Ukusungulwa Kwenhlangano Kahulumeni Wase - United States

Uhulumeni wase-United States usebenza ngaphansi kohlelo lomthetho-sisekelo oluklanyelwe ukusakaza amandla nokuvimbela noma iyiphi into eyodwa ukuba ibe namandla kakhulu. Kubafundi, othisha, nezakhamuzi ezibophayo, uqonda lesi sakhiwo ukuba sisekelwe ekufundeni komphakathi. Uhulumeni awusona isimiso esisodwa somphakathi kodwa isimiso samagatsha ahlukene, amazinga, nemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene ehlanganisanayo edala ukubusa ngentando yeningi okuqinile. Lesiqondiso sinikeza ukuwohloka okubanzi kwendlela uhulumeni we-U.S. uhulumeni ohlelwe ngayo, kusukela emagatsheni amathathu ohulumeni bendawo ukuya kuhulumeni neziphathimandla zendawo, futhi uchaza izimiso eziyinhloko ezigcina isimiso sisesilinganisweni esiqinile.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni Kahulumeni Kahulumeni

UMthetho-sisekelo uhlukanisa uhulumeni kahulumeni wamazwe amathathu ahlukene: iLegislative, iSiphakamiso, ne-Reaudition. Igatsha ngalinye lichaze imibuso nemisebenzi, futhi liklanyelwe ukuhlolana nokulinganisela. Lokhu kuhlukana kwemibuso yitshe eliyikhosha lokubusa kwaseMelika.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Abaenzi Bemithetho

IGatya eliyi-Gazethi, elimiswe eSiphakamisweni I soMthetho-sisekelo, lisebenza ekwenzeni imithetho kahulumeni. Liyinhlangano ye-bacameral eyakhiwe iSigele neNdlu yabameleli. ISishaya-Mkhandlu siphethe amandla esikhwama semali, simemezela impi, futhi sengamela igatsha eliphethe ngokulalela nokuhlola.

ISigele

ISigele sinamalungu ayikhulu − amabili avela esifundeni ngasinye . Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi izifundazwe zimelelwa ngendlela efanayo kungakhathaliseki inani labantu. Iziphathi zakhethwa kuqala yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni kodwa zakhethwa ngokuqondile kusukela eNguqukweni yekhulu le-17 ngo-1913. ISigele sinamandla akhethekile ahlanganisa izivumelwano zokuvota (zikhipha ama-32) kanye nokuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli njengabameli bekhabethe, abahluleli bombuso, namanxusa. Umongameli ukhonza njengoMongameli weSishaya-Hulumeni, u-obheta-bhandeka lapho kudingeka.

Indlu Yabameleli

Indlu yabameleli manje inamalungu ango-435 okuvota, futhi abameleli bombuso ngamunye balingana nenani labo njengenqunyiwe inani labantu abakhishwe unyaka weminyaka. Abameleli basebenzisa izivumelwano zeminyaka emibili, okwenza ukuba iNdlu ithathe i-operator ngokuqondile. Zonke izikweleti zemali kumelwe zivele eNdlu. I House futhi inamandla okungakhokhi izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli, ngevoti elula. USithethi wendlu, okhethwe yiqembu elikhulu, uyisikhulu esiphethe futhi umholi oyinhloko.

Zombili lezi zikhungo kumelwe zikhiphe umthetho ofanayo ngaphambi kokuba uthunyelwe kuMongameli. Isimiso sekomiti siyinhloko yenqubo yomthetho, lapho kufundwa khona izikweleti, kuphikiswana, futhi kulungiswe khona ngaphambi kokucatshangelwa kwesitezi. Amakomiti amakhulu ahlanganisa ukuphonswa, uku-Jidiary, noku-Ourons ku-Grands, ne-Frash, Appropriation, ne-Mistys eNd Home.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Abaphoqeleli

I-Guaudie Backed Branch, echazwe eSiphakamiso II, inomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho. Iholwa uMongameli, okhonza njengenhloko yombuso nomphathi kahulumeni. UMongameli ukhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine ngesimiso se-Electoral College futhi ulinganiselwa kumaqoqo amabili ngeSichibiyelo sama-22.

UMongameli Nomongameli Oyisekela

UMongameli unamandla amakhulu kuhlanganise nokuyala amabutho ahlomile, ukuthethelela, ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano (ngeseluleko seSigele nemvume), nokumisa izikhulu zikahulumeni. UMongameli futhi unikeza ikheli leSizwe le-Union futhi anganikeza umthetho. UMongameli okhethwe ethikithini elifanayo, usekela uMongameli futhi uhlale ekulungele ukuthatha isikhundla sobumongameli uma kudingeka. UMongameli ubuye engamele iSigele, njengoba kuphawulwe ngenhla.

Izinhlangano Eziphethe Ikhabethe Nezisebenzi Eziphethe

IKhabhinethi inezinhloko zeminyango engu-15 ephethe, njenge-Department of State, Treasurer, Justice, and Education. Laba onobhalane bamiswa nguMongameli futhi baqinisekiswa yiSishaya-Mnyango. Baluleka uMongameli futhi bengamele iminyango yabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano ezinkulu zikahulumeni ezizimele njenge-Evironal Protection Agency (EPA), i-Federal Reserve, ne-National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) zikhipha iziyalezo zenkonzo zosuku zonke zikahulumeni.

Impumelelo Kamongameli

Uma uMongameli efa, esula, noma esusiwe, uMongameli ongumKhosi uba uMongameli. Umthetho we-Presidential Exproduction Act ka 1947 umisa uhlelo ngemva koMsekeli onguMongameli: Umkhulumeli weNdlu, uMongameli ophethe iSigele, bese kuba onobhalamabhalane bekhomanisi behlela ukusungulwa kweminyango.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Abalandeli

Igatsha Lokwahlulela, elamiswa eSiphakamisweni III, lichaza imithetho futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi iyavumelana noMthetho-sisekelo. Izinkantolo zeFederal zinamandla okuhlola ukwahlulela, okusho ukuthi zingashaya imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu eziphula uMthetho-sisekelo. Lamandla aqiniswa enkantolo engu-1803 Barbury v. Madison.

INkantolo Ephakeme

INkantolo Ephakeme iyinkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ezweni. Ihlanganisa amajaji angu-9 aphethe iJaji Elikhulu namaJaji ayisishiyagalombili akanye nawo. . Abaphathi bamiswa nguMongameli futhi baqinisekiswa iNkantolo. Inkantolo izwa izikhalo eziphuma ezinkantolo eziphansi futhi inegunya lokuqala emacaleni ahilela amazwe noma abaphathi bamazwe angaphandle. Unyaka ngamunye, iNkantolo ikhetha amacala angaba ngu-10050 ezinkulungwaneni zezicelo. Izinqumo zayo ziwukugcina futhi zibekwa isibonelo saso sonke isizwe.

Izinkantolo Eziphansi EziwuFederal

Ngezansi kweNkantolo Ephakeme kuneNkantolo Yezikhalo (izifunda) kanye neziNkantolo zeSigodi (izifunda ezingu-94). Izinkantolo zesigodi ziyinkantolo eziqulwayo lapho kuqalwa khona amacala kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezindaba zomphakathi, ubugebengu, nokuwa kwemali. IziNkantolo Zokudlulisa Amacala ezinkantolo zeSithili, zigxile ezimpikiswaneni ezingokomthetho nasemithethweni esemthethweni. Kukhona nezinkantolo ezikhethekile njengeNkantolo ye - International Trade and iNkantolo ye-Federal Agements.

Amajaji azimele kuzo zonke izigaba amiswa ukuze aphile, awavikele ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe.

Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

Isimiso samasheke nama-ascer siqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha ngalinye lingalinganisela imibuso yamanye. Lokhu kuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba libuse futhi lidinga ukubambisana. Nazi izibonelo eziqinile:

  • Iziphetho ezisemthethweni kuBuphathi: Izikhondla-Mkhandlu zingadlula i-veto ngomongameli oyi-3-intshi kulawomakamu. Inganqaba ukuqinisekisa abakhona, abagodli bezimali, abangayisebenzisi, abasusa uMongameli noma ezinye izikhulu. ISigele kumelwe sivume izivumelwano.
  • Ukuhlola okusemthethweni eMthethweni: UMongameli angakhipha izindleko ezidluliswa yiKhomishane. UMongameli angabiza i-Congress ukuba ibe seqenjini elikhethekile. Umongameli ongumsizi uvota kuMkhandlu ukuze anqamule izibopho. Iziqondiso eziphethe zingaqondisa indlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo.
  • Ukuhlola kobujudicicial emagatsheni womabili: Izinkantolo zingamemezela imithetho enganciphisi imithetho (ukubukeza okungokomthetho). INkantolo Ephakeme ingazehlisa izenzo zezikhulu ezidlula igunya lomthetho-sisekelo. Amajaji asebenzela ukuphila, ngakho awasusiwe kalula.
  • Izibalo ezisemnyameni: uMongameli umisa amajaji namajaji, alololonga izizukulwane ngezizukulwane. UMongameli futhi angathethelela amacala kahulumeni, okuyi-ekero ekwahluleleni.
  • Iziphetho ze-ligislative kuyi-Judia: Umkhandlu ungaguqula ubukhulu bezinkantolo zikahulumeni (nakuba ubukhulu beNkantolo Ephakeme bumiswe ngomthetho). Ingaveza izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ukuze kushintshwe izinqumo zenkantolo. ISigeqe siqinisekisa noma senqabe ama-mine enkantolo.

Lokhu kuhlangana kwenzeka nsuku zonke. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uMkhandlu udlulisa umthetho ovimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, izinkantolo zingakushaya phansi. uma uMongameli enikeza umthetho wegunya elikhulu, uMkhandlu ungasivala isitho noma izinkantolo. Amandla esimiso ahlehliswa futhi acabangisise.

UMthetho - sisekelo Neziphendulo Zawo

Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., owabunjwa ngo-1787 futhi wagunyazwa ngo-1788, ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe. Unikeza izakhiwo zikahulumeni kahulumeni futhi ubala imibuso yawo kuyilapho ugcina wonke amanye amagunya ezwe noma kubantu (iSichibiyelo). Umthetho-sisekelo ufinyeze ngokuphawulekayo cishe kuphela (amagama angu-4,500 kuphela) kodwa uye waqondisa isizwe amakhulu amabili eminyaka.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi, ezaziwa njengeBill of Rights, zagunyazwa ngo-1791 ukuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ekuphathweni uhulumeni. Zihlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokunyathelisa, yokufaka, yokuhlangana, nesicelo (iSichibiyelo); ilungelo lokuthwala izikhali (okwesithathu); isivikelo ekufuneni okungacabangeli nokuquleka (okwesithathu); inqubo efanelekile nesivikelo ekumelaneni nokuziqulisa komuntu siqu (5); ilungelo lokuqungamela (kwesi-6); nesivikelo ekujezisweni okunonya nokungajwayelekile. Lamalungelo aye afakwa ekusebenziseni izigwebo phakathi kwe-Gazegodensi.

Ukuguqula Umthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo ungalungiswa ngenqubo enzima eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana okukhulu. Ukulungisa kungahlongozwa ngamavoti amabili-sithathu kuzo zombili izindlu zomkhandlu noma ngomhlangano wesizwe obizwa ngama-35 ezindlu zomthetho zikahulumeni. Ukuvunywa kwemiyalo ethathu yezindlu zomthetho noma yemihlangano kazwe. Izinguquko ezingu-72 kuphela ziye zanezelwa kusukela ngo-1791. Izibonelo ezingenakungahlanganiswa zihlanganisa i-13 yeSimemezelo (ukumiswa kwe-i-atting) i-prefectionment (i-denting), i-19 (i-stadia yabesifazane), kanye neyamayela ka-26 (inyusa iminyaka yokuvota).

Uhulumeni: Ukubusa Okuhlangene Phakathi Kohulumeni Besizwe NoMbuso

I-U.S. isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sobuzwe, lapho amandla ehlukaniswa khona phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nohulumeni bezwe. UMthetho-sisekelo ubala imibuso ethile kahulumeni (ngokwesibonelo, izimali, ukumisa impi, ukuqondisa ezentengiselwano zesifundazwe) kuyilapho iSichibiyelo seshumi sigcinela imibuso ezindaweni. Lobububusi obubili buvumela ukuba busebenze njengezindawo zokuhlola idemokrati, ukuzama izimiso zemfundo, ezokwelapha, ezokuthutha, nokwahlulela kobugebengu.

Ohulumeni BoMbuso

Ngalinye lalezizifunda ezingu - 50 linomthetho - sisekelo walo, okumelwe uvumelane noMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. Ohulumeni boMbuso bahlobisa isakhiwo sikahulumeni ngamagatsha amathathu:

  • Igatsha eliphetheyo: Liqondiswa umbusi, ekhethwe abavoti bakahulumeni. Abaphathi bengamele izinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi banegunya phezu komthetho kahulumeni. Izifundazwe eziningi zikhetha nezinye izikhulu zezikhulu njengomphathi-khulu, ummeli jikelele, nonobhala kahulumeni.
  • [[QLT:0] Igatsha elinomthetho: izifundazwe ezingu-49 zinezishaya-mthetho ze-bibraska ezinesimiso sombuso esine-uncameral). Abaphathi bemithetho bamisa imithetho kahulumeni, bavumela uhlelo lwemali, futhi baqinisekise ukumiswa kwe-gubernator. Iziqalo nobude besimiso ziyahluka.
  • Igatsha eliyi-judicial:[ izinkantolo zikaHulumeni zisingatha amacala amaningi angokomthetho, kuhlanganise nomthetho womkhaya, izivumelwano, izimpikiswano zempahla, nezindaba eziningi zobugebengu. Izinkantolo eziphakeme zoMbuso zingaba igunya eliphakeme kakhulu emthethweni kahulumeni. Abahluleli bangakhethwa noma bamiswe kuxhomeke kuhulumeni.

Ohulumeni Bendawo

I-counies, amadolobha, amadolobha, amadolobha, izifunda, nezifunda ezikhethekile (njengezifunda zesikole) ziyibanga lendawo. Zakhiwa ohulumeni bezwe futhi zinemibuso ephathiswe umthetho-mthetho wezwe noma imithetho. Ohulumeni bendawo basingatha izinkonzo ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke: amaphoyisa nomlilo, izikole zomphakathi, ukuhlanganisa indawo, ukuphatha imfucumfucu, nemigwaqo yendawo. Izimo zikahulumeni wendawo zihlanganisa imeya yesifunda, umkhandlu-mkha-mkha-ma, nezimiso zokuthunywa. Izakhamuzi zivame ukusebenzelana nezikhulu zendawo, zize zingene emihlanganweni yesikole noma imikhandlu yedolobha.

Indima Yezidili Zezombangazwe Nezakwahlulelwa

Nakuba ingashiwonga kuMthetho-sisekelo, amaqembu ezombangazwe anendima eyinhloko ekuhleleni uhulumeni. Izinhlangano ezimbili ezinkulu `Democratic and Republican''_axhumanisa ukuze zithole amandla kuwo wonke amazinga. Izinqumo zinquma ukuthi ubani ophethe isikhundla, futhi inqubo yokukhetha ilawulwa yinhlanganisela yemithetho kahulumeni ne-guvene. UMongameli ukhethwa nge-Electoral College, lapho isifunda ngasinye sithola khona abavoti abalingana nezindawo zaso zokuhlangana (izihlalo zendlu kanye nezimbili ze-Senators). Izindawo eziningi zabavoti zibusa umphakashela impumelelo yevoti ethandwayo. Izindawo zombuso, izishaya zendlu, namahhovisi zikhethwa ngokuqondile ngevoti ethandwayo. Ababhishobhisi kanye nama-ccoucss bavumela ukukhetha iqembu lamalungu ama-mine, ukuvota, ukuvota nokuvota, ukuvota, ukuvota nokungenela komthetho.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezisebenzelana Ngayo Nohulumeni

Ukuqonda isakhiwo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala; ukuhlanganyela kungokulandelayo.

  • Ukuvota:[ Isenzo esiyisisekelo kakhulu. Bregister ukuvota nokuhlanganyela kukhetho lwendawo, lwesifunda, nolwezwe.
  • Abameleli abahlanganayo:[ Ucingo, i-imeyili, noma ubhalele amalungu eSishaya-mthetho, izishayamthetho zesifundazwe, nezikhulu zendawo. Izindaba zomuntu siqu zingathonya isimiso.
  • ekuhloleleni imihlangano yomphakathi: ibhodi yesikole, umkhandlu wedolobha, nemihlangano yesifunda ivulekele umphakathi. Izinkathi zokuphendula kwasobala zikuvumela ukuba ukhulume.
  • Ukukhonza kumajaji: Umsebenzi womphakathi oqinisa igatsha lokwahlulela.
  • Ukubalekela ihhovisi: Amahhovisi amaningi endawo nombuso atholakala ezakhamuzini ezivamile ngaphandle kohlelo lwemali lomkhankaso omkhulu.
  • Advocism nezenzo: Hlanganisa noma ukusekela izinhlangano ezivumelana nezithakazelo zakho. ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela ilungelo lokucela uhulumeni.

Ukuhlolwa okujulile, ukucwaninga imithombo engokomthetho enjenge USA.gov, uMthetho-sisekelo weZinqolobane wezwe kwiphepha, kanye nendawo engokomthetho yeNkantolo ePhakeme[.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlelwa kukahulumeni wase-U.S. kuyinkimbinkimbi ngamabomu ukuvikela inkululeko nokuqinisekisa. Kusukela ekuhlukaneni kwemibuso esezingeni likahulumeni kuya esimisweni esiqinile sobuhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo, zonke izingxenye zinendima. Ukwazi ukuthi amagatsha asebenza kanjani, ukuthi amahlola nokulinganisela kusebenza kanjani, nokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza kanjani isisekelo esiphilayo amandla ezakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ekutholeni idemokrati yawo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi olungiselela ukuhlolwa kwesizwe, uthisha ochaza lemiqondo, noma umfundi ofunda isilinganiso saphakade, lesi siqondiso sinikeza isisekelo esiqinile.