Ama-Referendendim nezindlela zokuthatha i-collet zingamathuluzi ayisisekelo entando yeningi eqondile, enza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukwakha imithetho nezimiso ezingaphezulu kwesimiso esimele. Zasungulwa ukuba zinikeze abantu abavamile i-cheke emandleni omthetho, lezi zinqubo ziye zashintsha zaba izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinezinyathelo eziphawulekayo zezombangazwe, zezomnotho, nezezenhlalo. Lesiqondiso sinikeza ukuhlolwa okunegunya kokuthi iziphi izinyathelo zokwethula kanye nezinyathelo zomthetho, ukuthi zisebenza kanjani, amandla nezihibetho zabo, nendima yabo ekwazini okuzinziwa embusweni yanamuhla. Ngokuhlola izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene, izihloko zezendaba zezwe, nezenzo ezivezayo, abafundi bayozuza ukuqonda okugcwele kwala mathuluzi enziweni yomthetho.

Iyini I - referendem?

I-apetrandium iyivoti eqondile lapho i-vhoti icelwa khona ukuba ivume noma yenqabe ukusikisela okuthile okuqondile. Isicelo kungaba umthetho omusha, ukulungisa umthetho-siseko, isivumelwano sezizwe zonke, noma isinqumo sesimiso esikhulu. Ama-Referendendum aqalwa nguhulumeni (i-legislatentendations) noma ngezinye izikhathi abantu ngenqubo yokucela (i-ayisendendiums). Umehluko oyinhloko uwukuthi i-atrapenteum inikeza abavoti ngomthetho oweboliwe noma u-o - no - no - no - non-no mthetho, kunokuba bavumele ukuba bahlongoze umthetho omusha osusususuwakhishiwe.

Izinhlobo Zezinhlayiya

Ukuxhumanisa ama-v. Advisory Referendedums

i-binding revensums ifuna ngokomthetho uhulumeni ukuba asebenzise umphumela. Ngokwesibonelo, eSwitzerland, i-atmon ne-cantonal sendums eziningi ziyabopha. I-advicory irentententementums[[ [okubizwa ngokuhlola]] (okubizwa okuxwebezwayo)] i-refectenterums shorts zomphakathi kodwa azisiqhubeki nyathelo. I-UK'Alternatime Vote exéndium 2011 i-odentirum yayiyi-activemotion, nakuba isebenza uhulumeni yalandela umphumela. Umgca phakathi kwesibopho ne-dviory ungenza ukuba kungabonakali kakhulu uma ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kungenza imiphumela engenakuvani.

Ama-Mandaria. Ama-Referendendom azikhethelayo

I-pareternations idingeka ngokomthetho-mthetho ezinqumweni ezithile, njengokulungisa komthetho-sisekelo noma izimpikiswano zezikweleti. Ezizweni eziningi zase-U.S., noma isiphi isibopho kumelwe sivunyelwe yivoti. i-accompatementums ['s's'' zenzakalelwa uma isigeleqe noma umphathi wenhlangano ekhetha ukubhekisa indaba kubantu. Lento ingaba ithuluzi elingokomthetho lokuxazulula ukuhlukanisa iqembu noma izinqumo eziphikisayo.

Imithetho ethandwayo

Izicelo zezakhamuzi zokubekela umthetho inselele. I-Italy, ngokwesibonelo, izakhamuzi zingacela i-brograteavenum ukuze iphinde ikhiphe umthetho. Lenqubo isebenza njenge-valve yokuvikela umthetho ongamukeleki.

Kuyini Ukuthatha Isinyathelo Somdlalo?

Inyathelo lokuvota inqubo lapho izakhamuzi ziveza khona imithetho emisha noma ukulungisa umthetho-mthetho-mthetho ngokuqondile, zidlula isishaya-mthetho. Ngokungafani ne-metapendim, isuka emphakathini futhi idala isimiso esisha, kunokuba nje zivume noma zenqabe isihlongozo sikahulumeni. Izindlela zomthetho zivame kakhulu e-United States (ezizweni ezinjenge-California, i-Oregon, ne-Colorado), nase-Switzerland, lapho zihlala khona nezinsika zikahulumeni zentando yeningi.

Izinhlobo Zokuqalisa Kwebhola

Izinyathelo Zokuqala Zemithetho Emisiwe Ziphikisana Nezinyathelo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Izindlela zokufundisa ziveza imithetho engashintshwa noma ilungiswe ngemuva yizishayamthetho. Izifundo ezithatha indawo [ zisusa isifundazwe noma umthetho-siseko wezwe. Ngenxa yokuthi imithetho-mthetho kunzima ukuguqula, lezinyathelo ngokuvamile zidinga umnyango ophezulu we-asengx ukuze kungene (umz., i-progreement 13 769). Ngokwesibonelo, i-California’s Processition 13 (788) yayiyimkhondo elingokomthetho-mthetho owenzisa izinga lokuthi zempahla; umphumela wayo uyaqhubeka ngoba ushintsho lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho ushintsha kunzima ukuhlenga.

Ama-intshi aqondile. Abaqala ngokungaqondile

Kuyi- isinyathelo esiqondile , ngemva kokuqoqwa kophawu olwanele, isilinganiso sibhekisa ngqo ku-colot. isinyathelo esingaqondile [ sibekwa kuqala kumthetho, onethuba lokusamukela noma ukuhloba okuthile okuhlukile. Uma isishaya-mthetho singenzi ngokufanele, isinyathelo sibhekiswa evotini ethandwayo. Inyathelo eliqondile lisetshenziswa ezimweni ezinjenge-Maine ne-Massachusetts, futhi bavumela abakhi bomthetho ukuba bahluze iziphakamiso noma bahlele ngaphambi kokuqondisa umphakathi ngokuqondile.

Inqubo Yezinqubo Zokuqalisa Kwezimbali Nezintilibathwa

Ukuqonda izinyathelo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni ukuthi kuyini ukungakhethi nokuthi yini engase ikwenze.

Izinyathelo Zokubuyisela I - referendemu (Imvume Noma Ithandwa)

  • I-Inition: Kumthetho, uhulumeni uhlela ukusikisela kanye namavoti ukuze akubhekise kubantu. Ukuze ama-arendium athandwayo, izakhamuzi kumelwe ziqoqe inani elicaciwe lesignesha ukuvusa amavoti emthethweni osanda kumiswa.
  • Isibonisi nesiqinisekiso: Iziphathimandla zokhetho zihlola isiphakamiso sokwaneliswa okungokomthetho, futhi kuma-parenteum athandwayo, ziqinisekisa izignesha ukuqinisekisa ukufezeka.
  • Inkathi yeCampaign:[ Abaxhasi nabaphikisi bahlanganyela empikiswaneni yomphakathi, ekukhangiseni kwezindaba, nakunezimpande zotshani ezihlelayo. Ubude benkathi yomkhankaso bungathinta izinga lolwazi lomvoti.
  • Ukuhlanganisa:[ Izakhamuzi ziphonsa ama-ballet; amanye ama-over adinga i-creverout encincane noma i-majoring enkulu ukuze kudluliswe izinhlobo ezithile zama-arendum.
  • Inzaliseko:[ [Kuma-arendium okubophayo, uhulumeni kumelwe amise umphumela. Ukuhlela kungalitshaziswa ngezinselele zomthetho noma izithiyo zokuphatha.

Izinyathelo Zokuqala Ukulwa

  • Abasekeli babhala umbhalo wokulungiswa komthetho ohlongozwayo noma umthetho-sisekelo. Ukulunga okungokomthetho kubaluleke kakhulu ukugwema ukubekwa phambili.
  • Iqoqo elingasayinwa: Inani elinqunyiwe-module lenani lezignome ezisemthethweni (ngokuvamile amaphesenti amavoti akhankanyiwe kukhetho lokugcina) kumelwe aqoqwe phakathi kwesakhelo esicacisiwe sesikhathi. Lokhu kuyisigaba esinemicebo eminingi kakhulu.
  • Ukuqinisekiswa:[ Izikhulu zikahulumeni zihlola izignomezo zokungavumelani (umk., abavoti ababhaliwe, hhayi abaphindaphindi). Izimfuneko zokusayinwa ezikhutshiwe noma ukuqinisekiswa okuqinile kungakhipha iziphakamiso ezithile.
  • Ukuveza: Isilinganiso sivela ebhokisini, ngokuvamile sihambisana nokufushaniswa, ukuhlaziywa okungakhethi, nempikiswano ye/ukuphikisana. Izimo eziningi zidinga izimpawu zemiphumela eguquguqukayo.
  • Isilinganiso:[ Uma idluliswa, ukuthatha isinyathelo kuba umthetho (noma ukulungiswa komthetho-mthetho). Izigwebo zokuthatha izinyathelo ngokuvamile zingaphansi kwemvume eyengeziwe, zivikelekile ekuphakanyisweni kwemithetho.

Ukuhlola Okuqhathanisayo Ngalé Kweziphakamiso

United States

Izindlela zokuthatha ibhola ezikhona ezifundazweni ezingu-24 nase Washington, D.C. izimfuneko ziyahlukahluka kakhulu kusuka emagoqweni okusayinwa (umzk., 5% wabavoti eCalifornia ngokwezimiso, 8% ukuze kulungiswe izintambo) ezihloselwe ukuvimbela izilinganiso ze-omnibus. Inqubo ithonywa kakhulu yimali: amaqembu enzalo e-octives adwebe akhokhelwa ukusayinwa kwezente futhi asebenzise imikhankanti ebizayo. Ngo-2022, izinyathelo ezingaphezu kwezigidi zezigidi ze-R1. Abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi inyathelo ngokuvamile libhalwa abameli ngenxa yezithakazelo ezikhethekile, hhayi izakhamuzi ngokwesilinganiso.

ISwitzerland

ISwitzerland ingumholi wembulunga yonke wentando yeningi eqondile. Izakhamuzi zingaqala izinyathelo zokubukeza okungaphelele komthetho-sisekelo onezigqebhezana ezithi zingaba ngu-100 000 (cishe amaphesenti amabili abavoti) phakathi nezinyanga eziyi-18. Kudingeka izikhonso ze-progional sendums (ziyizinketho), kuphela ezingu-50 000 ezidingayo ukubekela inselele noma imuphi umthetho kahulumeni. Ukuyaluza okusesilinganisweni (40-50%), kodwa izinqumo ziyabopha izintambo. I-smodeli ivame ukukhonjwa njengesimiso esinesilinganiso esingcono ngoba ihlanganisa isigaba sokungakhokhi: IPhalamende lingaveza isigaba esiphikisana nesinqumo esithatha isinyathelo, inikeza u-votiose.

Amanye Amazwe

I-Italy ine-astendum ethandwayo edinga ama-codentium (ukubekwa) angu-500 000. Lenqubo iye yasetshenziselwa imithetho emandla enuzi, ukusiza ukuzala, nokuguqula inqubo. Ngokuphambene, i-Ireland isebenzisa ama-parenteum kuphela ekulungiseni umthetho-sisekelo; izinyathelo zokuthatha i-EU azikho. I-EU ayinayo inqubo eqondile yentando yeningi yentando yeningi, nakuba i-European Citizens’scitive’s Ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zinxuse i-European Commission @a uhlobo oluthambileyo lokuhlela izinhlelo. Idemocracyism eningi entsha eLatin America ne-Afrika iye yafaka i-endendium njenge-chestery yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwama - referendendum Nezinyathelo Zokuqalisa Eballot

Lamathuluzi anemiphumela ejulile ekubuseni ngokusemthethweni, ezimisweni, nasekuhlanganyeleni komphakathi.

Izinzuzo

  • [[[I-FLT:0] Izakhamuzi zinikezwa iphimbo eliqondile eziphakamisi izishaya - mthetho ezingase zigweme noma zisebenzise kabi.
  • Ukuhlanganyela okukhulisweyo:[ Izinyathelo zebhola zingaqhubela umvoti ekuvoteleni futhi zandise ukuqashelwa kwemininingwane yesimiso, ikakhulukazi ezifundazweni ezithatha isinyathelo kuqala.
  • [ Umthetho ogunyazayo: Ukwesaba ama-astendium athandwayo kungabangela izishaya-mthetho zilalele umbono womphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, amakomiti ephalamende laseSwitzerland ngokuvamile alungisa izikweletu ngokungenanjongo ukuze agweme ukubekelw'inselele.
  • Ukuthungatha kobuphoyona: izinqubo zokuphayona zithuthukisiwe ezindaweni ezinjengokuqashelwa komsansa ngokomthetho, ukuqashwa kosizo lwezokwelapha, ukwanda kweholo elilinganiselwe, kanye nokuvikelwa kwendawo ezungezile kunakho konke ngaphambi kwesenzo somthetho.

Izingozi

  • UbuPopulism nobuMajority Tyranny: amavoti aqondile angawadlula amalungelo eqembu elincane noma avikele izithakazelo ezigxilile. Inqubo yeCalifornia 8 (2008) yokuvimbela umshado ofanayo odluliswe ngo 52% kodwa kamuva yashaywa enkantolo ngokungezwani phakathi kwedemokrasi eqondile namalungelo omthetho-sisekelo.
  • Ukulingisa nokusebenzisa iziphazamiso: Izindlela eziningi zokuvota zinde, zingokomthetho, futhi zigcwele izigebengu. Amavoter angathembela ekugunyazeni noma eziqulweni ezigunyaziwe kunokuba ahlaziywe ngokucophelela. Ngokwesibonelo, amagama ngokwawo angahlukanisa. “Uyebo ku 5 ukuvikela amalungelo obuzali” angafiphaza ithonya langempela lesilinganiso.
  • Ukukhathala kwevoter ne Turnout Bias: Izimpawu njalo ekukhetheni okufanayo zinganqoba abavoti. Okhetho oluphansi lungabuswa yintshiseko, amadala, noma abavoti abacebile, imiphumela ekhishwe kude nesithakazelo somphakathi.
  • Ithonya lesithakazelo elikhethekile: Imboni yokuhlanganisa nokusakaza i-dillion-dillar ingenza le nqubo ibe yithuluzi kubaxhasi abacebile. Abaphikisi futhi bangachitha imali eningi ekunqobeni izinyathelo.
  • Ukungaguquguquki: [[FLT] Ake adluliswa, imithetho ebekwe ngenyathelo lokuqala ivame ukunzima ukumiswa (* kuphela ngenye ivoti. Lokhu kungavala izimiso ezinamaphutha noma amalungiselelo aphelelwe yisikhathi, njengomthetho wesigwebo oqinile weCalifornia onezigigaba ezintathu.

Ukuhlola Icala

I - California Proposition 13 (1978)

I-proposition 13 iyisinyathelo sokuthatha isinyathelo sokubona i-U.S. sokuthatha isinyathelo sokuthatha i-odoli. Yakhipha intela yempahla ngenani elingu-1% lenani elihlotshisiwe nokwanda okulinganiselwe kwaminyaka yonke kuze kube 2%. Abaxhasi bathi ivikela abanikazi bezindlu ezintela eziqedwe; abaphikisi bayixwayisa ngokuthi izakulamba izinkonzo zomphakathi. Isilinganiso esidluliswa ngemali engu-65%. Kamuva, ikhulu leminyaka libolekiswe ngokuswe ukuswe kokuswela kwezindlu (ngokunqanda ukunyakaza) futhi kwakhiwe isimiso sempahla esinentengosi. Ifa layo ibonisa ukuthi ukuthatha isinyathelo esinelisayo kungaba nemiphumela engabekeleki. [FLD]]

Breit Referendem (2016)

I-UK's 2016 i-arhendendum ekhuluma ngobulungu be-EU kwakuyisibonelo esivelele sokuthatha i-advisory ephezulu nemiphumela ebophayo yezombangazwe. Umbuzo othi “Ingabe i-United Kingdom ingahlala iyilungu le-European Union noma ishiye i-European Union?” wabonakala ulula, kodwa lezi zimpikiswano zaziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ```````itrade', ukufuduka, ukubusa, nobuzwelonke. Umphumela (52% Rett) ubangela iminyaka yokufa kwephalamende, ukuntengantenga ngokwezomnotho, nokungalawuleki kwemithetho eMbalini eNyakatho ye-Ireland. Ibonisa futhi ukuthi i-Brexit iyingozi yokusebenzisa izikhombo ezingqungqu ziqonde ngemiba. Ibonisa ukuthi izikhali ezingasetshenziswa i-mimendsmea zingaba izikhali ze-RGBM: khona: khona u-Khalem wabiza i-P-P wabiza i-vovotivey'eactives ngemiphumela yakhe ehlangene, ngemiphumela yemiphumela yakhe ewubufakazi.

Isinyathelo Sokulwa Ne - Minaret SaseSwitzerland (2009)

Isinyathelo esithandwayo sahlongoza ukuvinjelwa komthetho-mthetho ekwakheni iminarets. Uhulumeni wase Switzerland nepalamende kwatusa ukukwenqaba, kubhekisela ekutholeni inkululeko yenkolo. Nokho, abavoti bavuma ukuvinjelwa ngo-57,5%. Umphumela walahlwa emhlabeni wonke kodwa awukwazanga ukushintshwa ngomthetho ovamile (kuphela omunye umthetho). Lendaba ibonisa ukungezwani phakathi kwentando yeningi eqondile namalungelo ayisisekelo, futhi yabangela impikiswano yokuthi imingcele engaphansi kwemingcele yokuthatha izinyathelo (umz., ukuvumelana ne-European Convention on Human Rights) kufanele ibekwe.

Ukwanda Okunamandla KukaMaine (2017)

Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yokunqabela ukunwetshwa kwemithetho ngaphansi komthetho we-Affordal Care Act, abavoti bamaMaine badlulisa isinyathelo sokuvota ngo-2017 ukuze bandise ukuhlanganisa. Umbusi ngesikhathi (Paul LePage) ekuqaleni enqaba ukumiswa, okwaholela ezimpini zasenkantolo. Ekugcineni, kwasuswa ukwanda, kwahlanganisa izakhamuzi ezifikayo ezingamashumi amahlanu nanhlanu. Lesi sibonelo sibonisa indlela ukuthatha isinyathelo ngempoqo okunganyathelisa ngayo imithetho ethandwayo evinjelwe yizindlu zomthetho zikahulumeni. Kodwa futhi nendlela ukuphikiswa kwesikhulu okungabambezela ngayo ukumiswa kwemisebenzi. (Funda kakhulu ezindabeni zempilo)

Ukulingana Komshado Wase - Ireland (2015)

I-Ireland yaba izwe lokuqala ukubhalisa umshado ongowesilisayo ngokomthetho ngevoti ethandwayo, ngemvume engu-62%. I-tempendium yahlelwa ngokucophelela ngemva komhlangano womthetho-sisekelo watusa. Lomkhankaso waveza ukuthembisana komphakathi nokulandisa okungokwenzuzo. Umphumela wabonwa njengengqopha - mlando yentuthuko yezenhlalo nokuvunywa kwamandla okususa uhulumeni, ukulawulwa okuqondile. Umfanekiso we-Ireland ("reatermendem") wanikeza umbuzo kuphela ngemva kwenqubo yokukhipha imvume yokukhomba izivumelwano zomphakathi.

Ikusasa Lentando Yeningi Eqondile: Izinguquko Nezinguquko

Abagxeki nabasekeli ngokufanayo baqaphela ukuthi izimiso zamanje ngokuvamile zidinga ukwenziwa kwanamuhla. Izinguquko eziningana zithola isilinganiso:

Ubuchwepheshe bungenza futhi ukuba kube nezinhlobo eziningi zedemokrasi eqondile − njenge- “demokratic” lapho abavoti bengamisa khona amavoti avoti ezicini ezithile. Nokho, kuyimfuneko ukuqapha: ukushintshwa ngokushesha kombono womphakathi kanye nokulula kokusebenzisa ama-tect platform kusongela ukuzinza. Ikusasa alikho ekuthatheni indawo kahulumeni omelelayo kodwa ekuwufakeni ezimisweni ezinhle, ezigunyaza izakhamuzi.

Isiphetho

Isihluthulelo sokulawula ngentando yeningi okuqondiswe ngokucatshangelwe kahle sisemklamweni wokuhlela: izinqanyulweni ezanele zokugwema izinyathelo eziwubala, kodwa ezingaphelele. Zinikeza abantu abavamile imithetho egxekayo, nokho zingandisa ubandlululo, zivuse izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi, futhi zithunjwe yizithakazelo eziqinile. Njengoba izimiso zezombangazwe emhlabeni wonke zibhekene nokuthembana kwezimiso zomthetho wentando yeningi, lezi zisemqoka ezanele zokwenziwa ngokucabangela: izinqabela ezanele ukugwema izinyathelo eziwubalayo, imithetho ephakeme eyodwa evimbela ukudidelelana, ukuphazamisa okunelisa, ukuvumelana kwemithetho esemthethweni, nezingalawulekiyo ezikhuthaza ukuvumelana nomthetho.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ezimisweni zomthetho nasezinhlelweni zenguquko, qinisekisa i-National Conference of State Legistlatures iziqondiso ze- kanye ne- ye-IDEA ye-International’s short kwimishini yentando yeningi eqondile[.