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Ukuqonda Ukwehlukana Kwegunya Kuhulumeni WaseMelika

I-United States isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sikahulumeni wombuso ohlukanisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nohulumeni abangowodwa. Lokhu kuhlukana kwegunya, okwamiswa uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. emakhulwini amabili eminyaka adlule, kwakha uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi kodwa oluphumelelayo lokubusa oluthinta zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika. Ukuqonda indlela imibuso ebusayo nemibuso ehlanganyelwa ngayo, indlela esebenzelana ngayo, nalapho lapho ikhona ibalulekile ezakhamuzini ezifuna ukuzihlanganisa ngokunenjongo nohulumeni futhi zisekela imiphakathi yazo.

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo baklama ngamabomu lesimiso ukuba sivimbele ukufakwa kwamandla kunoma iyiphi into eyodwa kuyilapho beqinisekisa ukuthi lowo hulumeni ungasebenza ngokuphumelelayo emazingeni amaningi. Lesiqondiso sihlola amandla nemithwalo yemfanelo ekhethekile eyabelwe ohulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni, sihlola izindawo zegunya elinye, futhi sichaza indlela lokhu kuhlukana kwamandla okuthinta ngayo ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi zaseMelika.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Samandla Ombuso

Uhulumeni wamazwe uthola igunya lawo kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., omisa isimiso semibuso ebaliwe − iziphathimandla ezicacile ezinikwe uhulumeni wesizwe. ISiphakamiso I, iSiqesha 8 soMthetho-sisekelo sihlela ingxenye enkulu yalemibuso, sikha uhlaka oluye lwaqondisa ukubusa kwaseMelika iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili. Lemibuso ehlukanisayo yakhethwa ngokucophelela ukuxazulula izimpikiswano abasunguli ababekholelwa ukuthi zidinga ukuhlanganiswa kwesizwe nokufana.

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza amandla okulawula ezohwebo phakathi kwezifundazwe, ilungiselelo elaziwa ngokuthi iChwethem Claus. Leligunya liye laba elinye lamagunya kahulumeni abaluleke kakhulu, livumela uhulumeni wesizwe ukuba wengamele umsebenzi wezomnotho onqamule imikhakha kahulumeni. I-Chomarks Clause iye yachazwa kabanzi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, yenza ukuba uhulumeni ulawule yonke into kusukela ezindinganisweni zezisebenzi kuya ekuvikelweni kwendawo ezungezile lapho lezo zindaba zithinta ezentengiselwano zamazwe.

Ngalé kwezentengiselwano, uMthetho-sisekelo umisa igunya elikhethekile likahulumeni kahulumeni ngezindaba zakwamanye amazwe nesivikelo sesizwe. Nguhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela ongaxoxa nezivumelwano nezinye izizwe, umemezela impi, ulondoloza amabutho ahlomile, futhi uqhube ubuhlobo obunye. Lokhu kumiswa kwemibuso yezimiso yakwamanye amazwe kuqinisekisa ukuthi iUnited States ikhuluma ngezwi elilodwa ezindabeni zomhlaba wonke futhi ingahlela imizamo yokulondeka yesizwe ngokuphumelelayo.

Ama - monetary Namandla E - Fiscal

Uhulumeni unegunya elikhethekile lokukhokha imali, ukulawula inani layo, nokumisa isimiso semali esifanayo kulo lonke izwe. Lombuso, obekwe eSivumelwaneni futhi osetshenziswa ngoMnyango weMali neFederal Reserve System, uqinisekisa ukuqina kwezomnotho futhi usiza ezohwebo ukunqamula imingcele kahulumeni. Ngaphandle kwesimiso semali esihlangene, ukuhwebelana kwezwe bekungaba okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi okungaphumelelanga kakhulu.

Imibuso yentela ehlangene nentela, ukuboleka imali emalini ekhokhwa yi-United States, nokukhokha izimali zemisebenzi kahulumeni. Umbuso unegunya lokufaka intela yezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nentela yeholo, intela, kanye nemithetho yokukhipha izintela zezimpahla ezithengiswe kwamanye amazwe. Lamandla agunyaza imali enza uhulumeni angakwazi ukuxhasa imisebenzi yakhe, ukunikeza izinkonzo, nokusebenzisa izimiso ezifeza izithakazelo zesizwe.

Uhulumeni unakekela futhi izikweletu zesizwe, ukhipha izibopho zeTreasury nezinye izikweleti ukuze kuxhaswe imisebenzi kahulumeni lapho izindleko zidlula izimali ezikhokhwayo. Lokhu kuboleka kuvumela uhulumeni ukuba athathe isinyathelo ezinkingeni zezomnotho, axhase imisebenzi emikhulu yezemisebenzi yezezimali, futhi alondoloze imisebenzi phakathi nezikhathi zokuncishiswa kwentela.

Ezentengiselwano Zesifundazwe Nesimiso Sezomnotho

Igunya lezentengiselwano ezisezweni elidlulele kakhulu kunezinga eliphansi kakhulu lokulawulwa kwezentengiselwano. Lo mbuso wenza uhulumeni ungakwazi ukumisa izindinganiso zemikhiqizo edayiswa ngaphesheya kwezindawo zikahulumeni, ulawule izimiso zokuhamba ezixhumanisa amazwe, futhi wengamele izinhlelo zokuxhumana ezihlanganisa isizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, iFederal Commissions Commission, ilawula ithelevishini, umsakazo, kanye nokuxhumana ngaphansi kwegunya le-Cmmerce Clausle.

Imithetho yezisebenzi imelela enye indawo ephawulekayo yegunya likahulumeni elithathwe eMthethweni wokulawula intengiselwano yesifundazwe. I-Fair Labor Standard Act imisa izimfuneko zeholo elilinganiselwe, isilinganiso seholo eseqile, nemithetho evimbela ukusebenza kwezingane emabhizinisini asemazweni ahlukene. I-National Labor Relations Act ivikela amalungelo ezisebenzi ukuhlelwa nokuthengiselana, idala uhlelo olufanayo lokusebenza ezweni lonke.

Imithetho yokuvikela yezentengiselwano futhi yenziwa ngaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni lapho ihilela ezohwebo ezisezweni. Izimo ezinjenge Federal Trade Commission ne-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ziphoqelela ukuba kuqashwe imithetho eklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukukhwabanisa, ukuqinisekisa imisebenzi yezebhizinisi elungile, nokuvikela abathengi ekuthengisweni okukhohlisayo nemikhiqizo engaphephile. Lemikha isivikelo sikahulumeni esisebenza ezweni lonke, nakuba amazwe engase abeke izimfuneko ezengeziwe.

Ukuzivikela Kwesizwe Negunya Lempi

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iSishaya-mthetho amandla okuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho, ukunikeza nokunakekela ibutho lempi, futhi wenze imithetho yokubusa amabutho ezempi. UMongameli ukhonza njengoMphathi weSikhulu samabutho ahlomile, edala isakhiwo sokuhola esivamile kwezempi. Lengxenye yegunya lezempi phakathi kweSishaya-Mkhandlu noMongameli iveza isifiso somsunguli sokuvimbela amandla empi ukuba agxile kumuntu oyedwa kuyilapho eqinisekisa umyalo ophumelelayo phakathi nempi.

Igunya lombuso eliphethe ukuzivikela kwesizwe lidlulela ezindaweni ezihlobene nezindaba zempi ezikade zikhona, izikhungo zempi, kanye nokuthola isivikelo. I-Divince of Defense ihlanganisa imisebenzi yempi, kuyilapho uMnyango Wezindaba ZaseVeterans unikeza ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, izinzuzo, nezinkonzo kubaphathi bempi bangaphambili. Lemithwalo yemfanelo yamazwe iqinisekisa ukuphathwa okungaguquguquki kwamalungu enkonzo nawamadokolwana kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bahlala kusiphi isifunda.

Uhulumeni kahulumeni ulondoloza futhi igunya elikhethekile ngezikhali zenuzi, izimiso zokuzivikela ezisemcimbini, nemisebenzi yokuhlakanipha. I-Profects enjenge-Central Intelligence Agency, National Security Agency, neDefense Intelligence Agency esebenzayo ngaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni ukuqoqa ukuhlakanipha, ukwenza imisebenzi ephikisanayo, nokuvikela izithakazelo zokuphepha kwesizwe kokubili ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe.

Ukufuduka Nokuzivuselela Kwemvelo

Ukulawula ukufuduka nokufuduka nokufakwa kwemvelo kumelela elinye igunya elikhethekile likahulumeni. Uhulumeni kahulumeni unquma ukuthi ubani ongase angene ezweni, ngaphansi kwezimo abangase bahlale kuzo, nenqubo abafuduki abangaba ngayo izakhamuzi. Izethulo zomphakathi zase-U.S. neNkonzo yokuthutha, i-Immigration and Customs Enforcementment, neCorstom and Bord Protection konke kusebenza ngaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni ukumisa imithetho nezimiso zokufuduka.

Igunya lokufuduka eliphethe lihlanganisa ukumisa izigaba zemvume yokungena, ukumisa amanani okungena kwababaleki, ukuvimbela ukuvinjelwa emngceleni, nokudingiswa. Nakuba amazwe engase abhekane nemiphumela engafani yokufuduka futhi abe nemibono engafani ngesimiso sokufuduka, awanakukwazi ukusungula izimiso zawo siqu zokufuduka noma ukumisa izindinganiso ezihlukene zokungena noma ukuba yizakhamuzi.

Izinkonzo Zamaposi Nempahla Efundiswayo

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iKhomishane amandla okumisa amahhovisi eposi nemigwaqo yangemva, ukudala isimiso seposi sezwe. I-United States Postal Service isebenza njengenhlangano ezimele phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni, inikeza izinkonzo zokuhambisa iposi kulo lonke izwe. Lo mthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni uqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nezindawo ezikude nasemaphandleni ziyakwazi ukunikeza izinkonzo zeposi, ukusekela ezohwebo nokuxhumana ezweni lonke.

Igunya lombuso lidlulela futhi ekuvikeleni impahla yabantu abahlakaniphile ngamandla ukunikeza imvume namalungelo. I-Office ye-U.S. e-Paten ne-Trademark ne-Ofisi yeQulu elisebenza ngaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni, linikeza isivikelo esifanayo ekusungulweni kwemisebenzi, imisebenzi yokudala, kanye nesithombe sophawulo kuzo zonke izifundazwe. Lesimiso sezwe sikhuthaza ukusungula nokusungula ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo empahla engqondo ayaqashelwa futhi aphoqelelwe ngokungaguquki kulo lonke izwe.

UClaus Onedumela Elibi Nokukhululwa

ISiphakamiso VI soMthetho-sisekelo siqukethe uSupremacy Claus, oqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uthatha indawo yokuqala kunomthetho kazwelonke lapho kuvela izingxabano. Leli lungiselelo lithi uMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni ebekwe ukuba ivumelane nawo, futhi izivumelwano zingu-"Mthetho ophakeme weZwe"" uma imithetho kahulumeni iphikisana nemithetho kahulumeni ezindaweni lapho uhulumeni kahulumeni enegunya lomthetho-mthetho, umthetho kahulumeni uyaqhubeka.

Ukuhlengwa kungaboniswa noma kuboniswe. Ukuhlengwa kwenzeka lapho umthetho kahulumeni usho ngokucacile ukuthi kuthatha indawo yomthetho wezwe endaweni ethile. Ukukhishwa kwecala kwenzeka lapho umthetho kahulumeni ubanzi kangangokuthi awushiyi thuba lemithetho kahulumeni, noma lapho umthetho kahulumeni uphikisana nezinhloso zikahulumeni. Izinkantolo zifeza indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukukhululwa kwamazwe lapho kuphakama izingxabano.

Imfundiso yokuhlengwa inemiphumela ephawulekayo ewusizo ezakhamuzini nasemabhizinisini. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho yezezindiza ewuhulumeni elula imithetho yombuso ebeka izindinganiso zokuphepha ezihlukene ezindizeni. Ngokufanayo, imithetho yebhange kahulumeni ingayiqeda imithetho ethile yombuso yokuvikela abathengi. Ukuqonda intengo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele ukuthi iliphi izinga likahulumeni elinegunya eliphelele ezindabeni ezithile nokuthi kuphi lapho zingaqondisa khona imizamo yazo yokuvikela izindiza.

Amandla Kahulumeni Kahulumeni NeSichibiyelo Seshumi

ISichibiyelo seshumi kumthetho-sisekelo esigcinelwe izifundazwe wonke amandla angaphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni noma enqatshelwe ezizweni. Le mibuso idala isigaba esikhulu segunya likahulumeni ngokuvamile elibizwa ngokuthi "igunya lezempoqo""" leligunya elivamile lokubusa nokulawula impilo, ukulondeka, inhlalakahle, kanye nezimiso zokuziphatha zezakhamuzi zikahulumeni. Lemibuso ebekelwe isisekelo sobukhosi bombuso phakathi kwesimiso sombuso.

Ohulumeni bahulumeni banegunya elingokwemvelo lokusingatha izidingo zendawo kanye nezinkathazo ezingase zihluke kakhulu ngokwengxenye ngayinye. Lokhu kuvumelana kuvumela amazwe ukuba asebenze njenge "imisebenzi yentando yeningi," ukuzama izindlela ezihlukene zokulawula nokuzivumelanisa nezimo zendawo, izindinganiso, nezinto eziza kuqala. Imithetho kahulumeni ehlukahlukene iveza imiphakathi ehlukahlukene, izomnotho, namasiko kulo lonke elaseMelika.

Isimiso Semfundo Nokuphatha

Imfundo imelela enye yezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zegunya likahulumeni. Izwe linomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokumisa nokugcina izimiso zemfundo yomphakathi, ukumisa izimiso zezifundo, ukunquma izimfuneko zokuphothula, nokuxhasa izikole. Iminyango yemfundo yemfundo yeK-12, kuyilapho amabhodi emfundo aphakeme ehlela amakholiji omphakathi namayunivesithi.

I-Expand imisa izimfuneko zothisha zokugunyaza, ibeke iziqondiso zemfundo, futhi ihlele nezinhlelo zokuhlola ezisemthethweni. Inquma indlela imfundo esekelwa ngayo ezifundeni, ngokuvamile isebenzisa izindlela ezithi zikhokha intela yempahla kanye nesidingo sabafundi bendawo.

Amabhodi esikole endawo, asebenza ngaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni, enza izinqumo mayelana nezikole ezithile ezisezindaweni zawo. Lamabhodi aqasha abaphathi, avumela uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, futhi enze izinqumo zezimiso mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezifundo, amakhalenda esikole, kanye nokuphathwa kwezakhiwo. Lendlela yokulawula imfundo ebanzi ivumela ukuqondisa kokubili ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zombuso nomphakathi wendawo.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nobulungisa Besigebengu

Izwe linegunya elikhulu ngomthetho wobugebengu nomthetho. Izishaya-mthetho zichaza amacala amaningi obugebengu, zimisa izijeziso, futhi zidala izinqubo zokuquliswa kwecala. Umbuso neminyango yamaphoyisa yendawo imisa lemithetho, kuyilapho izimiso zenkantolo zijezisa izaphulamthetho futhi zikhipha imigwebo. Leligunya lombuso lomthetho lomthetho livumela ukuveza izindinganiso zomthetho wendawo nezinto eziza kuqala kuyilapho likhuluma ngezindlela zobugebengu eziqondiswe ezweni ngalinye.

Imithetho yezempi yezephula-mthetho yamazwe iyahlukahluka kakhulu, ibonisa izindlela ezihlukene ezicatshangelweni ezinjengamacala ezidakamizwa, ubugebengu bempahla, nobugebengu obunobudlova. Ezinye izifundazwe zibeka isigwebo sokufa emacaleni athile, kanti amanye aqeda isijeziso sokufa. Iziqondiso zokugwetshwa, izinqumo, nezinhlelo zokulungisa imingcele nazo ziyahluka phakathi kwezifundazwe, zidala izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokwahlulela ngobugebengu kuso sonke isizwe.

Izwe liphethe izimiso zamajele, liqondise izinhlelo zokulingwa nezokukhishwa kwezigwegwe, futhi linikeze izinkonzo zokulungisa izigebengu. Iminyango kahulumeni yokulungisa iqondisa izakhiwo zokuboshwa, kuyilapho amabhodi ezikhulu zezwe enza izinqumo ngokukhululwa kwasekuqaleni kweziboshwa ezifanelekayo. Le mithwalo yemfanelo idinga imithombo kahulumeni ebalulekile futhi ibonisa izinto eziza kuqala ngokuphathelene nesijeziso, ukuvuselelwa komzimba, nokuphepha komphakathi.

Ukulungisa Nokushintsha Kobuchwepheshe

Izwe linegunya lokugunyaza nokulawula imisebenzi eminingi. Odokotela, abameli, abahlengikazi, othisha, izazi zesayensi yendawo yonke, izakhiwo zezindawo, kanye nabanye ochwepheshe abaningi kumelwe bathole amalayisense kahulumeni okusebenzisa. Amabhodi okumisa imfundo nokuqeqesha amisa izimfuneko, anikeze izivivinyo, futhi aqikelele ukuba kuqikelelwe ukuthi leligunya livikela abathengi ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi ochwepheshe bahlangabezana nezindinganiso ezincintisanayo.

Imithetho yokulungisa izimfuneko zochwepheshe iyahlukahluka ezifundazweni, ngezinye izikhathi idala imingcele kochwepheshe abafisa ukuyisebenzisa ezifundazweni eziningi. Eminye imisebenzi iye yasungula izinhlelo ezihlanganisa amazwe ahlukene ezivumela ochwepheshe abagunyaziwe ukuba basebenzise imingcele kahulumeni kalula. Ngokwesibonelo, iSivumelwano soMhlengikazi Licenfire sivumela abahlengikazi ukuba baprakthise emazweni amaningi ahlanganyelayo ngelayisense eyodwa, kuyilapho i-Interstate Medical Licensive Compact ilivel lact enqualines inqubo yodokotela.

Ngaphandle kokugunyaza ochwepheshe, izikhulu zikahulumeni zilawula amabhizinisi nezimboni eziningi ezisebenza phakathi kwemingcele yazo. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zengamela izinkampani zomshuwalense, amabhange, izinto ezisemgangathweni, namanye amabhizinisi ukuze zivikele abathengi futhi ziqinisekise imisebenzi yezebhizinisi elungile. Lezi zimiso zikhuluma ngokuhlelwa kwenani lezemali, izinga lenkonzo, nokuhlelwa kwemisebenzi yezebhizinisi, zikha izisekelo zemisebenzi ebonakalisa izinto eziza kuqala nezimo zebhizinisi.

Umshado, Isehlukaniso Nomthetho Womkhaya

Izwe linegunya eliyinhloko ezindabeni zomthetho womkhaya, kuhlanganise nomshado, isehlukaniso, ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana, nokutholwa.

Umthetho womkhaya wezwe uyahlukahluka kakhulu, ubonakalisa izindinganiso ezihlukile zempucuko nezimiso. Ezinye izifundazwe ziqaphela ukushada okungokomthetho okufanayo, kanti ezinye azikuqapheli. Imithetho yesehlukaniso iyahluka ngokuphathelene nezizathu zesehlukaniso, ukwahlukana kwempahla, nokusekelana komshado. Izindinganiso zokuwinwa kwabantwana kanye nezindlela zokutholwa kwezingane nazo ziyahluka phakathi kwezwekazi, nakuba izinkantolo zibeka phambili inzuzo engcono kakhulu yezingane ekwenzeni lezi zinqumo.

Futhi amazwe alawula izindaba zobuhlobo basekhaya ezinjengokunakekela izingane, ukunakekela izingane, nezinkonzo zokuvikela. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ziphenya ukumangalelwa kokuxhashazwa kwezingane nokunganakwa, zinikeza izinkonzo emikhayeni esezinkingeni, futhi uma kudingekile, zisusa izingane ezimweni eziyingozi. Lemithwalo yemfanelo idinga ukulinganisela ukuzikhethela komkhaya nesivikelo sabantwana, zenze izinqumo ezinzima ezithinta kakhulu imikhaya nabantwana.

Umthetho Wempahla Nezwe Kusetshenziswa Ukuvumelana

Izwe linegunya phezu komthetho wempahla, kuhlanganise nokuthengiselana kwezindawo, ubuhlobo bendawo, namalungelo empahla. Imithetho yoMbuso ilawula indlela impahla ethengwa futhi ithengiswe ngayo, lokho abathengisi okumelwe bakwenze, nendlela okubhalwa ngayo. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zixazulula izingxabano zempahla futhi zichaze amalungelo empahla, zikha izisekelo ezingokomthetho ezithinta abanikazi bezindlu, abaqashi, namabhizinisi.

Izwe lisebenzisa i-odal imelela enye indawo ephawulekayo yegunya lombuso nezwe. Nakuba imibuso imisa izisekelo ezibanzi zokuhlelwa kwendawo, inikeza ohulumeni bendawo igunya eliqinile. Amadolobha kanye namanxulumane athatha imithetho yokuhlela indawo enqumayo ukuthi ingasetshenziswa kanjani, imise imithetho yokwakha emisa izindinganiso zokwakha, futhi yenza izinqumo mayelana nentuthuko ivumela kanye nokuphikisana.

Izwe nezwe kusetshenziswa iziqondiso zokukhuluma njengezindaba zokuhlalisana, intuthuko yezentengiselwano, ukulondolozwa okungokomlando, nesivikelo sendawo. Lezimiso zibumba isimo somphakathi, zithonya ukutholakala kwezindlu nokunemali, futhi zithinta intuthuko yezomnotho. Isimo sendawo sokulawula sivumela imiphakathi ukuba yenze izinqumo ezibonisa izidingo nezindinganiso zayo eziqondile, nakuba zingadala futhi ukuhluka okuphawulekayo ezindleleni zokuthuthukisa izifunda.

Izimiso Zokuhamba ZoMbuso

Izwe linomthwalo wemfanelo wokwakha nokugcina izakhiwo zezokuhamba ezisemingceleni yalo. Iminyango kahulumeni yezokuhamba eqondisa imigwaqo emikhulu, amabhuloho nezinye izindawo zokuthutha.

Igunya likahulumeni kwezokuthutha lihlanganisa ukubhalisa izimoto, ukubhalisa abashayeli, nokugunyaza umthetho wezimoto. Izwe limisa izimfuneko zokuthola amalayisense okushayela, ukubeka imithetho yezimoto nesilinganiso sejubane, nokuphoqelela isilinganiso sokuphepha kwezimoto. Iminyango yezimoto yoMbuso igcina imishayelo yokubhalisa izimoto futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi izimoto zihlangabezana nezimfuneko zokuphepha neziphuma.

Izimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi zivame ukusebenza ngaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni noma lendawo, izifundazwe zinikeza izinhlangano ezithuthayo imali nokuqondisa. Ezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa iziteshi ezihambayo, kuyilapho ezinye zinikeza iziphathimandla zendawo ezithuthayo izipho. Lokhu kuhileleka kwezokuthutha komphakathi kusiza ukuba izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuthutha izinto ezihamba ngaphandle kwezimoto, kusekele amathuba ezomnotho nemigomo yendawo ezungezile.

Ukuphatha Kokhetho

Izwe linegunya eliyinhloko ekuqondiseni ukhetho, kuhlanganise nokhetho lukahulumeni. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zimisa izinqubo zokhetho, zinqume izimfuneko zokungena, futhi zimise imithetho yokubhalisa amavoti. Izikhulu zokhetho ziqhuba ukhetho, amavoti, nemiphumela eqinisekisiwe. Leligunya likahulumeni kukhetho livumela izinqubo zezindawo ukuba zihlukahluke phakathi kwezifunda kuyilapho ziqinisekisa ukuthi okhetho lunikezwa izikhulu eziphethe izakhamuzi zikahulumeni.

Izwe linquma izimfuneko zokuvota (kunomthetho-sisekelo olinganiselwe), limise izinqubo zokuvota nokuvota kwasekuqaleni, futhi linqume ukuthi kufanele yini lifune ukukhethwa. Zikhipha imingcele yesifunda sesifunda sesifunda ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu ngakunye, inqubo ethinta kakhulu ukumelelwa kwezombangazwe. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zivame ukuxazulula izimpikiswano zokuvota nokuchaza imithetho yokhetho.

Nakuba izifunda zinegunya elikhulu okhethweni, ukulungisa komthetho-mthetho womthetho-sisekelo nemithetho kubeka izimfuneko ezithile. UMthetho weVoting Rights uvimbela ukucwaswa kohlanga ekuvoteni, kuyilapho iNational Voter Brigioperation Act imisa izinqubo ezithile zokuvota. Izinqumo zomthetho-mthetho ziqinisekisa amalungelo okuvota kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, ubulili, noma ubudala (kwezakhamuzi ezingu-18 nangaphezulu). Lezi zivikelo zikahulumeni ziqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo okuvota avikelwa kuyilapho kuvunyelwa amazwe ukuba anikeze ukhetho.

Amandla Amanje: Amalungelo Ombuso Ahlanganyelwayo

Imithwalo yemfanelo eminingi kahulumeni ihlanganyelwa phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni, badala izindawo zokulawula ngasikhathi sinye lapho kokubili amazinga kahulumeni engenza khona. Lamagunya ahlanganyelayo adinga ukubambisana nokubambisana phakathi kweziphathimandla zikahulumeni nohulumeni, nakuba zingadala futhi ukungezwani lapho izinto eziza kuqala zikahulumeni nombuso zincipha. Ukuqonda amandla akhona kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele ubunkimbinkimbinkimbi besimiso sohulumeni waseMelika kanye nezingalo eziningi zikahulumeni ezithinta ukuphila kwazo.

Igunya Lokukhokha Intela

Bobabili ohulumeni bahulumeni nohulumeni banegunya lokukhokha izintela zentela ze-levy, badala izimiso ezihlawuliswayo eziqoqa izintela zentela zikahulumeni ngamazinga amaningi. Uhulumeni uqoqa intela yeholo, intela yentela yezindawo, intela yezindawo, kanye nentela yokukhipha. Amazwe angaphoqa intela yeholo, intela yentela yezentengo, intela yempahla, nezinye intela. Ezinye izindawo ziqoqa futhi izintela ngaphansi kwegunya eligunyazwezwe imibuso.

Leligunya lentela elihambisana nalesikhathi lisho ukuthi abantu namabhizinisi bavame ukukhokha intela emazingeni amaningi kahulumeni. Amazinga entela eholo entela namabhuleki emali ahlukile kuzimiso zentela edonswayo zikahulumeni, ezihluka kakhulu phakathi kwezifundazwe. Ezinye izifunda-zwe azikho intela yeholo, kanti ezinye zishaya intela ephakeme. Amantengo entela nezakhiwo futhi ziyahluka, kanti amanye amazwe awakho intela yokuthengwa kwentela ekhokhwanywa kanye nezinye intela zikahulumeni nentela yendawo edlula amaphesenti ayishumi.

Inkambiso yentela imelela indawo lapho ingxabano ekhona kahulumeni nombuso ngezinye izikhathi ikhona. Ngokwesibonelo, ukutheliswa kwentela yentela kahulumeni nentela yendawo kuthinta umthwalo olinganiselwe kahulumeni kanye nentela kahulumeni. Izinguquko zenkambiso yentela kahulumeni zingathonya intela kahulumeni nokukhethwa kwezimiso, okubonisa isimo esihlangene sezimiso zikahulumeni ne-odoli.

Ukulawula Nokubeletha Kwempilo

Umnyango wempilo umelela indawo ephawulekayo yomthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni nombuso. Uhulumeni kahulumeni usebenza iMedicare, uhlelo lomshuwalense wezempilo wasebekhulile nabakhubazekile abathile, kuyilapho imibuso inikeza izinhlelo ze-Medicaid ezinikeza izakhamuzi ezithola imali encane. Uhulumeni umisa izimfuneko eziyisisekelo ze-Medicaid futhi unikeza izimali ezithengwa kakhulu, kodwa amazwe ayakwazi ukuvumelana nezimiso zokunquma ukuthi i-edigzime, izinzuzo, kanye nezimiso zezinhlelo.

I-Affordlable Care Act yandisa ukuhileleka kukahulumeni ekuqondiseni inqubo yezempilo kuyilapho igcina igunya elibalulekile lombuso. Umthetho wamisa izindinganiso zikahulumeni zokukhokhela umshuwalense wempilo, wadala izimakethe zomshuwalense wezempilo, futhi wandisa iMedicaid eligigation (amazwe angakhetha ukwamukela ukwanda). Amazwe alawula izinkampani zomshuwalense ezisebenza emingceleni yazo, izikhungo zezempilo, kanye nochwepheshe bezokwelapha.

Impilo yomphakathi imelela enye indawo ehlanganyelweyo. ICenters for Disease Control and Prevention inikeza umholi kahulumeni ekuvimbeleni izifo nasekuthuthukiseni impilo, kuyilapho iminyango yezempilo kahulumeni neyomphakathi isebenzisa izinhlelo futhi ithathe isinyathelo ezisongweni lwempilo. Umqedazwe weCHOVAD uqokomisa ukubaluleka kokubambisana phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni nezinselele eziphakama lapho uhulumeni nombuso uzama ukuhlehla.

Izwe liphethe izibhedlela zomphakathi, izikhungo zezempilo zomphakathi ezixhasa ukuxhaswa kwezimali, futhi lisebenzisa izinhlelo zokuvimbela izifo. Lilawula izinhlangano zezempilo, lihlola ukuqubuka kwezifo, futhi liphoqelela ukuba kube nezindinganiso zempilo nezokuphepha. Izinhlangano ze-Federal zinikeza izimali, usizo lobuchwepheshe, nokubambisana, kodwa imibuso inegunya eliqinile ekuthwaleni ukunakekelwa kwempilo nempilo nempilo yomphakathi emingceleni yayo.

Isivikelo Sendawo Ezungezile

Isivikelo sendawo ezungezile sihilela ukubambisana okukhulu kanye negunya elihlanganyelwe phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni. I-Evironmental Protection Agency imisa izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile yesizwe futhi imisa imithetho elawula indawo ezungezile enjenge-Cease Air no-Ceane Water Act. Nokho, ngokuvamile izifundazwe zisebenzisa futhi ziphoqelele lezi zindinganiso zikahulumeni, futhi imibuso eminingi ibeka izimfuneko zendawo ezungezile ezidlula isilinganiso esincane sikahulumeni.

Imithetho yendawo ezungezile isungula izindinganiso eziqinile kuyilapho ivumela amazwe ukuba asebenzise izimfuneko eziqinile. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia, iye yamisa izindinganiso zokukhipha izimoto ezidlula izimfuneko zikahulumeni, futhi eminye imibuso iye yamukela izindinganiso zeCalifornia. Lendlela ivumela izifunda ukuba zikwazi ukusingatha izinselele zendawo ezungezile eziqondiswe ezindaweni zazo kuyilapho kuqinisekiswa izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zesizwe.

Impikiswano yezwe ivumela imisebenzi ethinta izinga lomoya namanzi, iphathise ukuhlola indawo ezungezile, futhi iqikelelwe iziqondiso zendawo ezungezile. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zisebenza neziphathimandla zikahulumeni ukusingatha ukungcoliswa kwemingcele kahulumeni, ukuhlanza izindawo ezingcolisiwe, nokuvikela imithombo yemvelo. Lendlela yokubambisana kwesimiso sokubambisana iqaphela ukuthi izinkinga zendawo ezungezile ngokuvamile zidinga kokubili ukubambisana kwesizwe nokusetshenziswa kwendawo.

Ukuphatha imithombo yemvelo kuhlanganisa futhi nokuphathana kwegunya likahulumeni nombuso. Uhulumeni kahulumeni ulawula amapaki esizwe, amahlathi, namanye amazwe omphakathi, kuyilapho izifunda zikahulumeni ziphatha amapaki nezilwane zasendle. Zombili amazinga kahulumeni alawula ukuzingela nokudoba, ukuvikela izinhlobo ezisengozini, nomsebenzi wokulondoloza izindawo ezingokwemvelo. Ukubambisana phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni nohulumeni kubalulekile ekulondolozweni kwemithombo yemvelo ephumelelayo.

Izakhiwo Zokuhamba

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezenhlalayenza nokunakekelwa kuhilela ukubambisana okukhulu kukahulumeni wezwe. Uhulumeni unikeza izimali ezinele zokwakha nokulungiswa kwemigwaqo emikhulu ngezinhlelo ezinikezwa i-Department of Transportation. Izwe lithola izimali zikahulumeni ezisemgwaqweni omkhulu kodwa kumelwe zivumelane nezimfuneko zikahulumeni mayelana nokwakha, ukubukezwa kwendawo ezungezile, nokuhlelwa kwezakhiwo.

I- Interstate Highway System, nakuba ixhaswe kakhulu ama-dollar kazwelonke, inakekelwa iminyango yezokuthutha kahulumeni. Isimiso sokuhamba esiphethe i-Federal simisa izinto eziza kuqala futhi sifake imali, kodwa izifundazwe zenza izinqumo eziqondile eziphathelene nemisebenzi okufanele ziyiphi nokuthi zingaba kanjani imithombo yezimali. Lobu buhlobo buvumela ukuba amaphasishi amakhulu okuhamba ahlangane nezwe kuyilapho kugcina uhulumeni uyakwazi ukubhekana nezidingo zokuhamba zendawo.

Izimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi zithola imali evela kuhulumeni nase zweni. I-Federal Transit Administration inikeza iminikelo yentuthuko yezethutho nemisebenzi, kuyilapho izifundazwe zinikeza izimali ezengeziwe nokwengamela. Izinhlangano zendawo eziqondisa amabhasi, izitimela ezilula, nezinye izinkonzo zokuthutha zomphakathi, zidala isakhiwo sokuqondisa esinamazinga amaningi ukuze kuhanjiswe umphakathi.

I-aviation imelela enye indawo yegunya elinye. I-Federal Aviation Administration ilawula ukuphepha kwezindiza, ilawula ukulawulwa kwezindiza, futhi iqinisa izindiza nabashayeli bezindiza. Nokho, izifunda nezindawo zisebenza izikhumulo zezindiza eziningi, yenza izinqumo mayelana nokuthuthuka kwezindiza, ukusebenza, nokuxhasa izimali. Le ngxenye yegunya iqinisekisa izinga lokuphepha kwezwe kuyilapho ivumela ukulawula indawo ezikhumulweni zezindiza.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nobulungisa Besigebengu

Ukugcinwa komthetho kuhilela ukubambisana phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni, zikahulumeni, nokwezindawo. Nakuba izifundazwe zinegunya eliyinhloko phezu komthetho wobugebengu, izinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho zikahulumeni zihlola futhi zimangalele ubugebengu bukahulumeni obunjengokushushumbisa izidakamizwa, ubugebengu obuhleliwe, ubuphekula, nobugebengu obudlula imikhawulo yombuso. I-Federal Bureau of Investigation, Drughorcement Administration, ne-Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firemars and Exlosives zisebenza eduze kweminyango yamaphoyisa yendawo.

Izinkampani zomthetho ezilawula ukugcinwa kwemithetho kahulumeni nohulumeni zivame ukubambisana ngemisebenzi esingatha izinkinga ezithile zobugebengu. Ngokwesibonelo, imisebenzi yobuphekula ehlangene ihlanganisa uhulumeni, uhulumeni, nezikhulu zendawo ukuze zihlole izinsongo zobuphekula. Amabutho ezidakamizwa ahlanganisa imizamo yokulwa nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa emingceleni ebanzi. Lamandla asizanayo asizanayo amathuluzi obugebengu namakhono avela ezigabeni eziningi zikahulumeni.

Uhulumeni unikeza izimali kuhulumeni nakumthetho wezwe ngokunikeza izinhlelo ezisekela ukuthengwa kwemishini, ukuqeqeshwa, nezinhlelo ezikhethekile. Izinhlangano ze-Federal zinikeza usizo lwezobuchwepheshe, izinkonzo ze-ofensic, kanye nokwaziswa okuhlanganisa izimiso ezisekela uhulumeni nezindawo. Lokhu kusekela kukahulumeni kuthuthukisa umbuso namandla omthetho wezwe kuyilapho zihlonipha igunya lomthetho lokwahlulela.

Ukuqondisa Inhlekelele Nokusabela

Ukulawula inhlekelele kumelela indawo ebucayi yomthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni wezwe. Izwe linegunya eliyinhloko lokusabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo nasezinhlekeleleni ezisemingceleni yalo, kodwa uhulumeni unikeza usizo oluqinile lapho izinhlekelele zidlula amakhono kahulumeni. I-Federal Emergency Management Agency ihlela ukusabela kwenhlekelele kahulumeni futhi inikeza izimali ukuze kwenziwe imizamo yokululama.

Lapho ababusi bememezela izimo eziphuthumayo zikahulumeni, bangashukumisa amahlelo esizwe agada futhi bacele usizo lukahulumeni. Umongameli wenhlekelele ubangela izimemezelo zosizo zikahulumeni ezisiza abantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, nohulumeni abalulamayo ezinhlekeleleni. Lesi simiso siyaqaphela ukuthi nakuba amazwe kufanele ahole imizamo yokuqala yokusabela, izinhlekelele ezinkulu zidinga imithombo kahulumeni kanye nokubambisana.

Izinhlangano zokuqondisa izinhlekelele zikahulumeni zihlela ukulungiselelwa kwenhlekelele, ukusabela, nokululama ezifundazweni zazo. Zisebenza emahhovisi okuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo, abathathi-mkhakha bokuqala nezinhlangano zomphakathi ukuze zilungiselele izinhlekelele ezingase zenzeke futhi zisabele lapho izimo ziphuthuma. Izinhlangano ze-Frederal zinikeza ukuqeqesha, ukuxhasa ngemali, nosizo lobuchwepheshe ukuze zisekele uhulumeni kanye nokuphathwa kwezindawo.

Indima Yohulumeni Bendawo

Ohulumeni bendawo − kuhlanganise nobala, amadolobha, namadolobha akhethekile . sebenzisa igunya eligunyazwe yimibuso. Ngokungafani nemibuso, enefa, ohulumeni bendawo bayizidalwa zomthetho kahulumeni onikwe imithetho kahulumeni kuphela. Lesi simiso, esaziwa ngokuthi iDillon’s Relence, sisho ukuthi igunya likahulumeni wendawo lihluka kakhulu phakathi kwezwe kuye ngokuthi lingakanani imibuso ekhetha ukuphathisa abanye.

Ezinye izifundazwe zinikeza ohulumeni bendawo "ikhaya" igunya elibanzi lokubusa, zibavumela ukuba babhekane nezimpikiswano zendawo ngaphandle kwemvume yombuso othile. Ezinye izifundazwe ziyaqhubeka zilawula ngokuqina kakhulu imibuso kahulumeni wendawo, zidinga imvume kahulumeni ethile yezenzo zendawo. Lezizindlela ezihlukene kuhulumeni wendawo zibonisa ukulinganisela okungafani phakathi kokulawula kombuso nokuzibusa kwendawo.

Ohulumeni bendawo banikeza izinkonzo eziningi ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke ngokuqondile, kuhlanganise nesivikelo samaphoyisa nomlilo, izinkonzo zamanzi nezokukhuculula indle, imigwaqo yendawo, amapaki nezokuzilibazisa, nokuhlelwa kwezindawo kanye nokuhlelwa kwezindawo. Baqoqa izintela zempahla kanye nezinye izimali zendawo ukuze basekele lezi zinkonzo. Izikhulu zendawo ezikhethiwe zenza izinqumo eziphathelene namazinga enkonzo, intela, nezimiso zendawo, zinikeza amathuba okuhlanganyela ekubuseni kwezakhamuzi.

Ubuhlobo Bezishaya - mthetho Nokubambisana

Ukubusa okuphumelelayo esimisweni sikahulumeni waseMelika kudinga ukubambisana nokubambisana phakathi kohulumeni bezwe, bezwe, nabanohulumeni bendawo. Ubudlelwane obuphakathi kwezezigebengu buhlanganisa izinqubo ezihleliwe nezingahleliwe zokuxhumana, ukubambisana, nokuxazululwa kwengxabano phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni. Lokhu kumiswa kwenqubo yobuhlobo nokuhlanganiswa kwezimiso zobuhlobo kuthinta indlela izinkonzo zikahulumeni ezinikezwa ngayo izakhamuzi.

Iminikelo Nezimali Eziwukusetshenziswa Kwamanxusa

Iminikelo yezezimali ye-Federal imelela inqubo enkulu yokubambisana kwesifundazwe nomthombo obalulekile wenzuzo kahulumeni. Uhulumeni unikeza amakhulu ezigidi zamaRandi ngonyaka ukuze athole ngezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene ezinikezayo. Lezi zibonelelo zemfundo yezimali, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ezokuthutha, ezomthetho, nezinye izinhlelo eziningi zikahulumeni kanye nomphakathi wendawo.

Iminikelo yezezimali inikeza izimali eziqondene nezimfuneko zikahulumeni eziningiliziwe mayelana nendlela izimali okumelwe zisetshenziswe ngayo. Lezi zipha zikahulumeni wamazwe zinikeza ithonya eliqinile esimisweni sikahulumeni ezindaweni ezinjengemfundo nokunakekela impilo. I-clock inikeza ukuvumelana okwengeziwe, ivumela amazwe ukuba asebenzise izimali zikahulumeni ezinjongweni ezinkulu ngaphandle kwemingcele encikene. Ukukhetha phakathi kwe-confline nesithiyo kunikeza izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kwesiqondiso sikahulumeni nokuvumelana nombuso.

Izimo zokunikeza izimali zingafuna izifunda ezithile ngokuphumelelayo ukuze zamukele izinqubo ngisho nasezingxenyeni zegunya elingokwesiko lombuso. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni wasongela ukugodla izimali emigwaqweni emikhulu ezingakhuphulanga iminyaka yabo yokuphuza ibe ngu-21, okuholela ekusebenziseni kwayo yonke imibuso leyo ndinganiso. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwezimali zikahulumeni ezihlangene, ngezinye izikhathi ezibizwa ngokuthi "uhulumeni womphakathi," kwandisa ithonya likahulumeni ngaphezu kwezindawo zegunya eliqondile likahulumeni.

Izinhlanganisela Zamazwe Ahlangene Nokubambisana

Izizwe ziyabambisana ngezivumelwano zezivumelwano zezivumelwano eziphakathi kwesifundazwe nesifundazwe, izivumelwano phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezinalezo ezikhathazayo. Umthetho-sisekelo udinga ukuvunyelwa kwesivumelwano sezivumelwano ezihlangeneyo, nakuba iSivumelwano siye savumela zonke izinhlobo zezivumelwano. Izivumelwano zesifundazwe zinikeza izinkulumo ezinjengezindaba zamalungelo amanzi, ezokuthutha, ezobuchwepheshe, nomthetho wobugebengu.

I- Interstate Convention for Adult Offender Supertepepurec, ngokwesibonelo, ilawula ukudluliswa kwesigwebo nokuqondiswa kwesigwebo emigqeni kahulumeni. ISivumelwano sikaDriver sisiza ukuba ukwaziswa kuhlanganyele ngokuphulwa komgwaqo phakathi kwezifunda. I-Province complitions impikiswano ehlanganisa izinqumo ezifana nezinga lokushisa komoya, imithombo yamanzi, kanye nokuhlelwa kokuhamba ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni asenyakatho nezifunda.

Izinhlangano ezinjenge-National Gurders Association, National Conference of State Legislatures, ne-Council of State Publics zisiza ukubambisana phakathi kwezifundazwe futhi zimelela izithakazelo zikahulumeni ezingxoxweni zikahulumeni. Lezinhlangano zilungiselela izinhlangano ukuze kuhlangatshelwe izinhlelo ezingcono kakhulu, zihlanganyele ezimisweni zokuhlela, futhi zisekele izinto eziza kuqala kuhulumeni ekumisweni kwezimiso zikahulumeni.

Izingxabano Zesimo Nesinqumo

Kuphakama izingxabano phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni lapho bephishekela izinhloso ezihlukene zesimiso noma bechaza igunya elingokomthetho ngokwehlukile. Lezingxabano zingahlanganisa izimpikiswano ngomthetho olawulayo, ukubusa kukahulumeni, noma ukumelana nezimiso zikahulumeni. Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, sifeza indima ebalulekile ekuxazululeni lezimpikiswano nokuchaza imingcele yegunya likahulumeni nesombuso.

Izimpi zamuva nje ziye zahilela izimpikiswano ezifana nokugcinwa kwabantu abafudukayo, ukufakwa kwensangu ngokomthetho, umthetho wezempilo, kanye nomthetho wendawo ezungezile. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zabekela imithetho kahulumeni inselele njengegunya likahulumeni noma isephula umthetho kahulumeni. Uhulumeni wezwe uye wabekela imithetho kahulumeni inselele ekholelwa ukuthi ingqubuzana nezimfuneko zikahulumeni noma zomthetho-sisekelo. Lezingxabano zibonisa ukungezwani okuqhubekayo okubangelwa isimiso sikahulumeni.

Imikhosi yezombangazwe ithonya ubudlelwane be-State no-State, kanye nezingxabano ezilandela izikhawu ezilandelana. Uma amaqembu ahlukene elawula ohulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni, ukungavumelani kwezimiso kungakhula. Nokho, uhulumeni uvumela amazwe ukuba aphishekele izindlela ezihlukene, asebenze njengezindawo zokucwaninga zokuthuthukisa inqubo futhi anikeze ezinye izindlela uma izakhamuzi zingavumelani nezimiso zikahulumeni.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwezakhamuzi Nohulumeni Kahulumeni Kahulumeni NoMbuso

Ukuqonda ukuhlukana kwemibuso phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni kuyasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo nohulumeni wazo.Ukwazi ukuthi yiliphi izinga likahulumeni elinegunya ezindabeni ezithile kwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuqondisa imizamo yazo yokubusa ngokufanelekile futhi zenze izikhulu ezifanele zilandise ngezinqumo ezimisiwe.

Ukunikela Nokuhlanganyela Ngokuzikhandla

Izakhamuzi zikhetha abameleli bahulumeni, umbuso, nakumazinga endawo, ziveza amathuba amaningi okuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. Ukhetho lwe-Federal lukhetha uMongameli, i-Senator, nabameleli. Ukhetho lombuso lukhetha ababusi, izishaya-mthetho, nezikhulu zikahulumeni ezihlukahlukene. Okhetho lwendawo lunquma amameya, amalungu omkhandlu wedolobha, izikhomishane zesifunda, namalungu ebhodi yesikole. Ngamunye walezi zikhulu ezikhethiwe uveza amandla ahlukene futhi wenza izinqumo ezithinta ukuphila kwezakhamuzi ngezindlela ezihlukile.

I-Voterpout ihluka ngokwezinga lokhetho, nokhetho lukamongameli luveza ukuthatha uhlangothi okukhulu kunemincintiswano kahulumeni neyomphakathi. Nokho, ukhetho lwezwe nezwe luvame ukuthinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke, luthinta izikole, izinkonzo zendawo, intela yempahla, nokukhula komphakathi. Izakhamuzi ezifundile ziyakuqaphela ukubaluleka kokuhlanganyela kukhetho kuzo zonke izigaba zikahulumeni.

Izifundazwe eziningi zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuqondile ekuthatheni imithetho ngokuthatha izinyathelo zokubhalisa nokuthatha ama-asendium. Lezimiso eziqondile zedemokrasi zivumela abavoti ukuba bavumele noma benqabe imithetho ethile noma izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo, badlulise inqubo yomthetho-mthetho. Nakuba zingekho kuzo zonke izifundazwe, izinyathelo zokuthatha izivumelwano nezikhompo zinikeza amathuba engeziwe ethonya lezakhamuzi ngesimiso sikahulumeni.

Ukuxhumana Nezikhulu Eziqashelwe

Izakhamuzi zingathonya isimiso sikahulumeni ngokuthintana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuze ziveze imibono yazo ezindabeni. Ukuqonda ukuthi iziphi izikhulu ezinegunya ezindabeni ezithile kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imizamo yokuqondisa iziqondiso iqondiswe ngokufanelekile. Izinkinga eziphathelene nesimiso sikahulumeni sokufuduka kwezindawo kufanele ziqondiswe emalungwini eSishaya - mthetho noma kuziphathimandla zikahulumeni, kuyilapho izindaba eziphathelene nezikole zendawo kufanele ziqondiswe emalungwini ebhodini lesikole noma kubaphathi bemithetho.

Ukuqapha okunempumelelo kudinga ukuqonda inqubo yokwenza izimiso emazingeni ahlukene kahulumeni. Umthetho kaFederal kumelwe udlulise zombili izindlu zoKhongolo futhi usayinwe nguMongameli (noma udlulise i-veto). Umthetho woMbuso ulandela izinqubo ezifanayo ezisesilinganisweni sombuso. Ohulumeni bendawo bangase babe nezinqubo ezihlukene zokwamukela imithetho nokwenza izinqumo. Izakhamuzi eziqonda lezi zinqubo zingahileleka ngokuphumelelayo enqubweni yokwenza izinqumo.

Izinkonzo Zikahulumeni Ezifinyelelayo

Ukuqonda ukuthi isigaba esingakanani sikahulumeni esinikeza izinkonzo ezithile kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zithole usizo oludingekayo. Inzuzo yeNhlala- kahle ivela kuhulumeni wezwe, kuyilapho amalayisensi okushayela ekhishwa yizifundazwe. Ohulumeni bendawo banikeza izinkonzo ezinjengezimpompi, indle, nemfucumfucu. Ukwazi ukuthi zingaphendukelaphi ukuze kutholakale izinkonzo ezithile noma ukwaziswa kwenza ukusebenzelana nohulumeni kuphumelele futhi kuphumelele.

Amawebhusayithi kahulumeni kuhulumeni, uhulumeni, nakumazinga endawo anikeza ukwaziswa ngezinkonzo, izinhlelo, nendlela yokuzingenela. I-unethi kahulumeni kahulumeni kazwelonke USA.gov inikeza ukwaziswa ngezinkonzo zikahulumeni futhi iqondise izakhamuzi ezimele izinhlangano ezifanele. Uhulumeni namawebhusayithi kahulumeni anikeza imithombo efanayo yezindawo ezilawulayo. Le mithombo ye-intanethi yenza uhulumeni ungeneke futhi isize izakhamuzi ukuba zikwazi ukusebenzisa izakhiwo zikahulumeni eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Nezivikelo

UMthetho-sisekelo nemithetho kahulumeni imisa amalungelo ayisisekelo asebenza ezweni lonke, kuyilapho imithetho-mthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni inganikeza isivikelo esengeziwe. Ukuqonda lesi simiso esiqinile samalungelo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele isivikelo sazo esingokomthetho futhi zazi ukuthi zingawafunaphi amakhambi lapho amalungelo ephulwa. Izinkantolo ze-Federal ziqinisa amalungelo omthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, kuyilapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zichaza imithetho-mthetho-sisekelo futhi zinganikeza isivikelo esikhulu kunesidingo somthetho kahulumeni.

Isivikelo samalungelo ezakhamuzi sibonisa lendlela esetshenziswayo. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, futhi imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi inikeza lezisivikelo emsebenzini, ezindaweni zokuhlala, nezindawo zomphakathi. Izifunda eziningi zinemithetho yamalungelo ezakhamuzi enikeza isivikelo esengeziwe, inqabela ukucwasana okusekelwe ezicini ezingahlanganisiwe ngumthetho kahulumeni. Ukuqonda kokubili isivikelo sikahulumeni nohulumeni kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele uhlu olugcwele lwamalungelo azo angokomthetho.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Emzabalazweni

Isimiso sikahulumeni waseMelika siyaqhubeka siguquka njengoba kuvela izinguquko zomphakathi nezinselele ezintsha.

Ukulawula Kwezobuchwepheshe Nezinombolo

Ubuchwepheshe budala izinselele ezintsha ze-socialism njengemisebenzi yezentengiselwano ye-minustry nezohwebo ze-inthanethi zidlula imingcele kahulumeni. Imibuzo ivela ngokuthi iliphi izinga likahulumeni okufanele lilawule izinkonzo ze-intanethi, i-inthanethi, ukugcinwa kwemininingwane ye-inthanethi, nokuhweba ngemishini. Ezinye izifunda ziye zathatha imithetho ebanzi yemininingwane yezindaba, kanti imithetho kahulumeni ilinganiselwe. Le mithetho kahulumeni idala izinselele emabhizinisini asebenza ezweni lonke.

Imvelo engenamingcele ye-inthanethi ibekela inselele emibonweni engokwesiko yokulawula kwezwe negunya lokulawula. Uma izinkampani zisebenza kuyi-intanethi kuzo zonke izifundazwe, ingabe kufanele zivumelane nezinhlelo zikahulumeni ezingu-50 ezihlukene zokuqondisa, noma kufanele umthetho kahulumeni umise izindinganiso zesizwe ezifanayo? Lemibuzo isalokhu iphikiswana, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokulinganisela okufanelekile phakathi kokusungulwa kwezwe nokufana kwesizwe kumthetho wobuchwepheshe.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nomthetho Wendawo Ezungezile

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kudala izinselele ezidlula imingcele yezwe nezwe, kuphakamisa imibuzo ngesilinganiso esifanele sokusabela kukahulumeni. Nakuba ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuyinkinga yembulunga yonke edinga ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke, ohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni bafeza indima ekusisingatheni. Amanye amazwe aye athatha izimiso zesimo sezulu ezinamandla, kuhlanganise nemithetho yamandla avuselelwayo, kuyilapho isimiso sesimo sezulu sikahulumeni siye sahluka kuye ngokuqondene nokuthi isiphi isimiso sokulawula isimo sezulu.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu okunezinto eziningi kudala izinselele. Ukukhishwa kwegesi ephuma eGreenhouse kwesinye isifundazwe kuthinta yonke iplanethi, futhi ithonya lesimo sezulu njengesilinganiso solwandle kanye nesimo sezulu esibi sithinta izifunda ezihlukahlukene. Lokhu kudinga ukubambisana phakathi kukahulumeni, kukahulumeni, kanye nohulumeni bendawo, kanye nokubambisana kwezizwe zonke, ukuze kuxazululwe ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukutholakala Kwezokwelapha Nokungalondeki

Isimiso sokunakekela impilo sisalokhu siyindawo yokuxhumana okuphawulekayo kwezwe likahulumeni nengxabano eyenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile. I-Affordble Care Act yandisa ukuhileleka kukahulumeni ekuqondiseni umthetho wezokwelapha, kodwa iphawula ukuthi inegunya elikhulu kumthetho womshuwalense, ukuqondisa kwe-Medicaid, nokuthungatha kwezempilo. Izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngendima efanelekile kahulumeni ekunakekeleni impilo zibonisa ukungavumelani okuyisisekelo mayelana nomthwalo kahulumeni wokuqinisekisa ukufinyelela kosizo lwempilo.

I-Astamente iye yathatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokusebenzisa isimiso sokunakekela impilo, kanye nezinye iMedicaid eyandayo ngaphansi kwe-Affordal Care Act nezinye eziye zahluleka ukwenza kanjalo. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zahlola izimiso zomshuwalense wempilo eyodwa noma izicwangciso zomphakathi zokukhokha umshuwalense. Lenqubo yesilinganiso sezwe ivumela izindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuba zihlolwe kodwa futhi zibangele ukuhlukana okukhulu ekutholeni ukunakekelwa kwempilo nokukwazi ukukhokha izimali ezisezindaweni ezithile.

Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho Nomthetho Wezenhlalo

Ukungalingani kwezomnotho nezimiso zezenhlalo kuphakamisa imibuzo ngemithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni nombuso. Nakuba uhulumeni wezwe uphethe izinhlelo ezinkulu zomshuwalense wezenhlalo njenge-Social Security neMedicare, uhulumeni unikeza izinhlelo eziningi zezokuphepha futhi wenze izinqumo zezimiso ezithinta ithuba lezomnotho. Inqubo yomholo ephansi ibonisa lento enamandla, uhulumeni kazwelonke ebeka umholo olinganiselwe kuyilapho amazwe amaningi nezindawo zimisa iholo eliphansi kakhulu.

Isimiso semfundo simelela enye indawo lapho izinqumo zikahulumeni zithinta kakhulu khona amathuba ezomnotho nokuhamba phakathi kwabantu. Ukungalingani kwemfundo nokungalingani kwemfundo phakathi kwezifunda nezifundazwe kunezela ezindleleni ezikhudlwana zokungalingani. Imibuzo yokuthi imfundo kufanele ibhekwe njengelungelo eliyisisekelo elidinga izindinganiso zesizwe ezifanayo ezisaphikiswana nemithetho yaseMelika.

Ikusasa LobuFande BaseMelika

Uhulumeni waseMelika uzoqhubeka uguqula njengoba kuvela izinguquko zomphakathi nezinselele ezintsha. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nohulumeni kuye kwashintsha kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, futhi izenzakalo zesikhathi esizayo cishe ziyoletha izinguquko ezengeziwe. Ukuqonda izimiso ezingaphansi kukahulumeni kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo ngokwabiwa okufanelekile kwamandla kahulumeni.

Ezinye izingqapheli zisekela igunya elinamandla kakhulu likahulumeni lokusingatha izinselele zezwe futhi zinciphise ukuhluka phakathi kwezifundazwe. Abanye baphikisa ngokulondoloza nokuqinisa igunya lombuso ukuze bavumele ukuhlukahluka kwezimiso futhi bagcine uhulumeni useduze nabantu. Lemibono ephikisanayo ibonisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngezinjongo zikahulumeni nezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokufinyelela ukulandisa ngentando yeningi.

Ukuvumelana nesimiso sikahulumeni kuye kwayivumela ukuba ivumelane nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho ilondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo zobukhosi obuhlukene. Lokhu kuvumelana kuyoba balulekile njengoba isizwe sibhekana nezinselele zesikhathi esizayo. Izakhamuzi eziqonda indlela ohulumeni bamazwe ahlukene abahlanganyela ngayo amandla zingahlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekulolongeni ikusasa likahulumeni waseMelika.

Imithombo Ewusizo Yezakhamuzi

Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuzihlanganisa nohulumeni kahulumeni nohulumeni noma ezifuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngemibuso kahulumeni nemithwalo yemfanelo zingathola imithombo eminingi yengcebo.

AmaWebhsayithi Kahulumeni Nokwaziswa

Amawebhusayithi kahulumeni angokomthetho anikeza ukwaziswa okunegunya ngezakhiwo zikahulumeni, izinkonzo, nezimiso. I-university’s USA.gov isebenza njengesango elibanzi lokwaziswa nosizo lukahulumeni. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ngamunye zigcina amawebhusayithi anokwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngezinhlelo nezinkonzo zazo. I-Library of Congress Congress inikeza imithombo emikhulu yemali ngomthetho kahulumeni nenqubo yemithetho.

Amawebhusayithi kahulumeni kahulumeni anikeza imithombo efanayo esilinganisweni sikahulumeni. Izifundazwe eziningi zinakekela izikhungo ezibanzi eziqondisa izakhamuzi ekwazisweni ngezinkonzo zikahulumeni, izinhlangano, nezikhulu ezikhethiwe. Amawebhusayithi omthetho kahulumeni anikeza ukwaziswa ngokuphathelene nomthetho osele ukhona, izinqubo zomthetho, nendlela yokuxhumana nabamisi-mthetho. Lemicebo yenza uhulumeni ufinyeleleke futhi ube sobala.

Amawebhusayithi kahulumeni endawo ahlukahlukene ngokuningiliziwe kodwa anikeza ukwaziswa ngezinkonzo zendawo, izikhulu ezikhethiwe nemihlangano yomphakathi. Ohulumeni abaningi bangena noma bagcine imihlangano yomphakathi kuyi-inthanethi, bavumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele uhulumeni wendawo.

Imicebo Yemfundo

Imithombo eminingi yemfundo isiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde uhulumeni waseMelika nohulumeni. ISikhungo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wesizwe inikeza izinto zokufundisa ngezindaba eziphathelene nomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nezimpikiswano. Amawebhusayithi aseYunivesithi kanye nezifundo ze-inthanethi zinikeza ngokuhlola okusheshayo kukahulumeni waseMelika nohulumeni. Izinhlangano zezindaba kanye nokucabanga kwezezindaba zisakaza iziphetho zezimpikiswano ze-soshalizimu kanye nezimpikiswano zemithetho.

Izincwadi zomphakathi zinikeza imithombo kahulumeni nezindawo zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nezincwadi, izinhlelo nezinhlelo. Imitapo eminingi inikeza usizo ekungeneni izinkonzo zikahulumeni nasekuqondeni izinqubo zikahulumeni. Le mitapo yomphakathi isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi zingathola ukwaziswa ngohulumeni kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingena kuphi kuyi-intanethi noma zifunde kangakanani.

Izinhlangano Ezihlanganyelayo

Izinhlangano eziningi zisebenzela ukukhuthaza ukuthembisana komphakathi nokusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele kuhulumeni. I-League of Women Voters inikeza ukwaziswa okungaphakele ngokhetho, abafuna ukubhapathizwa, nezimpikiswano. Izinhlangano ezinjenge Common Cast ne Centre for Justice Center zisebenza ekulungiseni izindaba zikahulumeni zokuvota. Lezinhlangano zinikeza amathuba ezakhamuzi ukuba zihileleke kuhulumeni nasemsebenzini wokuguqula.

Izinhlangano zochwepheshe ezimelela izikhulu zikahulumeni nezohulumeni wendawo, njengeNational Guides Association and National League of Cities, zinyathelisa ukucwaninga nokwaziswa ngohulumeni wendawo nohulumeni wendawo.

Isiphetho: Ukuba Izakhamuzi Ezikhuthele Esimisweni Somphakathi

Ukuqonda ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo nohulumeni wabo futhi zisekele izithakazelo zabo. Isimiso sikahulumeni waseMelika sidala amazinga kahulumeni amaningi, ngalinye linemibuso ehlukene nemithwalo yemfanelo, lidinga izakhamuzi ukuba ziqondise indawo eyinkimbinkimbi kahulumeni. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kungaba yinselele, kodwa futhi kudala futhi izindawo eziningi zokufinyelela ukuze zihlanganyele futhi kuvumele izinhlobonhlobo zezimiso ezibonisa ukuhlukahluka kwezindawo.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwesimiso sombuso kufeza izinjongo ezibalulekile, ukuvimbela ukubekwa amandla kuyilapho uqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ungalungisa kokubili izinkathazo zesizwe nezendawo. Imibuso ye-Federal yenza ukubambisana kwesizwe ezindabeni ezinqamule imingcele kahulumeni, kuyilapho amandla ombuso evumela izimiso ukuba zivumelane nezimo zendawo kanye nezinto ezithandwayo. Imithwalo yemfanelo ehlanganyelwayo idinga ukubambisana phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni, idala amathuba okuthuthukisa nokufunda.

Ukuba isakhamuzi kudinga ukuqonda ukuthi yiliphi izinga likahulumeni elinegunya ezindabeni ezithile nokuthi kufanele lizihlanganise kanjani nohulumeni emazingeni ahlukene. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuvota okhethweni, ukuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, ukufinyelela izinkonzo zikahulumeni, noma ukusekela izinguquko zesimiso, izakhamuzi ezinolwazi zingasebenzisa isimiso sikahulumeni ngokuphumelelayo. Lokhu kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zigcine uhulumeni unecala futhi uhlanganyele ngokugcwele ekubuseni kwentando yeningi.

Ukulingana phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nombuso kuyoqhubeka kuguquka njengoba umphakathi waseMelika ushintsha futhi kuvela izinselele ezintsha. Izakhamuzi eziqonda izimiso ze-sonialism kanye nokwabiwa kwemibuso kahulumeni zingahlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo ngendima efanelekile kahulumeni emazingeni ahlukene. Lokhu kuthembisana okunolwazi kubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe idemokrasi enempilo futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uhulumeni ufeza izidingo zazo zonke izakhamuzi.

Ngokuqonda amandla kahulumeni nombuso nemithwalo yemfanelo, izakhamuzi zingasebenzisa uhulumeni kangcono, izinkonzo zokuthola imvume, zisekele izithakazelo zazo, futhi zihlanganyele ekulolongeni ikusasa lombuso waseMelika. Lolu lwazi luguqula izimiso ezingabonakali zomthetho - sisekelo zibe amathuluzi awusizo okuthembisa izakhamuzi, zinike izakhamuzi amandla okuthatha izindima ezikhuthele emiphakathini yazo nasezweni lazo.