Ukuqonda Izinsika Ezintathu Zokubusa

Nsuku zonke, izakhamuzi zisebenzelana nezinkonzo zikahulumeni, kusukela ekuphuzeni amanzi ahlanzekile nokushayela emigwaqweni ephephile kuya ekutholeni iposi nasekukhokheni izintela. Nokho abantu abaningi bazama ukuqonda izinga likahulumeni linesibopho salokho. Lesiqondiso sicacisa izindima ezihlukene zikahulumeni, uhulumeni, nohulumeni bendawo, sichaza indlela izinga ngalinye elikuthinta ngayo ukuphila kwakho nendlela abasebenza ngayo ndawonye ukuze bakhe umphakathi ozinzile.

Ukwazi ukuthi ubani ozobiza u-(ne) futhi ozolandisa (igunya) lakho ukuba uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo nabameleli bakho futhi usekele ushintsho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, umvoti omusha, noma othile ofuna indlela engcono yokuphila komphakathi, lokhu kuhlola okukhulisiwe kuyokunika ibala elicacile lendlela amandla nomthwalo wemfanelo owabiwe ngayo.

Ziyini Izikhundla Zikahulumeni?

Izizwe eziningi zentando yeningi, kuhlanganise ne-United States, zisebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sikahulumeni . Lesi simiso sihlukanisa igunya phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe ophakathi nohulumeni abancane besifunda. E-U.S., amazinga amathathu ayinhloko yi:

  • [ Federal - nomthwalo wemfanelo wezindaba ezithinta izwe lonke.
  • Isimo[ - - iphatha umba okhethekile ku-50 yezifundazwe.
  • endaweni engaphandle – ibusa amadolobha, amabala, amadolobhana, nezifunda ezikhethekile.

Isigaba ngasinye sithola amandla aso kumthetho-sisekelo noma umthetho-sisekelo. UMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. unika uhulumeni wombuso (umz., unika imibuso ethile imali, ukumemezela impi), kuyilapho ugcinela amanye amazwe (umz., ukwenza ukhetho, ukuqondisa intengo yezwe). Ohulumeni bendawo, nabo badalwa ohulumeni bendawo futhi bajabulela ukuzibusa okulinganiselwe.

Lesi sakhiwo esinemipheme sivimbela noma iyiphi into ukuba ibe namandla kakhulu futhi siqinisekise ukuthi izinqumo zenziwe ngokuseduze kakhulu kubantu ezithintayo. Nokho, futhi zenza kube yinkimbinkimbi. Ngokwesibonelo, umsebenzi womgwaqo ungahlanganisa ukuxhasa izimali zikahulumeni, izindinganiso zomklamo wezwe, kanye nokuqondisa kwendawo okungavumelani phakathi kwawo womabili amazinga.

UHulumeni Ozimele: Ubuphathi Besizwe

Uhulumeni ophethe isigaba sombuso umi phezulu kwesigaba sabefundisi. Unegunya eliphakeme kakhulu ezweni nemithetho yalo ngokuvamile ithatha indawo yezwe nemithetho yendawo (ngaphansi kweSupremacy Claus ye-U.S. Constitution). Uhulumeni wezwe unamagatsha amathathu: i-provic (i-conferfer), umphathi (umongameli nezinhlangano), kanye nezokwahlulela (izinkantolo zezecala).

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Kahulumeni Wesizwe

  • Izwelonke Livikela Nemithetho Engalawuleki: Uhulumeni ugcina amabutho ahlomile, uxoxa ngezivumelwano, umelela izwe ezinhlanganweni zomhlaba wonke, futhi ukhipha amaphasishi okungena enqanaweni. Yizinga eliwukuphela kwalo elingamemezela impi noma lingenele ukusebenzelana kwezingxoxo.
  • Intengiselwano yezentengiselwano ne-Economic Policy:[ ilawula ukuhwebelana phakathi kwezifundazwe namazwe angaphandle. UMnyango Wezohwebo wengamela izivumelwano zezentengiselwano zezizwe zonke, kuyilapho iFederal Reserve ilawula isimiso semali ukuze kulawule ukwehla kwamandla emali nomsebenzi.
  • Ukulondeka kobuKhomanisi neMedicare: Lezinhlelo zikahulumeni zinikeza iholo nomshuwalense wempilo kwabathathe umhlalaphansi, abantu abakhubazekile, nabanye. Baxhaswe ngentela eqoqwe ezweni lonke.
  • Isivikelo sobukhoma: i-ENvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) ihlela izinga lomoya namanzi ezweni lonke, ukulahlwa kwemfucumfucu eyingozi, nokuphepha kwamakhemikhali. Amazwe angathatha izindinganiso eziqinile, kodwa umthetho kahulumeni unikeza isisekelo.
  • ICivil Rights kanye noku-ingigtion: imithetho ye-Forencel enjenge-Civil Rights Act inqabela ukucwaswa okusekelwe ohlangeni, ebulilini, enkolweni, nasekukhubazekeni. Uhulumeni wezwe ulawula futhi inqubo yokufuduka, ukukhiqizwa kwemvelo, kanye nokuvikelwa komngcele.

Omunye umthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu ovame ukunganakwa yi- imali exhasa ukucwaninga nokuthuthuka. Izimo ezinjenge-National Institutes of Health (NIH) neNational Science Foundation (NSF) ifaka izimali eziyizigidigidi ekucwaningeni kwezesayensi nakwezokwelapha okuzuzisa lonke izwe.

Ukuze kukhishwe imibuso kahulumeni kaningiliziwe, ukufihlwa kweWhite House kahulumeni wase-U.S. kuyisici esihle kakhulu sokuqala.

Indlela Uhulumeni Wama - Federal Okuthinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke

Uma uthumela incwadi, i-United States Postal Service [1] inxusa likahulumeni liyayinika. Uma udla ukudla, i-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) iqinisekisa ukuphepha kwayo. Uma ushayela emgwaqweni omkhulu ophakathi, izimali zikahulumeni zinikela ekwakhiweni kwayo. Ngisho ne-cell phone yakho incike ekunikweni imingcele esemthethweni ye-Federal Communications Commission (FCCC). Uhulumeni uthinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwanamuhla, nakuba ukuba khona kwayo kungase kuzizwe kukude.

UHulumeni WoMbuso: Izinhlangano Zokubusa Ngentando Yeningi

Ohulumeni boMbuso basebenza ngaphansi kwegunya lesimiso sikahulumeni kodwa bajabulela inkululeko ephawulekayo. Umbuso ngamunye unomthetho-mthetho wawo, umbusi, isishaya-mthetho, nesimiso senkantolo. Amazwe ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi " izisunguli zentando yeningi" ngoba angazama izimiso zezimiso zokwenza inguquko yezempilo, izindinganiso zemfundo, nezimiso zendawo ezungezile.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Kahulumeni Kahulumeni

  • Imfundo:[ Amazwe amisa izindinganiso zezifundo, izikole zomphakathi zezezimali zeK-ne12 (ngokuvamile ngenhlanganisela yezintela zikahulumeni nezempahla zendawo), futhi aqondisa amayunivesithi omphakathi. Babuye basebenzise ukuhlolwa okuvamile nothisha.
  • I-transport:[ iminyango yoMbuso yezokuthutha egcina imigwaqo emikhulu kahulumeni, amabhuloho, nezimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi. Balawula futhi ukugunyaza umshayeli nokubhalisa imoto.
  • Ukunakekela kwezempilo nomphakathi: Amazwe asebenzisa izinhlelo ze-Medicaid (nezimali zikahulumeni), alawula izibhedlela nomshuwalense wempilo, futhi aqhube imikhankaso yezempilo yomphakathi. Amazwe futhi alondoloza iziqu zokubhalisa ukuzalwa, ukufa, imishado, nezehlukaniso.
  • Public Safety and Criminal Justice: Amaphoyisa kahulumeni ahlola imigwaqo emikhulu nezindawo zasemaphandleni; izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala amaningi obugebengu nomphakathi. Amajele kahulumeni adonsa isigwebo kubantu ababoshelwe icala lobugebengu, kuyilapho amabhodi asemthethweni akhululayo ayakwazi ukukhulula izinqumo.
  • [ Ukuhlela nokuhlela Imali: amazwe aqoqa izintela zeholo, intela yokuthengisela, nezinye izindleko. Ahlela imali yemfundo, izakhiwo, izinkonzo zomphakathi, kanye nezinye. Uhlelo lwemali yoMbuso ngokuvamile ludlula izigidi eziyizigidi zamaRandi ngonyaka.
  • Izinketho nokuvota:[ i-United States imisa imithetho yokukhetha (iziqondiso zikahulumeni), idweba imingcele yesifunda senhlangano nezimiso (ukuhlela kabusha), futhi iqondise ama-vote kahulumeni, umbuso, namahhovisi endawo.

Ngenxa yokuthi amazwe anamandla okulawula impilo nokulondeka phakathi kwemingcele yawo, angakha imithetho ngezihloko ezinjengokulawulwa kwezibhamu, ukukhishwa kwezisu, ukugunyazwa ngokomthetho kwensangu, nokungasetshenziswa kahle kwezokwelapha okuhluka kakhulu kuye ngombuso ngamunye.

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala: Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile Engaphansi KukaHulumeni

Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia inenhlangano yayo yendawo ezungezile (CALPA) futhi ibeke izindinganiso eziqinile zokukhipha izimoto kune-hulumeni kahulumeni. Ezinye izifundazwe zingathatha izindinganiso zeCalifornia noma zinamathele ezimfunekweni zikahulumeni. Lokhu kushintsha kuvumela izigaba ukuba zivumelane nezimiso zendawo esendaweni ezungezile. kodwa futhi zidala imithetho encishisiwe amabhizinisi okumelwe asebenzise.

Uhulumeni Wendawo: Lapho Uhlala Khona Futhi Usebenza Khona

Ohulumeni bendawo basondelene kakhulu nabantu futhi ngokuvamile banethonya eliqondile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Bahlanganisa izifunda, amadolobha, amadolobha, amadolobhana, nezifunda ezikhethekile (njengezikole, izikhulu zamanzi, nezindawo zomtapo). Ohulumeni bendawo bathola amandla abo emithethweni yemithetho-mthetho-mthetho nemithetho, futhi baholwa kakhulu isikhulu sesifunda sedolobha, umkhandlu wedolobha noma ikhomishane yesifunda, namabhodi ahlukahlukene.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Kahulumeni Wendawo

  • Imisebenzi yePublic ne-Utilities: ohulumeni bendawo banikeza amanzi okuphuza ahlanzekile, indlela yokuphatha indle, ukuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu, nezibani emgwaqweni. Babuye bagcine imigwaqo yendawo, imigwaqwe, neziphepho zesiphepho.
  • Umthetho wendawo: [ iminyango yamaphoyisa eqaphe izindawo eziphuthumayo, usabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo, futhi uphoqelele imithetho yendawo. Iminyango yomlilo isingatha imililo, izimo eziphuthumayo zezokwelapha, nemisebenzi yokuhlenga.
  • [ Ukuhlela nezwe Usebenzisa: Imishini yokuhlela yendawo inquma ukuthi ingakhiwa kuphi amakhaya, amabhizinisi, namafektha. Ilawula izimpawu zokwakha, ubukhulu obukhulu, nempahla isebenzisa-_ukususa ukwakheka komakhelwane.
  • AmaPark, iNcitho, neMitapo: namapulazi aphethe amapaki omphakathi, izikhungo zomphakathi, amadamu okubhukuda, nemitapo yezincwadi. Lemida ithuthukisa izinga lokuphila futhi ikhokhelwa kakhulu ngentela yempahla nenkokhelo yendawo.
  • Imfundo (Izigodi zase Scotland): Nakuba inqubo kahulumeni ibeka izindinganiso, amabhodi ezikole asendaweni aphatha imisebenzi yesikole yansuku zonke: ukuqasha othisha-nhloko, ukugunyaza isikole, nokulungisa izakhiwo. Amabhodi esikole akhethwa izakhamuzi zendawo.
  • Inkokhelo neRecord Evening: omabhalane basesifundazweni baqondisa ukubhaliswa kwamavoti, ukuvota, ukuphatha ukhetho, nokugcina amarekhodi empahla, amalayisensi omshado, nemvume yebhizinisi.

Emabusweni amaningi, ohulumeni bendawo banawo futhi amandla alawulayo `igunya lokumisa imithetho yempilo yomphakathi, ukuphepha, nenhlalakahle. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imithetho yomsindo, imithetho ye-leash, izimfuneko zokususa iqhwa, nokukhipha amabhizinisi.

Isibonelo Sezwe Esingokoqobo: Imbobo eMain Street

Ake ucabange imbobo ivela eMain Street. Uma iMain Street iyidolobha elinomgwaqo, umnyango womphakathi wedolobha uzoyilungisa. Uma kungumgwaqo omkhulu kahulumeni, umnyango wezokuthutha ophethe yona. Uma kungumgwaqo omkhulu ophakathi, uhulumeni kahulumeni (i-Federal Highway Administration) unikeza izimali, kodwa uhulumeni ulawula ikhambi. Ukuqonda ukuthi isilinganiso somgwaqo sisiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqondise izikhalo zazo − nezikhulu zazo − nezikhulu zazo zesokudla.

Indlela Izinhlangano Zikahulumeni Ezingenela Ngayo

Alukho izinga elisebenza ngokuhlukaniswa. Abasunguli baklama isimiso semibuso ehlangabezene nengenayo [ edinga ukubambisana(futhi ngezinye izikhathi ingxabano.

Imishini Eyinhloko Yokungenela

  • Ama-Grant-in-Aid:[ uhulumeni unikeza iminikelo emazweni nasezindaweni ngokwezinjongo ezithile: ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo emikhulu, ukuguqulwa kwemfundo (umzk., Isihloko Izimali Ezixhasayo Ezikoleni Ezikoleni Ezingakhokhelwa Nje Ngezinga eliphansi), izinhlelo zezempilo zomphakathi (umz., Medicaid), nenhlekelele. Lemali ivame ukuza nezimo (imicu exhunyiwe) kuleyondlela yokwakheka kwezwe.
  • Amathumbu:[ Uhulumeni kazwelonke ungafuna imibuso ukuze isebenzise izimiso ezithile, njengezindinganiso zendawo ezungezile noma izimfuneko zokuthola ngaphansi koMthetho wokukhubazeka. Ngezinye izikhathi lemiyalo iyaxhaswe; ngezinye izikhathi ayizikhankasi.
  • IziKhongozelo ze-Interstate:[ i- States ingena ezivumelwaneni zomunye nomunye, ngokwesibonelo, ukuze ihlanganyele amalungelo amanzi, ilawule iziphathimandla zendawo zokuthutha, noma ixhumanise imizamo yokulwa nobugebengu. Lemiqulu idinga ukuvunyelwa kwengqungquthela.
  • Intethelelo: Uma umthetho kahulumeni uvala ngokuqondile umbuso noma umthetho wendawo − njengasekuqikelelweni kokuthunyelwa kwezindawo noma ekulahlweni kwemfucumfucu okuyingozi − kuyavela. Ngokuphambene, imithetho kahulumeni ingasusa imithetho yendawo (umz., umbuso onqabela ukuvinjelwa kwesikhwama sepulasitiki).
  • Izinhlelo eziningi zanamuhla zihlanganisa wonke amazinga amathathu. I-National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) idinga izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuze zihlole imiphumela yendawo ezungezile, kodwa ngokuvamile zisebenzelana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni nezindawo zendawo. Ukusabela enhlekeleleni engokwemvelo njengeSiphepho uKatrina noma umqedazwe onjenge-COVOVID-19 ubonise isidingo sokuhlangana okungenamqambiso-mshane/ukuthi kwenzekani lapho iwohloka.

Hlola Futhi Ulinganisele Ngaphesheya Kwezinga

Ngenxa yokuthi amandla ahlakazekile, izakhamuzi zinezindlela eziningi zokuthonya. Uma ungathandi isimiso sikahulumeni, ungathonya ilungu lakho le-Congress. Uma umthetho kahulumeni ungasebenzi, ungasebenzela isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni noma usekele umthathi-msizi. Ngezinga lendawo, ukuya emhlanganweni womkhandlu wedolobha noma ukuzwa kwebhodi yesikole kungaveza imiphumela esheshayo. Ukufinyelela kwesilinganiso esikhulu kakhulu kungenye yamandla esimiso sikahulumeni.

Okwenza Ukuqonda Uhulumeni Kubaluleke

Ukwazi ukuthi iliphi izinga okukusizayo:

  • I-vote verder. Ungahlola abazobhapathizwa abasekelwe emandleni angokoqobo ehhovisi abalifunayo. Umkhandlu wedolobha awunakuwushintsha umthetho kahulumeni wokufuduka, futhi i-senator yase-U.S. ayikwazi ukulungisa ngokuqondile imbobo yendawo.
  • Izinkinga zixazululwe ngokushesha. Ukubhekana nesikhalo somsindo esivela kumakhelwane? Ukuxhumana namaphoyisa endawo noma ukugcinwa kwemithetho yedolobha /hhayi umbusi. Ufuna ukuzwana nomthetho omusha kahulumeni? Ummeleli wakho kuKhongolo-mkhandlu uyisici esilungile.
  • izikhulu zinecala. Uma umbuso uhluleka ukusekela imfundo ngokwaneleyo, uyazi ukuthi ubani onecala lokuvota (nabani). Uma uhulumeni kahulumeni udebeselela ukuzivikela kwesizwe, umongameli noKhongoloshe banomthwalo wemfanelo.
  • Ukuthatha umthetho wezentengiselwano. Ungaba icebo lakho lokwenza imisebenzi ngesilinganiso esifanelekile: qhubela ushintsho lwendawo ukuze ukhuthaze izindlu ezithengwayo, ummeli womthetho wesimo sezulu, noma umkhankaso wenguquko yezezimali kahulumeni.

Imibono Evamile Enganembile Ngezikhundla Zikahulumeni

Izakhamuzi eziningi ziphethe imibono enganembile engaholela ekukhungathekeni noma ekuthatheni inyathelo okungafanele. Nakhu ukucaciswa okumbalwa:

Umbono Ongalungile 1: “Uhulumeni Kahulumeni Ulawula Konke”

Nakuba igunya likahulumeni likhulu, iSichibiyelo Seshumi sigcine imibuso eminingi.

Umbono Ongalungile 2: “Uhulumeni Wesifunda Uphakeme Kuhulumeni Wendawo Njalo”

Amazwe angalahla imithetho yendawo, kodwa ngokuvamile anikeza amadolobha ukubusa, okuvumela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba bamise iziphakamiso ezindabeni zokukhathazeka kwendawo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa. Kwezinye izifundazwe, amadolobha angaphoqa ngisho nentela noma amise izindlela zokulawula izibhamu ezidlula izimfuneko zikahulumeni, ngaphandle kokuba uhulumeni ulwenqabe ngokuqondile.

Umbono Ongalungile 3: “Ohulumeni Bonke Banethonya Elifanayo”

Izinhlangano ze-Foderal ngokuvamile zinkulu futhi zinezikhundla ezinkulu, kodwa zingasebenzisa imishini yobuchwepheshe nezomnotho ezweni lonke. Ohulumeni bendawo bangashesha futhi bathathe impumelelo kodwa bangantula imithombo noma umsebenzi. Ukuphumelela kwanoma iliphi izinga kuxhomeke ekuholeni, ekusekeleni izimali, nasemklamweni wezinhlangano.

Indlela Yokusebenzisa Isikhundla Sikahulumeni Ngasinye

Nazi izindlela eziwusizo zokuhlanganyela ezingeni ngalinye:

  • I-FLT: Imfundo kukhetho lobumongameli nolwe-countalia; xhumana nabameleli bakho ezindabeni; khonza ekomitini ye-advisory noma ibhodi; faka umsebenzi kahulumeni; phawula ngezimiso ezihlongozwayo usebenzisa iziphakamiso.gov.]
  • Isimo: Ukuvota ku-gubernarial no-mode; funda amahholo edolobha ne-senator yombuso wakho; fakaza ezikweletini ku-capitol kazwelonke; faka ibhodi noma ikhomishane yezwe (umzk., izinga lendawo ezungezile, imfundo ephakeme).
  • endaweni ezungezile: beza emkhandlwini wedolobha nasemihlanganweni yebhodi yesikole; izivolontiya zekomiti yendawo (izindawo, amapaki, umtapo wezincwadi); balekela ihhovisi; hlanganyela ekuhlanzeni umphakathi; umbiko uphuma ngo 311 noma ngewebhusayithi yedolobha.

Uma uhlanganyela kakhulu, isimiso sisebenza kangcono. Njengoba isisho sithi, “Zonke izombangazwe zisendaweni” kodwa ukuqonda izingqimba zikahulumeni nombuso kwenza ube isakhamuzi esiphumelela kakhulu.

Isiphetho: Isimiso Samandla Ahlukene

Izinga likahulumeni, uhulumeni, nomphakathi wakhona lakha uxhaxha lwesibopho sokulandisa, ngalinye elinemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile kodwa ehlangeneyo. Akukho mgangatho ophakeme ngokwemvelo; ngalinye linamandla nobuthakathaka. Ngokuqonda indlela elihlukanisa ngayo amandla (nendlela esebenza ngayo kanye nendlela esebenza ngayo) ungasebenzisa izinkonzo zikahulumeni, usekele ushintsho, futhi uhlanganyele ngokunenjongo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi.

Lo mqondisi unikeza isisekelo, kodwa ulwazi lwangempela luvela kokuhlangenwe nakho. Qala ngokuvakashela ingosi kahulumeni wendawo, ukufunda umthetho-sisekelo wezwe lakho, nokulandela inhlangano kahulumeni ekuthandayo. Uma ufunda okwengeziwe, uthola amandla okwakha umphakathi ohlala kuwo.

Ukuze ifundeke ngokwengeziwe, i-Constitution Annoted inikeza izincazelo ezinegunya zamandla kahulumeni, ne- Conference yesizwe ye-State Legistratures[ inikeza imithombo emihle kakhulu emikhankasweni kahulumeni.