Table of Contents
Ukuqonda imithetho nezimiso kubalulekile ukuze umuntu abe isakhamuzi esikhuthele futhi ahlanganyele ngokunenzuzo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi.
Kuyini Umthetho?
Imithetho ibhekisela emithethweni edluliswa yindikimba ebusayo (njengePhalamende noma iSishayamthetho) echaza izibopho zamandla okuphepha namalungelo abanzi. Lemithetho imisa imithetho ebusa umphakathi futhi iklanyelwe ukusingatha izindaba ezihlukahlukene ezinjengokuphepha komphakathi, impilo, amalungelo omphakathi, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, intela, nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Umthetho uwumsuka oyinhloko womthetho nesimiso, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isihloko siyilungelo lomphakathi, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ukuphepha kokudla, indawo ezungezile, intela, ukwabikelwa kwentela, intela, intela, intela, noma ezinye izindawo ezingenakubalwayo.
Imali iyisiphakamiso somthetho omusha noma ukushintshela kumthetho okhona. Uma inqunywa ngenqubo yokushaya umthetho, izikweleti ziba yimithetho noma izenzo eziphethe amandla agcwele omthetho futhi ziphoqelelwe ngesimiso senkantolo nezinye izinqubo zikahulumeni.
Izinhlobo Zomthetho
Umthetho oyinhloko uhlanganisa imithetho emiswe ngokuqondile izindikimba zemithetho njengeSishaya-mthetho, iPhalamende, noma izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Lemithetho imisa uhlelo oluyisisekelo lwemithetho nezimiso ezibusa izindawo ezithile zesimiso somphakathi.
Umthetho wesibili, owaziwa nangokuthi umthetho ogunyaziwe noma ongaphansi, uhlanganisa imithetho emiswe yizinhlangano eziphethe ezingaphansi kwegunya elinikezwa umthetho oyinhloko. Nakuba ubuchwepheshe buhlukile kumthetho oyinhloko, lamathuluzi okuqondisa anamandla angokomthetho futhi abalulekile ekusebenziseni izimiso ezibanzi ezimiswe yizimiso.
Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo zomthetho kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele amazinga ahlukahlukene imithetho esebenza kuwo nezindikimba ezihlukahlukene zikahulumeni ezinomthwalo wokuzenza nokuzimisa.
Indlela Inhlonipho Ehluke Ngayo Emithethweni
Nakuba imithetho ibopha imithetho engokomthetho emiswe iziphathimandla zikahulumeni, izimiso ziyiziqondiso noma izimiso ezithathwa izinhlangano noma izinhlangano ukuze zifinyelele imigomo ethile. Lo mehluko oyisisekelo ubalulekile ukuze siqonde indlela uhulumeni nomphakathi osebenza ngayo.
Umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwesimiso nomthetho uwukuthi umthetho ungaphoqelela noma unqande ukuziphatha, kuyilapho isimiso simane siqondisa izenzo ngakulabo abangase bafinyelele umphumela ofunekayo. Izikhulu zisebenza njengezinhlelo zokwenza izinqumo futhi zingathonya ukusungulwa kwemithetho nezimiso, kodwa azinawo amandla angokomthetho afanayo noma izinqubo zokugcinwa.
Indima Yesimiso Somphakathi
Isimiso somphakathi simelela izimiso ezibanzi nezinhloso ohulumeni abafuna ukuzifinyelela ngenxa yezakhamuzi zabo. Lezi zinqubo zikhuluma ngezinkinga ezivamile zezenhlalo, ngokokuziphatha, nangezomnotho futhi zinikeze isisekelo sokuthatha inqubo yomthetho. Nakuba izimiso ngokwazo zingabopha ngokomthetho, zibumba uhlelo lwemithetho nethonya okuhlongozwayo, impikiswano, futhi ekugcineni zibekwe.
Izinhlangano nezinhlangano zikahulumeni zisungula futhi izimiso zangaphakathi zokuqondisa imisebenzi yazo, ziqinisekise ukungaguquguquki ekwenzeni izinqumo, futhi zifeze izinjongo ezithile. Ngokungafani nemithetho, lezi zinqubo zingashintshwa kalula futhi ngokushesha ukusabela ezimweni ezishintshayo noma ekwazisweni okusha.
Ukuqonda Imithetho
Imithetho inemininingwane ehlelwe yizinhlangano ukuze ziphoqelele leyo mithetho ezimweni ezithile emsebenzini. Imithetho iyimithetho eningiliziwe esungulwe yizinhlangano zikahulumeni ngaphansi kwegunya lomthetho. Lemithetho inikeza iziyalezo eziqondile ezidingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe futhi kuqikelelwe isimiso somthetho ngokuphumelelayo.
Umthetho uyisisekelo esibanzi, kuyilapho imithetho inikeza imininingwane eqondile yendlela yokuvumelana nomthetho. Lobubuhlobo phakathi komthetho nomthetho bukha isimiso somthetho esibanzi lapho izimiso ezibanzi zihunyushelwa khona ezidingweni ezisebenzayo.
Indlela Umsebenzi Osebenza Ngayo
Uma sekumiswe umthetho, izinhlangano zikahulumeni zimisa umthetho ngezimiso nangesiqondiso futhi ziqikelele umthetho ngempikiswano nangegunya elithatha imingcele. Le nqubo ivumela izinhlangano ezikhethekile ezinolwazi lobuchwepheshe ukuba zakhe izindinganiso eziningiliziwe nezinqubo ezifeza izimvume zemithetho.
Ngokwesibonelo, nakuba umthetho ungase umise ukuthi izindawo zomsebenzi kumelwe ziphephe, imithetho isho ngokuqondile ukuthi iziphi izinto zokuphepha okumelwe zinikezwe izisebenzi, yiziphi izinqubo okumelwe zilandelwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zilalelani.
Nakuba umthetho umisa izimiso zesimiso somphakathi, imithetho isebenzisa lezizimiso, ikhiphe umthetho. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwezisebenzi kuvumela izishaya-mthetho ukuba zigxile emigomweni emikhulu yezimiso kuyilapho izikhungo zisingatha imininingwane yobuchwepheshe yokusetshenziswa.
Ukuqonda Inqubo Yomthetho
Inqubo yokwakha umthetho iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ihlanganisa izigaba eziningi eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukucatshangelwa okucophelela, ukufakwa komphakathi, nokulandisa ngentando yeningi. Inqubo ethatha umthetho isuke ingaziwa futhi ingahlukahluka kakhulu ngokwemithetho yemali. Eqinisweni, uma kubhaliswa izindleko eziningi, lenqubo ngeke ilandele ukulandelana kwezigaba ezivame ukuqondwa njengenqubo yokushaya umthetho.
Isinyathelo 1: Ukungena Kwephepha Nokuvinjelwa
Noma yiliphi ilungu leSigele – elivela eNdlu noma eMzini noma abameleli – abanomqondo womthetho bangakhipha umthetho. Lemiqondo ivela kumalungu oMkhandlu ngokwawo noma ezakhamuzini zansuku zonke nasemaqenjini okusekela isigebengu. Ilungu eliyinhloko leSishaya-Mnyango libizwa ngokuthi "imposo". Amanye amalungu asekela lesi sigebengu abizwa ngokuthi "i-coponsors".
Uma ummeleli eyisixhaso, isambathiso sifakwa eNdlu. Uma i-Senator ingumxhasi, isambathiso siqalwa eSigeqeni. Imali ngayinye ithola inombolo ekhethekile yokuzichaza evumela ukuba igcinwe kuyo yonke inqubo yokushaya umthetho.
Isinyathelo Sesibili: Isabelo Nempinda Yekomiti
Uma nje sekuqanjiwe isikweleti, kubhekiselwa ekomitini. Indlu neSigele zinamakomiti ahlukahlukene akhiwa amalungu oKhongolo-kanye anesithakazelo esikhulu ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene njengezindaba zempilo noma zezizwe. Le komiti ivumela ukuba ulwazi olukhethekile lusetshenziswe ezindaweni ezihlukene zezimiso.
Uma ikomiti iphethe icala, lihlolwa ngokucophelela futhi amathuba ayo okudlula yiyo yonke i-Congress anqunywa. Ikomiti ingase ikhethe ngisho nokuthatha ukuqulwa ukuze iqonde kangcono imiphumela yaleli tyala. Ukuzwa kuvumela imibono yegatsha eliphethe, ochwepheshe, ezinye izikhulu zomphakathi nabasekeli, kanye nabaphikisi bomthetho ukuba baqoshwe.
AmaKomiti avame ukubhekisa izikweletu ezikweletini eziyokwenziwa ezifundweni eziningiliziwe nasemacaleni akhethekile.
Isinyathelo Sesithathu: IKomiti Yokuphawula Nokubika
Lapho ukuqulwa kwamacala nokubukezwa kwekomiti kuqediwe, ikomiti izohlangana ukuba "iphawule" isikweleti. Benza izinguquko nezinguquko ngaphambi kokutusa isikweleti ku "Floor". Lenqubo yokukhangisa yenza amalungu ekomiti acwengisise umthetho, anikeze ikheli eliphakanyisiwe phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, futhi athuthukise ulimi nohlelo lomthetho.
Uma ikomiti ivota ukuba ingabhali umthetho egumbini eligcwele leSishaya-mthetho, isigwebo siyafa. Uma ikomiti ivotela le mvume, kubikwa phansi. Isinqumo sekomiti kuleliqophelo sibalulekile, ngoba izindleko eziningi ezihlulekayo ukuqhubekela phambili ekomitini azizange zibe umthetho.
Isinyathelo 4: Impikiswano Nemisebenzi Ephakeme
Uma isikweleti sesifikile phansi, kuba nempikiswano eyengeziwe futhi amalungu evoti egcwele ukuze avumele noma iziphi izinguquko. Imali idluliswa noma inqotshwe amalungu avota. Uma isambathiso sidlula ngeningi (218 kuya ku-435), isikweleti sidlulela eSigeqeni.
Imithetho nemikhuba yendlu ivumela inani elikhulu ukuba lisebenzise umthetho ngokushesha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imithetho yeSigele nezinqubo zivumela ukuhlobana ngenqubo esheshayo, njengoba zinikeza abahlaziyi abathile amandla aphawulekayo. Lokhu kungafani kwemiqondo kubonisa indima ehlukile yomthetho-sisekelo wegumbi ngalinye.
Isinyathelo Sesihlanu: Ukucabangela Umkhandlu Wesibili
Lapho iNdlu noma iSigele sidlulisa isikweletu, kubhekiselwa kwenye indawo, lapho ngokuvamile ilandela khona indlela efanayo phakathi kwamakomiti futhi ekugcineni iye phansi.
Ukumiswa komthetho kudinga ukuba womabili amakamu avumelane ngezindlela ezifanayo ngaphambi kokuba awunikeze kuMongameli. Lemfuneko ye-bicameral iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uthathwa ngokunakekela okungalinganiyo ngokwemibono ehlukene kanye nezindawo ezisemthethweni.
Isinyathelo 6: IKomiti Yengqungquthela Nokubuyisana
Lapho iSigele neNdlu sidlulisa izinguqulo ezihlukene zesivumelwano esifanayo, iziNkantolo ezimbili zingase ziqale ukuxazulula noma yikuphi ukungefani kwezinqumo phakathi kwalezizinguqulo ezimbili ngekomiti yengqungquthela.
Ukuvumelana kokugcina kuhlanganiswe eMbikweni weNgqungquthela okumelwe kuvunyelwe kuzo zombili izingosi ngaphambi kokuba kucaciswe umongameli. Lenqubo yokubuyisana iqinisekisa ukuthi womabili amakamu asekela ukuhunyushwa kokugcina komthetho.
Isinyathelo Sesi - 7: Isinyathelo Sobumongameli
Uma uMongameli evuma umthetho, uyasayinwa abe ngumthetho. Uma uMongameli engathathi nyathelo izinsuku eziyishumi lapho uMkhandlu useseqenjini, umthetho uvele ube umthetho. Uma uMongameli emelana nesivumelwano, bangasithatha isikweleti.
Uma uMongameli ekhipha umthetho, uMkhandlu ungazama ukudlulisa i-veto. Uma kokubili iSigele neNdlu kudlulisa lesi sigebengu ngenani eliphindwe kathathu, i-veto ilawulwa kakhulu, futhi umthetho uba umthetho. Leli lungiselelo eliwenzile liqinisekisa ukuthi uMkhandlu ugcina igunya eliphelele lomthetho uma uhlonipha indima kaMongameli kule nqubo.
Uma umongameli engasayini esikweletini futhi sihlala singasayinwanga uma uMkhandlu ungasekho esiqephini, isigwebo sizothathwa ngokwephutha. Lesisenzo sibizwa ngokuthi i-veto ekhukhwini, futhi ngeke singasebenzi ngeSishaya-Mkhandlu.
Inqubo Yokubusa: Indlela Imithetho Edalwe Ngayo
Nakuba le nqubo yokushaya imithetho idala imithetho, inqubo yokubeka imithetho yakha imithetho esebenzisa leyo mithetho. Le nqubo yokuqondisa ibaluleke ngokufanayo ukuba izakhamuzi ziyiqonde, njengoba imithetho ngokuvamile inethonya eliqondile nelisheshayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke nasemikhankasweni yezamabhizinisi.
Igunya Lomhloli Nokuphoqelelwa
Lapho izishaya - mthetho zimisa umthetho, ngokuvamile zidlulisela igunya ezinhlanganweni eziphethe ukuba zenze iziqondiso eziningiliziwe.
Izinhlangano kumelwe zisebenze phakathi kwegunya elinikezwa umthetho owenzayo. Azikwazi ukwenza imithetho edlula umthetho ongokomthetho noma ephikisana nenhloso yomthetho eziwusebenzisayo.
Izindlela Zokuqaphela Nezokuphendula
Inqubo yokushaya imithetho ihlanganisa amathuba okuhlanganyela emphakathini. Imishini ikhipha imithetho ehlongozwayo futhi imema ukukhulumela komphakathi, abangenisi bemboni, amaqembu afundisayo, nabanye abantu abathakazelayo. Le nkathi yesaziso kanye nokukhulumela kuvumela amathuba ahlukahlukene ukuze kubhalwe umbhalo wokugcina.
Ngemva kokubukeza amazwi omphakathi, izinhlangano zingase zibukeze imithetho ehlongozwayo ngaphambi kokunyathelisa imithetho yokugcina.
Ukubukeza Nokuqondisa
Izimiso ezihlongozwayo ngokuvamile zibukezwa izindikimba eziqondisayo ukuze zihlole ithonya lazo elingokomnotho, igunya elingokomthetho, nokuvumelana nezimiso ezibanzi. Lenqubo yokubukeza inikeza okunye ukuhlola ekusunguleni kwezinhlangano futhi isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi iziqondiso ziyadingeka, ziyaphumelela, futhi ziyavumelana nezinkinga ezizikhulumayo.
Njengoba umthetho ubeka imithetho, inkantolo ingabeka inselele uma ingaphezu kwegunya lezinhlangano noma iphula izimiso zomthetho.
Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo Nenqubo Yokushaya Indiva
Ukuba isakhamuzi okudinga okungaphezu nje kokuqonda indlela imithetho ekwenziwa ngayo, kudinga ukuthembisana ngokunenjongo nenqubo yomthetho. Izakhamuzi zinamathuba amaningi okuhlanganyela ekulolongeni umthetho futhi zibeke abameleli bazo icala.
Abameleli Abaqanjiwe
Enye yezindlela eziqondile zokuthonya umthetho iwukuthintana nabameleli bakho abakhethiwe. Amalungu eSishaya - mthetho, izishaya - mthetho zesifundazwe, nezikhulu zendawo zithembele ekuqondiseni okuhlanganyelwe ukuze ziqonde izinto zomphakathi nezinto eziza kuqala. Ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo nabameleli kuhlanganisa ukuchaza ngokucacile ukuma kwakho ngomthetho othile, ukuchaza indlela imithetho ehlongozwayo engathinta ngayo wena noma umphakathi wakho, nokunikeza amaqiniso ahlobene nokuhlangenwe nakho okubonisa ukukhathazeka kwakho.
Izincwadi, izingcingo, ama-imeyili, kanye nemihlangano ebekwe ngabaphathi emahhovisi esigodi konke kunikeza amathuba okuhlanganyela imibono yakho. Nakuba ukuxhumana kwabantu ngabanye kungase kubonakale kuncane, abameleli bayakwazi ukuxhumana ngezindlela ezilandelanayo futhi bayazicabangela lapho benza izinqumo mayelana nokuthi bangavota kanjani ngomthetho.
Ukuhlanganyela Enkathini Yokuzwa Nokwazi Ukuphendula
Amakomiti alawulayo nezinhlangano eziqondisa umthetho ngokuvamile ziphatha izikhalo zomphakathi lapho izakhamuzi zinganikeza khona ubufakazi ngemithetho nezimiso ezihlongozwayo. Lezi zimemezelo zinikeza amathuba okunikeza ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe, ubuchwepheshe obubodwa, futhi zenze izinkulumo ezingokomthetho eziba ingxenye yomlando ongokomthetho.
Ukuze kuqondiswe izindaba eziqondisayo, izikhathi zokukhulumela umphakathi zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zinikeze impendulo ebhaliwe ngemithetho ehlongozwayo. Izimo zidingeka ukuba zicabangele lokhu kukhulumela futhi zingaguqula iziqondiso ekuphenduleni ekukhathazekeni okungasho lutho okuphakanyiswa umphakathi.
Ukunikela Nokuhlanganyela Ngokuzikhandla
Mhlawumbe uhlobo olubaluleke kakhulu lokuthembisana ngomphakathi ukuvota okhethweni. Ngokukhetha abameleli abanezici ezihambisana nezabo nezangaphambili, izakhamuzi zihlela ukwakheka kwezindikimba zemithetho futhi zithonye uhlelo lwezimiso. Ukuvota okunemininingwane esemthethweni kudinga ukuma kwabantu abazofuna ukuzwana ezindabeni eziyinhloko, imibhalo yabo yemithetho uma bengenamthetho, kanye nokuzimisela kwabo ukumelela izithakazelo zomthetho.
Ukuhlanganyela kobudokotela akugcini ngokuvota ukuba kuhlanganise abazosekela ngokusebenza ngokuzithandela, ngeminikelo, nangokuba abakhokhi.
Ukuzihlanganisa Nezinhlangano Ezisekelayo
Lezi zikhundla ziqhuba ukucwaninga, zifundisa umphakathi, izishayamthetho, futhi zikhuthaza abasekeli ukuba basekele izimiso ezithile. Ngokujoyina izinhlangano ezivumelana nezindinganiso zazo, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela emizamweni eqinile nehlelekile yokulawula izigebengu.
Izinhlangano zezezimali eziphumelelayo zinikeza amalungu ukwaziswa ngomthetho osele ukhona, amathuluzi okuxhumana nabameleli, namathuba okuhlanganyela emikhankasweni ehlangene.
Ukuhlala Ngiyazi Ngemithetho Ebekwe
Ukuthembisana ngokunenzuzo nenqubo yomthetho kudinga ukuhlale waziwe ngemithetho ehlongozwayo nezimpikiswano zezimiso. Amawebhusayithi kahulumeni anjenge- Conrell.gov anikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngomthetho kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nombhalo wesikhwama, ukushintshwa kwemithetho, izimo, izabelo zekomiti, namarekhodi okuvota.
Imibuso nohulumeni bendawo balondoloza imithombo efanayo yokulandelana kwemithetho kulawo mazinga.Imithombo yezindaba, izinhlangano ezihlaziya izimiso, namaqembu okuqasha amaqembu awusizo anikeza ukwaziswa okuwusizo nokuhlaziya okusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde imiphumela yemithetho ehlongozwayo.
Ukulandela izinhlelo zemithetho kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibone izinto ezibalulekile kuzo futhi zihileleke ezikhathini eziwusizo lapho ukuhlobana kwazo kungaba nethonya elikhulu khona.
Ukuqonda Izikhundla Ezihlukahlukene Zikahulumeni
Ukuqonda lezi zilinganiso ezihlukahlukene kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqondise imizamo yazo yobushiqela ngokufanele futhi ziqonde indlela imithetho ehlukahlukene esebenzelana ngayo.
Imithetho Yesifunda
Imithetho kahulumeni ehlanganisa imingcele kahulumeni, ihilela ezohwebo ezihlangene nemithetho yesizwe nemithetho yamazwe angaphandle, noma ikhathalela amalungelo ayisisekelo avikelwe uMthetho-sisekelo. Imithetho yesifunda ithatha indawo yokuqala kunemithetho engqubuzanayo kahulumeni ezindaweni lapho uMthetho - sisekelo unikeza khona igunya leSishaya - mthetho.
Inqubo kahulumeni yokushaya umthetho ihilela kokubili iNdlu yabameleli neSigele, negumbi ngalinye elinemithetho nezinqubo ezingafani.
Ukubekwa Kwemithetho Kahulumeni
Izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni zimisa imithetho ebusa izindaba ezisemingceleni yazo, kuhlanganise nemfundo, ukwahlulela kobugebengu, umthetho wempahla, umthetho wemikhaya, nezici eziningi zomthetho webhizinisi.
Izinqubo zemithetho kahulumeni ziyahluka kodwa ngokuvamile zilandela izindlela ezifanayo zenqubo kahulumeni, kanye nezindleko ezihamba phakathi kwamakomiti, izimpikiswano zaphansi, namavoti kuzo zombili iziteshi zomthetho ngaphambi kokuba uye kumbusi ukuze athole imvume. Ukuqonda izinqubo ezithile zikahulumeni wakho kubalulekile ukuze uphumelele ekulawuleni imingcele yombuso.
Imithetho Nemithetho Yasendaweni
Ohulumeni bendawo − kuhlanganise nobala, amadolobha, namadolobhana — ukusungulwa kwemithetho nezimiso ezikhuluma ngezindaba eziqondene nomphakathi ezinjengendawo, ukuhlanganisa amabhizinisi, imithetho yomsindo, nezinkonzo zikamasipala. Nakuba imithetho yendawo kumelwe ivumelane nomthetho kahulumeni nohulumeni, ngokuvamile inethonya elisheshayo ekuphileni kwezakhamuzi kwansuku zonke.
Imihlangano yomkhandlu wedolobha, ukuhlela ukuqulwa kwecala, nezinye izikhungo zendawo kunikeza amathuba okuhlanganyela ngokuqondile ekubuseni kwendawo.
Indima Yommeli Ekuhumusheni Imithetho
Nakuba izishaya - mthetho zikha imithetho futhi izinhlangano ziyisebenzisa ngemithetho, izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni umthetho futhi zinqume ukuthi usebenza kanjani emacaleni athile. Ukuqonda indima yokwahlulela kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ngokugcwele ukuthi imithetho isebenza kanjani.
Incazelo Eyisisekelo
Uma kuphakama izimpikiswano ngokuphathelene nokuthi umthetho usho ukuthini noma kufanele usetshenziswe kanjani, izinkantolo zichaza ulimi olungokomthetho ukuze zixazulule iziphakamiso. Abahluleli bacabangela umbhalo womthetho, umlando wawo wemithetho, injongo yabenzi bomthetho ababewumisile, nezimiso ezibanzi ezingokomthetho zokuthola incazelo yomthetho.
Lezi zincazelo zingathonya ngokuphawulekayo indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo, ngezinye izikhathi ngendlela abashayi bomthetho ababengayilindele.
Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Kwemithetho
Izinkantolo futhi zinamandla okubukeza umthetho wokunquma ukuthi uyavumelana yini nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo. Uma inkantolo ithola ukuthi umthetho uphula amalungiselelo omthetho, ungamisa umthetho ongekho semthethweni noma ongenakuphoqelelwa.
Izakhamuzi zingayibekela inselele imithetho ezikholelwa ukuthi ayivumelani ngokuletha amacala enkantolo. Nakuba ukumangalelwa kudla imali eningi futhi kuthatha isikhathi, kunikeza indlela ebalulekile yokuvikela amalungelo nokuqinisekisa lowo mthetho uhambisana nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo.
Ukubukezwa Kwemithetho Yemishini
Izinkantolo zibuye zibukeze imithetho yezinhlangano ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi zivumelana nomthetho ogunyaza umthetho futhi aziweqi umthetho we-athom. Lokhu kuhlola kusiza ukuba kugcinwe ukulinganisela okufanele phakathi kwamandla omthetho negunya futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi izinhlangano zisebenzisa imithetho njengenjongo yeSishaya-Mkhandlu.
Izinselele ezibekwa ezimisweni zingaphumela ekushintshweni kwemithetho noma kukhinyabezwe uma izinkantolo zithola ukuthi zinegunya elizimele, lidlula igunya lezinhlangano, noma liphula izimfuneko ezingokwesiko zokwakha imibuso.
Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zokubekwa Kwemithetho Ephumelelayo
Ukuqonda okwenza umthetho uphumelele kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlaziye imithetho ehlongozwayo futhi zisekele izimiso ezihlelwe kahle. Izimiso eziningana eziyinhloko zikhomba umthetho omuhle.
Ukuqonda Nombono
Umthetho ophumelelayo usebenzisa ulimi olucacile olucacile oludalula lokho okufunwayo noma okunqatshelwe. Imithetho ebekwe kabi idala ukudideka, yenza ukuthobela kube nzima, futhi ingaholela ekubekeni umthetho ngokungefani. Ukucacisa ulimi lwemithetho kuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ifeza izinjongo zayo nokuthi izakhamuzi ziyaziqonda izibopho zazo.
Isabelo Nesidingo
Imithetho emihle isingatha izinkinga zangempela ngezinyathelo ezivumelana nezimpikiswano ezixoxwayo.Akufanele imithetho ibeke imithwalo emikhulu kunesidingo ukuze kufinyelelwe imigomo yayo, futhi kufanele isekelwe ebufakazini bokuthi indlela ehlongozwayo iyophumelela.
Izakhamuzi zingahlaziya umthetho ohlongozwayo ngokubuza ukuthi ukhuluma ngenkinga yangempela yini, ukuthi ikhambi elihlongozwayo lingaba ngcono yini, nokuthi ezinye izindlela ezingasindi kangako zingase zifinyelele imiphumela efanayo yini.
Ukuphoqelelwa Nokusetshenziswa
Umthetho ophumelelayo uhlanganisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho ecacile nokunikeza imithombo eyanele yokusetshenziswa kwayo.Miyalo engenakuphoqelelwa noma ukuthi ukungasebenzi kwezimali ngokuvamile akwanelisi ukufinyelela izinjongo zayo, kubangele ukungakholelwa ngenqubo yomthetho.
Lapho zihlaziya umthetho ohlongozwayo, izakhamuzi kufanele zihlole ukuthi uhlanganisa yini amalungiselelo angokoqobo okuqinisekisa ukuthi kugcinwa izakhiwo nokuthi imithombo eyanele yini ukuze isetshenziswe.
Ukubona Kahle Nokulandisa
Umthetho omuhle uthuthukisa ukubonakala kwemisebenzi kahulumeni futhi udala izindlela zokulandisa ezivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zikwazi ukuqondisa ukumiswa nokugcinwa kwemithetho.
Izinselele Ezivamile Zomthetho Nendlela Yokuzisingatha
Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zisekele izinguquko futhi zilwele le nqubo ngokuphumelelayo.
I - partisan Polaryation
Ukwanda kokuhlukana okungabangela ukuba abashaya imithetho bathole isisekelo esifanayo futhi bamise umthetho osingatha izinkinga ezicindezelayo. Uma amaqembu ezombangazwe ebeka phambili inzuzo yokususa izinkinga, okubalulekile kungase kungadidwa.
Izakhamuzi zingasiza ekukhulumeni ngokuhlukana ngokusekela labo abazohlanganyela ekuhlanganyeleni ezimpini, ukuvumelana okunomvuzo nokusekela ukulawulwa kwemithetho engaphansi kunokuba basekele ukuma okuhlukanisayo.
Ithonya Elikhethekile Elithakazelisayo
Izithakazelo ezikhethekile ezikhangiswe kahle zingaba nethonya elingenakulinganiswa enqubweni yomthetho ngokunxusa, ngeminikelo yomkhankaso, nezinye izinhlobo zokuthatha isinyathelo sokulawula. Nakuba ukuhlanganyela kweqembu lenzalo kuyingxenye engokomthetho yokubusa kwentando yeningi, ithonya elidlulele lokuthakazelelwa lingaphumela ekwakheni umthetho ofeza izinzuzo zangasese kunokuba ufeze okuhle komphakathi.
Izakhamuzi zingamelana nethonya elikhethekile ngokuhlela izimpande ezingenisa utshani, zisekele umkhankaso wokulungisa izimali, futhi zibeke abashaya umthetho icala lokuthi bafezani.
Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Nokutholakala
Inqubo yomthetho ingaba nzima futhi kube nzima ngezakhamuzi ezivamile ukuba zisebenzise indlela yazo.Ulimi lobuchwepheshe, imithetho ehleliwe, kanye nomthamo omkhulu womthetho kungabangela isithiyo sokuhlanganyela.
Ukuthuthukisa imfundo yomphakathi, ukwakha imithombo yobuhlobo bokusebenzisa i-ace yokulandelana kwemithetho, nokubeka izinqubo zomthetho lula lapho kungenzeka khona kungenza le nqubo ifinyeleleke khona. Izakhamuzi zingasekela futhi izinhlangano eziguqulela izindaba zezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi emagameni aqondakalayo futhi zinikeze amathuluzi okulawula aphumelelayo.
Ukugxila okumfushane
Imijikelezo ye-Electoral ingadala izisusa zokuba abashaya imithetho bagxile ezimpumelelweni zesikhashana zezombangazwe kunokuba bagxile ezinhlanganweni zezimiso ezithatha isikhathi eside. Izimpikiswano ezibalulekile kodwa ezinzima kwezombangazwe zingagwenywa ukuze kuvunywe izinyathelo ezinikeza izinzuzo ezisheshayo zezombangazwe.
Izakhamuzi zingakhuthaza ukuba zicabange isikhathi eside ngokusekela izishaya - mthetho ezisingatha izindaba ezinzima ngisho nalapho zibiza ngokwezombangazwe, ngokugxila emiphumeleni yezimiso eziphansi kunokuba zigxile ezindaweni zemidlalo yeshashalazi yezombangazwe, nangokuqhubeka zithembisana ngezindaba ezibalulekile ezicini eziningi eziqhubekayo phakathi nemijikelezo yokukhetha eminingi.
Amathuluzi Nemithombo Yokulandelela Imithetho
Ukusebenzisa lezi zindlela kwenza kube lula ukungenela inqubo yomthetho.
Ama - Webhsayithi Kahulumeni Ongokomthetho
Amawebhusayithi kahulumeni anikeza ukwaziswa okunegunya mayelana nomthetho kuwo wonke amazinga. Ngezinga likahulumeni, .gov anikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngezindleko, izinqumo, imisebenzi yamakomiti, nemisebenzi yaphansi. Abasebenzisi bangafuna umthetho ngesihloko, ngenkomba, noma ngenombolo yemali, futhi bangabheka isimo sezindleko njengoba behamba ngenqubo yemithetho.
Izishaya-mthetho zezwe zilondoloza amawebhusayithi afanayo anokwaziswa okuphathelene nomthetho kahulumeni. Lezi zindawo zihlanganisa umbhalo wesitifiketi, ukushintshwa kwemvume, izimiso zamakomiti, nemibhalo yokuvota. Eziningi zinikeza izixwayiso ze-imeyili ezazisa abasebenzisi uma kuhlelwa intela yenzalo yokuqulwa noma yamavoti.
Izinkonzo Zokuhlola Imithetho
Izinhlangano nezinkampani ezihlukahlukene zinikeza izinkonzo zokuhlola izinhlelo zemithetho eziqoqa ukwaziswa okuvela emithonjeni eminingi futhi zinikeze ukuhlaziywa nokuqapha. Lezi zinkonzo zingasiza ngokukhethekile ekulandeleni umthetho ezimisweni eziningi noma ezihlokweni ezithile zenqubo.
Ezinye izinkonzo zitholakala mahhala, kanti ezinye zidinga izikhokhelo, futhi ukukhetha inkonzo kuxhomeke ezidingweni zomuntu ngamunye, ekuhleleni imali nasemqoka odingekayo.
Izinhlangano Zokuhlaziya Izindaba Nezokuhlola Izimiso
Izinhlangano zezindaba namaqembu okuhlaziya kunikeza ukubika nokuhlaziya okusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde umongo nemiphumela yomthetho ohlongozwayo. Ukunyathelisa imithombo yezindaba yezobukhazikhazi kanye nokuhlaziya isimiso kungakhanyisa izithakazelo, imiphumela engase ibe khona yemithetho ehlongozwayo, kanye nezimpikiswano zezombangazwe ezishukumisayo ezihlanganisa umthetho.
Ukuhlola imithombo eminingi enemibono ehlukahlukene kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zizazi kahle izindaba zomthetho futhi zigweme ukuncika ekwazisweni okunobandlululo noma okungaphelele.
Izinhlangano Ezisekela Ingcebo
Izinhlangano zezenqabela ezigxile ezindaweni ezithile ezingokomthetho ngokuvamile zinikeza ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngokuphathelene nomthetho ohlobene nawo, kuhlanganise nokuhlaziya indlela imithetho ehlongozwayo engathinta ngayo izindaba zabo ezikhathazayo. Lezinhlangano zingaba imithombo ewusizo yolwazi olukhethekile futhi zingasiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde izici zobuchwepheshe zomthetho.
Nakuba izinhlangano ezisekela izinhlangano zezephula - mthetho zinemibono ekhethekile nemibono, ngokuvamile zinikeza ukwaziswa okuwusizo namathuluzi okuhlanganyela enqubweni yokushaya umthetho ezindabeni ezigxile kuzo.
Ukwakha Amakhono Okusebenza Kahle
Ukuqapha okuphumelelayo kudinga okungaphezu nje kokuqonda inqubo yokushaya umthetho −it kudinga amakhono okuxoxa ngokuthonya, ukwakha imifelandawonye, nokusekela ukuthembisana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Izigijimi Ezikhohlisayo
Imiyalezo ephumelelayo icacile, ifingqa futhi igxile ekubuzeni okuqondile. Lapho kukhulunywa nezishayamthetho, kubalulekile ukuveza ngokucacile ukuma kwakho, uchaze ukuthi kungani le ndaba ibalulekile, unikeze amaqiniso ahlobene nokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu, futhi wenze isicelo esiqondile sesenzo.
Izindaba zomuntu siqu zingaba namandla ngokukhethekile ekusebenziseni inzuzo, njengoba zibonisa indlela izimiso ezithinta ngayo abantu bangempela.
Izindawo Zokwakha Izikole
Isakhiwo sesivumelwano sihlanganisa imizamo yokuhlanganisa amaqembu ahlukene anesithakazelo esisodwa. Imifelandawonye ephumelelayo iveza isisekelo esifanayo phakathi kwabaphethe izigebengu ezihlukahlukene, ixhumanisa ukuthumelelana imiyalezo namasu, futhi ibonise ukusekela okukhulu izikhundla zesimiso.
Ukwakha izinhlangano kudinga amakhono okwakha ubuhlobo, ukuzimisela ukuyekethisa ezindabeni ezingezona ezamuva kuyilapho ugxila ezimisweni eziyisisekelo, nekhono lokuhlanganisa ukuthatha isinyathelo phakathi kwamaqembu anamasiko ahlukahlukene amaqembu anezici ezihlukene neziza kuqala.
Ukulondoloza Isabelo Esiqinile
Ukushintsha kwemithetho akuvamile ukushesha, futhi ukulondoloza amandla okubhekana nezithiyo nentuthuko ethatha isikhathi eside kubalulekile ukuze umuntu afinyelele imigomo yesimiso.
Ukuthembisana okuqinile kudinga ukulindela okunengqondo ngejubane loshintsho, amasu okulondoloza izisusa ezisekelayo, nekhono lokusebenzisa izindlela ezivumelana nezimo ezishintshayo. Ukugubha ukunqoba okuncane endleleni kuyasiza ekulondolozeni ukuziphatha okuhle futhi kubonisa intuthuko ekufinyeleleni imigomo emikhulu.
Ukuqonda Isikhathi Sokushaya Imithetho
Ukuqapha okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuqonda amakhalenda omthetho nokungenela ngokusemthethweni. Ukungenela ekuqaleni kwenqubo yomthetho, ngaphambi kokuba izikhundla ziqine, ngokuvamile kuphumelela kakhulu. Ukuqonda lapho kuhlelwa izikweleti zezindaba zekomiti noma amavoti aphansi kwenza abameleli basekele ngezikhathi ezinzima.
Amakhalenda okugunyaza ahlukahluka ngokwezimiso, kodwa izishaya-mthetho eziningi zinezikhathi ezivamile ezinezimiso ezinqunyiwe. Ukufunda lezi zindlela kusiza abasekeli ukuba bahlele imisebenzi yabo futhi bakhulise ithonya labo.
Ukubaluleka Kwemfundo Yesibalo
Ukuqonda imithetho nezimiso kuyisici esiyisisekelo semfundo yomphakathi.
Imfundo Yesibili Ezikoleni
Imfundo ephambili yezenhlalakahle ezikoleni inikeza intsha ulwazi ngezakhiwo zikahulumeni, izinqubo zomthetho, namalungelo nemithwalo yayo yemfanelo njengezakhamuzi. Imfundo ephumelelayo yezakhamuzi idlulela ngalé kokukhumbula amaqiniso ngekhanda ukuze ihlanganise ukucabanga okugxekayo ngezindaba ezingokwesimiso, amakhono okuhlanganyela komphakathi, nokuqonda indlela yokuhileleka ngokwakhayo ezimisweni zentando yeningi.
Ukusekela imfundo eqinile yomphakathi ezikoleni kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izizukulwane zesikhathi esizayo zinolwazi namakhono adingekayo ukuze zibe isakhamuzi esikhuthele. Izakhamuzi zingasekela imfundo yomphakathi ngokusekela izindinganiso zemfundo ezigcizelela umphakathi, ukuzinikela ezikoleni ukuze zihlanganyele ulwazi ngohulumeni nesimiso, futhi zikhuthaze intsha ukuba ihileleke ezindabeni zamanje.
Ukufunda Ingxenye Ehlala Isikhathi Eside
Imfundo ye-cobic ayipheleli ngokufunda okusemthethweni. Imithetho, izinqubo, nezinqubo zezombangazwe ziyazivelela, zidinga ukufunda ngokuqhubekayo ukuze zihlale zinolwazi futhi zithembisene. Abantu abadala bangaqhubeka nemfundo yabo yomphakathi ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokulandela ukuhlaziywa kwezindaba nezimiso, ukuya ezindaweni zomphakathi nezemfundo, ukuhlanganyela ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi, nokuhlanganyela ngokuqondile ezimisweni zomthetho.
Imitapo, amakolishi omphakathi, izinhlangano zomphakathi nemithombo yezobuchwepheshe kuyi - Internet kunikeza amathuba okuqhubeka kufundiswa umphakathi.
Ukufunda Nokucabanga Okubucayi Kwemithombo Yezindaba
Enkathini enokwaziswa okuningi nokunganembile, ukufunda imithombo yezindaba kuyisici esibalulekile semfundo yomphakathi.
Ukuhlola imithombo eminingi, ukuhlola amaqiniso ngokumelene nezikhombo ezigunyaziwe, ukucabangela ukuthembeka nobandlululo olungase lube khona lwemithombo, nokuhlala sinokungabaza okunempilo kuyilapho siqhubeka sivulekele ubufakazi bonke obunengxenye ekubeni isakhamuzi esinolwazi.
Isiphetho: Indima Yezakhamuzi Ekubuseni Kwentando yeningi
Ukuqonda imithetho nezimiso akuyona nje indlela yokufunda, kodwa kuyisidingo esiwusizo sokuba isakhamuzi esinenkuthalo nokuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi. Inqubo ye-agnostic, nakuba iyinkimbinkimbi, iklanyelwe ukuba ifinyeleleke ezakhamuzini ezifisa ukuhileleka kuyo. Ngokuqonda indlela imithetho ekwenziwa ngayo, indlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo, nendlela izakhamuzi ezingahlanganyela ngayo kulezi zinqubo, abantu bangasebenzisa amalungelo abo entando yeningi nemithwalo yemfanelo ngokuphumelelayo.
Ukuba isakhamuzi esiphumelelayo kudinga ukusekelana ngokuqhubekayo, hhayi nje phakathi nezinkathi zokukhetha kodwa phakathi nawo wonke umjikelezo wemithetho.
Izinselele ezibhekene nokubusa kwentando yeningi − i-partisan democratic, ithonya elikhethekile, imingcele eyinkimbinkimbi neyokuthola imvume (*) zingokoqobo, kodwa azizona ezingenakunqotshwa. Izakhamuzi eziqonda inqubo yomthetho futhi zithuthukise amakhono okulawula aphumelelayo zinganikela ngokunenjongo enkambisweni yomphakathi futhi zisize ziqinisekise ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka esabela ezidingweni nasezindinganisweni zabantu abakhonzayo.
Intando yeningi idinga ukuthatha isinyathelo esimatasa. Ngokuqonda umthetho nezimiso, ukuthuthukisa amakhono okulawula, nokuhlanganyela ngokungaguquki ezinqubweni zomthetho, izakhamuzi zifeza imithwalo yazo yemfanelo yentando yeningi futhi zisiza ekumiseni uhulumeni osiza ngempela ekufezeni isithakazelo somphakathi. Amathuluzi, imithombo, namathuba okuthembisana atholakalayo (8) ukuthi izakhamuzi zingawasebenzisa.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhathazekile ngenqubo yemfundo, ukuvikela indawo ezungezile, ukunakekela impilo, amathuba ezomnotho, amalungelo omphakathi, noma noma enye indaba, ukuqonda indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo ukuze wenze umehluko. Qala ngokuchaza izinto ezithintana nawe, ngokufunda imithetho ehlobene nezidingo zakho, ukuhlobana nabanye abavumelana nawe, futhi uthathe isinyathelo sokuzwa izwi lakho. Izindaba zakho, nokuthembisa kwakho kungasiza ekulolongeni imithetho nezimiso ezibusa umphakathi wethu.