kuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho gatsha elilodwa elingabusa umthetho.

Indlela Okuvikelwa Ngayo Nokulinganisela Emkhubeni

Ukuqonda indlela lezi zinqubo ezisebenza ngayo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zibone ukuthi isimiso sisebenza kanjani futhi ziqonde ukubaluleka kwaso.

Izivivinyo ezigunyaziwe kuBuphathi. Izishaya-mthetho zingalawula i-parenti ye-veto namavoti amabili anezintathu kuwo womagumbi. ISigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli nokugunyaza izivumelwano. UKhongolo lungakhipha uMongameli, uMongameli, uMphathi-Monikazi, nezinye izikhulu zomphakathi. Uhulumeni ulawula uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni futhi ungasebenzisa amandla emali yemali yemali ekuqoqeni imali noma ekukhokheleni izikhulu eziphethe. Ikomiti yombuso iqondisa abaphathi bezindaba zezikhulu iqondisa nokuhlola izenzo zegatsha.

Ukuhlola okusemthethweni eMthethweni. UMongameli angakhipha izikweletu ezidluliswa yiKhomishane. UMongameli angabiza i-Congress ukuba ibe seqenjini elikhethekile. UMongameli anganikeza iziyalo zezikhulu eziqondisa izinhlangano eziphethe ekugunyazeni imithetho. UMongameli ukhonza njengoMongameli weSigele futhi ufaka amavoti ahlukanisayo. UMongameli angamisa umthetho futhi athonye uhlelo lwemithetho yemithetho ngekheli le-Union nenye izingxoxo.

Ukuhlola kwe-judicial eMthethweni naseButhweni. Izinkantolo zingamemezela imithetho engakhethi ngokuhlola kokwahlulela. Izinkantolo zingashaya izivumelwano zezikhulu ezidlula igunya lomthetho noma lomthetho-sisekelo. Amajaji ahlola imithetho yezinhlangano yokuvumelana nezimiso. INkantolo Ephakeme isebenza njengomsizi wokugcina wencazelo yemithetho, ukuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwamagatsha nohulumeni nohulumeni.

Izibalo ezisemthethweni ezihlola iSikhathi. UMongameli ubeka amajaji kahulumeni, elungisa izinhlelo zejaji zezizukulwane. UMongameli, ngoMnyango Wezobulungisa, uphikisa isimo sikahulumeni ezicabeni. UMongameli anganikeza ukuthethelela nokukhipha izigwebo, okungaphumelela ukudlula izigwebo zokwahlulela. UMongameli anganqaba ukuphoqelela iziyalezo ezithile zenkantolo, nakuba lokhu kungabangela inhlekelele yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuhlola okusemthethweni kuyi-Judia. ISigele siqinisekisa noma senqabe ama-minee. UKhongolose lungasiphula futhi lususe amajaji kahulumeni. UKhongolo lungaguqula isikhundla sezinkantolo zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokulinganisela ukulawula kweNkantolo ePhakeme. UKhongolo ingacebisa ukunqandwa komthetho-mthethweno ukuze kushintshwe izincazelo zokwahlulela. Umphakathi ungaguqula inani lokwahlulela eNkantolo Ephakeme, nakuba leligunya lingasetshenziswanga kusukela ngo-1869.

Lezi zinqubo zenza kube nesimiso esishukumisayo sokuzibamba. Alikho igatsha elingathatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kokucabangela indlela ezinye ezingasabela ngayo.

Imvelaphi Yamasheke Nokulinganisela Emcabangweni Womthetho - sisekelo

Umqondo wokuhlola nokulinganisela awusukanga kuBasunguli baseMelika, kodwa bayicwengisisa futhi bayihlela ngezindlela eziye zathonya idemokrasi emhlabeni wonke. Izimpande zesimiso zingalandelelwa emcabangweni wezombangazwe wasendulo wamaGreki namaRoma, lapho uhulumeni oxubeneyo wawubhekwa njengovikela ubushiqela. IRiphabliki yamaRoma, kanye neSigele sayo, izigebengu, nemihlangano edumile, yanikeza isibonelo sakuqala semibuso ehlukene.

Ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalombili leminyaka, isazi sefilosofi saseFrance uMontesquieu saveza inkolelo - mbono yokuhlukaniswa kwamagunya emsebenzini wakhe Umoya woMthetho (1748]). Waphikisa ngokuthi inkululeko yezombangazwe idinga ukuba umthetho wezwe, umphathi, nemibuso yokwahlulela ibe khona ngabantu abahlukene noma izindikimba. Imibono kaMentesquous yathonya kakhulu abaMelika, owamkhomba njalo phakathi noMthetho-Constitution noMhlanganiso. UJames Madison, ngokukhethekile, wabhala ngesidingo sokuhlola nokulinganisela [FL:] [F2].[5], futhi u-FFF], u-exf. [5]

Madison wachaza ukuthi ukwahlukana kwamagunya kuphela akwanele; igatsha ngalinye kumelwe futhi linikezwe indlela yokumelana nokungeniswa kwezinye izindawo. Féderalist No. 51, wabhala ngodumo: "Ukwenekwa kumelwe kwenziwe ukulwa nesifiso sokuvelela. Isithakazelo somuntu kumelwe sihlanganiswe namalungelo omthetho-mthethweni wendawo." Lokhu ukuqonda kuqhubezela sonke isimiso sezokuhlola nokulinganisa: ngokunika igatsha ngalinye isigxobo ekuvikeleni amandla alo, uMthetho-sisekelo uqinisekisa ukuthi akukho gatsha eliyo eliyoliphonsa igunya lalo kalula komunye.

Abasunguli basebenzisa futhi okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo nesimiso saseBrithani, lapho uMbuso, iPhalamende, nezinkantolo zazisungule khona imibuso ehlalisanayo phakathi kwamakhulu eminyaka. Bayenqaba umbono wombusi oyedwa futhi esikhundleni sawo basungula uhulumeni olinganiselwe, onezigaba. Umthetho - sisekelo ubonisa ukungathembani okujulile kwemvelo yomuntu kanye nokuzimisela ekuvikelweni kokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla. Lesi sisekelo sefilosofi sisasebenza namuhla, njengoba izakhamuzi kumelwe zihlale ziqaphile ekuvikeleni uhlelo lomthetho-mthetho.

Amagoko Nokulinganisela Nendima Yezakhamuzi

Amasheke nama-aspect woluvo lwezikhundla zikahulumeni, futhi anika izakhamuzi amandla okugcina uhulumeni unecala. Izakhamuzi ezinolwazi ziwukuhlolwa kokugcina kwamandla kahulumeni. Abavoter bakhetha amalungu eSishaya-mthetho njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili nangemva kweminyaka emine. Ngebhokisi le-collet, izakhamuzi zingasusa izikhulu ezithi zithathe iziphathimandla ngecala noma zihluleke ukusekela imisebenzi yazo engokomthetho-mthetho. Umbono womphakathi, ovezwa ngemithombo yezindaba, amaqembu esekela izivumelwano zomphakathi, zingathonya wonke amagatsha amathathu.

Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngokuqondile futhi ezinhlolweni nasekulinganiseni ngokuhlanganyela ezinkantolo. Abantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, nezinhlangano zingabekela imithetho noma izenzo zokubusa ezikholelwa ukuthi ziyimithetho engekho. Imithetho iyinqubo eyinhloko ikomiti elawulayo esebenzisa ngayo amandla ayo okuhlola ukwahlulela. Lapho izakhamuzi ziletha izimpikiswano ezivivinya imingcele yegunya likahulumeni, zisiza ekuchazeni imingcele yamandla omthetho-sisekelo.

Uhulumeni nezindawo banezela olunye ungqimba lweziphetho nezilinganiso. ISichibiyelo seTenth esingagunyazwanga kuhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni ezindaweni noma kubantu. I-Federalism ngokwayo iwuhlobo lokuhlola iziphathimandla eziphethe, ivumela amazwe ukuba azame izimiso ezihlukene futhi aphindisele ukuphambana nabacuphi bakahulumeni. Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela emazingeni amaningi kahulumeni, zibangele ukulandisa okukhulu.

Ukuqonda izinhlolo nokulinganisela kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole izimpikiswano zezombangazwe. Lapho zixoxa ngezenzo zobumongameli, umthetho wenhlangano, noma izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, izakhamuzi zingahlola ukuthi amagatsha afanele ayazifeza yini izindima zawo ezifanele nokuthi likhona yini igatsha eliphukayo. Lokhu kufunda okusemthethweni kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukubusa kwentando yeningi nokuvimbela ukukhukhuleka kwezivikeli.

Izinselele Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo Ezikhona Enkathini Yanamuhla

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sibhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo enkathini yanamuhla. Ukukhula kwezwe lokuphatha, ukwanda kwamandla okulawula, ukukhula kokuhlukana okungahlangani, kanye nokwanda kokulawula konke kuye kwavivinya umklamo wokuqala womthetho-sisekelo. Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole ukuthi isimiso sisebenza ngendlela ehlongozwe noma ukuthi izinguquko ziyadingeka yini.

Igatsha eliphethe liye lakhula kakhulu futhi laqala ukubusa kusukela ekusungulweni. Inhlangano kahulumeni manje isebenzisa izigidi zabantu futhi isebenzisa igunya eliqinile lokubusa. Iziqondiso eziphetheyo, i-metactranda, nezimemezelo ziye zanda kakhulu futhi zafinyelela kude. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kwanda kuye kwaqinisa ukulinganisela kwamandla kuMphathi-Butho, kuyilapho abanye baphikisa ngokuthi uHulumeni uye wanika izinhlangano igunya ngezindlela ezenza buthaka indima yayo yokuphatha. Izinkantolo ngezinye izikhathi ziye zahlehlela emuva ngokumelene nobuqili, njengoba kuboniswa ukuthi ukulinganisela kwemithetho yezikhulu noma iziqondiso zezinhlangano zezehluleka.

Ukubekwa kwezindawo ezihlukene nakho kuye kwabangela ukuba kusebenze ukuhlolwa nokulinganiselwa. Uma elinye iqembu lilawula kokubili iWhite House ne-Congress, ukuhlola kokulawula kungase kunciphe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ulawulo luhlukaniswa, i-grid lockbock ingaba yinqubo evamile. Inqubo yokuqinisekisa abahluleli nabaphathi abamisweyo iye yaqala ukuphikisana, ngokulibala okuthatha isikhathi eside nokuvota. Abakhi bamaFramente babelindele ukulwa kwe-ractics futhi baklama isimiso sokusebenza ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo zokungavumelani, kodwa ukubekwa kwezindawo zanamuhla kuye kwavivinya lezinqubo ngezindlela ezintsha.

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela siye savuleka. INkantolo Ephakeme iyaqhubeka ihlola imithetho nezenzo zokuphatha. ISishaya-mthetho siyaqhubeka siqondisa, sihlola, futhi siphatha izikhalo. Umongameli uveto uhlala eyithuluzi elinamandla, futhi izikhongozelo ziye zaqoqa izivoti ukuze zisuse amaviyo. Ohulumeni nezinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zaphindisela ukumelana nesiphithiphithiphithi. Isimiso sishintsha, ngisho noma singaphelele, sishintshela ezimweni.

Isiphetho

Amasesha nokulinganisela kuyisisekelo sokwakhiwa kwesimiso sobuningi somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Ngokuhlukanisa amandla phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu alinganayo futhi inikeza ngalinye izindlela zokuvimbela amanye, isimiso sivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, sivimbela ubushiqela, futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi isenzo sikahulumeni sibonisa ukuvumelana okubanzi. Izakhamuzi eziqonda ukuthi umsebenzi uhlola futhi ulinganisele kanjani zingahlola kangcono izenzakalo zezombangazwe, zigcine abaholi bazo belandisa, futhi zivikele uhlelo lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ekukhukhulekeni. Lesimiso asidingi ukuthatha iqhaza, ukuqapha, ukuqapha, nokuzibophezela komthetho. Izakhamuzi zonke zinendima yokufeza lokhu kuvikela lomthetho.