Table of Contents

Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni uyizincwadi eziyisisekelo ezimisa isakhiwo, amandla, nemithwalo yemfanelo yohulumeni bombuso kulo lonke elase-United States. Umbuso ngamunye unomthetho wawo obhaliwe, osebenza njengomthetho ophakeme phakathi kulelozwe futhi unikeza isisekelo sayo yonke imithetho nombuso. Le mibhalo iqinisekisa ukuthi imisebenzi kahulumeni ivumelana nezimiso nemithetho ebekwe izakhamuzi zikahulumeni, kuyilapho futhi ivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye futhi imisa izimiso ezicacile zendlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo.

Ukuqonda Imithetho - sisekelo YoMbuso: Isisekelo Sokubusa KoMbuso

Umthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni uyincwadi engokomthetho ehlela isakhiwo, amandla, nemisebenzi kahulumeni ongaphakathi kwezwe elithile lase-U.S. isebenza njengomthetho wawo ophakeme. Ngokungafani nomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, omisa uhlelo lokubusa kwesizwe, imithetho-mthetho ehlela izidingo, izindinganiso, nezinto eziza kuqala zezwe ngalinye. Umthetho-sisekelo ngamunye umisa uhlelo lwemisebenzi kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nomphathi, namagatsha okwahlulela, futhi umisa amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yezakhamuzi zawo.

Le zincwadi azizona nje izinguqulo ezincane zoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. imithetho-sisekelo yoMbuso izimpawu ezihlukanisayo − emalungelweni eziwanikezayo, ezakhiwo zikahulumeni ezimisayo, nezindlela ezishintsha ngazo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ayiwona amaqoqo amancane omthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, futhi kufanele ihlolwe ngokwayo. Ngeminyaka engaphezu kwengu-200 yomlando, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ingahluka ngokuphawulekayo, ibonise izici eziyingqayizivele zezombangazwe, amasiko, nezenhlalo yezwe ngalinye.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi KoMbuso Nomthetho - sisekelo Wesifunda

Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso usebenza phakathi kwesimiso somthetho-sisekelo sombuso osohlangothini loMthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke. I-Supremacy Claus ka-Constitution of the United States (Artle VI, Claus 2) imisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni wenziwe wanamathela kuso, futhi izivumelwano ezenziwe ngaphansi kwegunya le-United States, zakha "Umthetho owenziwe ngokusemthethweni wezwe", futhi ngaleyondlela zithatha indawo yokuqala phezu kwanoma yimiphi imithetho ephikisanayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba imithetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho iphethe igunya eliphakeme phakathi kwemibuso yawo, ayinakuphikisana nezimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho womthetho.

Nokho, lobubuhlobo bezikhulu abusho ukuthi bamane basho ukunikeza isivikelo sikahulumeni esilinganayo. Abakwazi ukuphikisana noMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., kodwa banganikeza amalungelo nesivikelo esengeziwe kulezo ezifunwa umthetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kwakha amandla abalulekile lapho imibuso ingasebenza njengezindawo zokuhlola idemokrati, izama izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokubusa nesivikelo samalungelo.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Namandla Agciniwe

ISichibiyelo Seshumi eMthethweni - sisekelo Wase - United States (ingxenye yeSiphakamiso Samalungelo Amalungelo) sinikeza ukuthi “Imibuso engaphathiswa i - United States uMthetho - sisekelo, noma enqatshelwe yiwo e - United States, igcinelwe i - United States ngokulandelana, noma abantu. ” Lelungiselelo lomthetho - sisekelo liyisisekelo sokuqonda ukuthi kungani imithetho - sisekelo yombuso ikhona nokuthi kungani ingaba nemininingwane kangaka.

ISichibiyelo seSichibiyelo seshumi asiphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe. Lokhu kuvumela ukuba kukhiqizwe amalungiselelo aningiliziwe omthetho-mthetho aphathelene nezinkathazo zendawo, kusukela ekuxhaseni imfundo kuya emithethweni yomshado, uma nje zingaphuli izimiso zomthetho-mthetho. UMthetho-sisekelo wamazwe unika uhulumeni amandla akhethekile, nakuba yonke enye into iwela embusweni, ivumela imithetho-sisekelo yombuso ukuba ixazulule izimpikiswano eziningi kunezincwadi zikahulumeni.

Izimfanelo Eziyinhloko Ezihlukanisa Umthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Ubude Nemininingwane

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kombuso nombuso wombuso ubude bawo. Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso mude kakhulu kunomthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, oqukethe amagama angu-453 kuphela. Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso wonke ude kakhulu kunamagama angu-8,000 ngoba uningiliziwe ngokuphathelene nobudlelwane bosuku nosuku phakathi kukahulumeni nabantu.

Umehluko phakathi komthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke uyamangalisa. UVermont unomthetho-sisekelo omfushane kunawo wonke amagama angaphezu kuka-8, kanti umzamo wesithupha nowobude ka-Alabama, wagunyazwa ngo-1901, uqhubekela kumagama angaphezu kuka-350 000. U-Alabama unamagama amade kunawo wonke, ngamagama angaba ngu-333 000 — amade kunamagama kaStephen King. Umthetho-mthetho-mthetho we-Texas ungumgijimi, ngamagama angu-292,345.

Kungani imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ithatha isikhathi eside kangaka? Imithetho-mthetho yoMbuso ithambekele ekungeniseni imininingwane eyengeziwe ngokuphila kwansuku zonke, ukucubungula ezindaweni lapho uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umfutho wezwe uthatha isikhashana noma ngisho uthule. Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni uvame ukuhlanganisa nezimiso zezimiso zikahulumeni ezizosingatha. Bakhuluma ngezindaba ezicacile njengamalungelo amanzi ezifundazweni zasentshonalanga, imithetho yokugembula, kanye nezindlela zokusekela imfundo. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho-sisekelo wamuva waseMexico unikela ingxenye yonke ekuni ngenkathiselweni nangamalungelo amanzi.

Ukuphikelela Kwesichibiyelo

Imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ilungiswa kaningi kakhulu kunomthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke. Ngo-1788, iye yahlala iqinile ngokuphawulekayo, futhi inezinguquko ezingu-77 eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-230. Ngokuphambene, imithetho-mthetho yoMbuso cishe ibhalwe cishe muva nje futhi iguqulwa kakhulu kunomthetho-sisekelo we-U.S.. Lokho kusho ukuvumelana okushintshayo ngokuthi ubani ongavota nokuthi unamandla aphiwe umbusi noma uhulumeni onegunya cishe aboniswe ngesilinganiso sombuso.

Umthetho-mthetho weCalifornia unezinguquko eziningi, ngo-552 kusukela ngo-January 1, 2025. Ngo-2024, abamisi-mthetho besizwe nabavoti bavuma ingqikithi yezinguquko ezingu-75 zomthetho-mthetho ka-49 — okuwukuphela kwezwe elingenayo inguquko entsha kwakuyi-Ohio. Lokhu kulula kokulungisa kunezici ezibalulekile. Isazi somthetho sisekelo samazwe uJohn Dinan sithi ukulula kwemithetho-mthetho engenziwa ngayo kuye kwazenza zaba izinjini zokushintsha kwezenhlalo ezindabeni zenkolo kusukela elungelweni lenkolo ukuya ekulungeni lokuphatha izikhali.

Iminyaka Nomlando Womthetho - sisekelo

Izwe lihluka kakhulu ekutheni iMiyalo emingaki eyayamukele kuwo wonke umlando walo. IMassachusetts isasebenza kumthetho-sisekelo wombuso wayo omfushane owamiswa ngesikhathi iMpi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo isaqhubeka ngo-1780. Kule mithetho esetshenziswayo yokuqala, iMassachusetts ingeyena endala kakhulu. I-Massachusetts. Ithathwe ngo-1780, iwumthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wezwe obhalwe phansi kunayo yonke.

Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zabhala imithetho-mithetho yazo kaningi. Nakuba izigaba zezizwe zibhale umthetho-sisekelo owodwa kuphela, izifundazwe eziningi ziye zazwa isidingo sokubhala kabusha umthetho-sisekelo wazo izikhathi eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, iLouisiana ne Georgia iyisiqeshana ngasinye kumthetho-sisekelo wazo wesishiyagalolunye.

Imisebenzi Ebalulekile Yomthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni ufeza imisebenzi eminingi ebaluleke kakhulu ngaphezu kokuhlela uhulumeni. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, imithetho-mthetho-sisekelo imisa izinqubo zokwenza isimiso, ichaza isimo sombuso nohulumeni wendawo, ihlela izimo zezindawo ezihlangeneyo nezindawo eziningi, imisa izimfuneko zesikhundla somphakathi, isho izibopho zikahulumeni kuzakhamuzi, izimiso zokubusa ezihlangene, ukunquma imithwalo yemfanelo yohulumeni bendawo, ukumisa amalungelo okuvota nokunquma ukuthi okhetho luzoqhutshwa kanjani, futhi isho izinqubo zokuguqula umthetho.

Ukumisa Izakhiwo Zikahulumeni

Umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu womthetho-sisekelo wezwe abaningi uwukunikeza uhlelo lokubusa kukahulumeni. Ngokuvamile lufanekiswa noMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, lubala isakhiwo sikahulumeni futhi lumise imvume yamalungelo, igatsha eliphethe eliqondiswa umbusi (futhi ngokuvamile izikhulu ezinye noma ngaphezulu, njengomphathi omkhulu nommeli omkhulu), isishaya - mthetho, nezinkantolo zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nenkantolo yezwe ephakeme (amazwe ambalwa anezinkantolo ezimbili eziphakeme, esinye sezinkantolo zomphakathi, esinye sezezobugebengu, esinye sezezezezobugebengu).

Futhi banikeza izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezivamile zalokho igatsha ngalinye okumelwe likwenze nokuthi kufanele likwenze kanjani.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ufeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu, ngokuvamile udlulele ngalé kwesivikelo esinikezwa yi-Bill of Rights. Umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ohlanganisa iBhili yamaLungelo, i-Expand Courtences ku-Bhill of Rights kazwelonke. Ngisho namaMelika ambalwa aziyo imithetho engokomthetho edlula uhulumeni womthetho-sisekelo womthetho womthetho ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu ezindabeni ezinjengezinga lemvelo, ukulingana kwabesilisa, nenkululeko yezomnotho.

Imithetho-mithetho yoMbuso ihlanganisa amalungelo ayisisekelo nesivikelo esiyingqayizivele. Ivame ukunikeza amalungelo amakhulu kakhulu kunomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokuzifihla, ukusebenza, nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zahlanganisa izivikelo ezithile ezibonisa izindinganiso zazo eziyingqayizivele nezinto eziza kuqala, njengelungelo lokuzingela nokudoba, amalungelo acacile ezindaba zomuntu siqu, noma isivikelo sendawo ezungezile.

Ukulungiselela Uhlelo Olungokomthetho Lokubusa

Imithetho-mithetho yoMbuso imisa imithetho nezinqubo zendlela enziwa ngayo imithetho, ephoqelelwe, futhi echazwa ngayo. Imisa inqubo yemithetho, ichaza iziphathimandla, imisa isimiso sokwahlulela, futhi idala izinqubo zokuxazulula izingxabano. Ngokuvamile imithetho-mithetho kahulumeni idingida izimpikiswano eziningi ezithathwa yimibuso ukuba zibaluleke ngokwanele ukuba zifakwe kumthetho-sisekelo kunokuba zifakwe ewumthetho-mthetho ovamile.

Lesi simiso esingokomthetho sidlulela ezindaweni uMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ongabhekisi izinkulumo. Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso uvame ukuhlanganisa amalungiselelo ezihlokweni ezingabhekiswa kumthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, njenga: Imfundo imisa umthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni wokunikeza imfundo yomphakathi i-· Indawo yombuso wombuso wokuhlela inhlangano namandla okubala, amadolobha, namadolobhana i-·atmosfera amalungelo ezwe nenkululeko kunikeza isivikelo esengeziwe esingaphezu kwe-Lill of Rights (ilungelo lokuzingela nokudoba, idoba kanye nedoba, njll.).

Izingxenye Zomthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Nakuba imithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni ihluka kakhulu emalungiselelweni ayo aqondile, ngokuvamile ihlanganyela izici ezithile ezivamile ezihlela lokho okuqukethwe yiyo futhi zimise izimiso zayo eziyisisekelo.

Isethulo NeSimemezelo Samalungelo Abantu

Umthetho - sisekelo wezwe uqala ngesandulela esiveza izimiso eziyisisekelo nezinjongo zalencwadi. Imithetho-sisekelo eminingi, ngokungafani nomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, iqala ngokunxusa uNkulunkulu. Lokhu kubonisa izimo ezihlukene ezingokwesiko nezingokomlando lapho kwabhalwa khona imithetho-sisekelo yombuso ehlukahlukene.

Isimemezelo noma isimemezelo samalungelo ngokuvamile singenye yezingxenye zokuqala ezingaphansi komthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke. La malungiselelo avikela inkululeko eyisisekelo njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, yezindaba, neyamaqembu. Futhi ahlanganisa isivikelo sabamangalelwa becala lezempango, amalungelo empahla, kanye nezinye izivumelwano zomphakathi. Izindleko zikahulumeni zamalungelo ngokuvamile zinikeza isivikelo esiningi kuneSigqeba samalungelo futhi zingahlanganisa amalungelo angatholakali eMthethweni wezwe.

Amalungiselelo Amagatsha Angokomthetho

Imithetho-mithetho kahulumeni imisa isakhiwo namandla esishaya umthetho. Izifunda eziningi zilandela isibonelo se-badamal esifana ne-Congress kahulumeni, enendlu yabameleli ne-senate, nakuba i-Nebraska inesishaya-mthetho somthetho-mthetho. Amalungiselelo omthetho-mthetho avamile:

  • Inani labenzi bemithetho nendlela abahlukaniswa ngayo
  • Izimfuneko Zokukhonza njengomshayi - mthetho
  • isilinganiso sobude begama negama (lapho kusetshenziswa)
  • Inqubo yokushaya imithetho
  • Amandla akhethekile anjengokuthobela igunya
  • Ukulinganiselwa kwamandla okushaya umthetho

Amalungiselelo Amagatsha Aphethe

Ngokungafani noMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, omisa umongameli nosekela likamongameli kuphela njengezikhulu ezikhethiwe, imithetho yesifundazwe eminingi inikeza ukukhethwa kwezikhulu eziningi, njengommeli jikelele, unobhala wezwe, umgcini masheya, nabanye.

Umthetho - sisekelo woMbuso uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi:

  • Izimfuneko, ukhetho nesikhundla sikambusi
  • Amandla ombusi, kuhlanganise namandla ka - veto, igunya lokumisa kanye namandla aphuthumayo
  • Ezinye izikhulu ezikhethiwe nemisebenzi yazo
  • Ukuphumelela uma umuntu engekho noma ekhubazekile
  • Ukulinganiselwa kwamandla ezikhundla zezisebenzi

Amalungiselelo Amagatsha Okwahlulela

Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni umisa isimo sesimiso senkantolo yezwe futhi uchaze imibuso yokwahlulela. Umbuso ngamunye futhi unenkantolo ephakeme, ngokuvamile — kodwa hhayi njalo — ebizwa ngokuthi inkantolo ephakeme. Inkantolo ephakeme inezwi lokugcina ngemibuzo yomthetho-mthetho kahulumeni. EOklahoma nase Texas, kunezinye izikhongozelo ezimbili eziphezulu. Inye inezinkantolo eziphezulu — enye inikezelwe emacaleni omphakathi futhi enye inikezelwe ezindabeni zobugebengu.

Amalungiselelo okwahlulela ahlanganisa la malungiselelo:

  • Isimiso senkantolo, kusukela ezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala kuya ezinkantolo ezithwele isigwebo
  • Izindlela zokukhetha ukwahlulela (ukhetho, ukumiswa, noma ukukhethwa okufanele)
  • Izimfuneko zamajaji
  • Izinqubo zokulungisa ubude kanye nokukhumbula
  • Igunya Lokwahlulela Negunya
  • Amalungiselelo okuyala nokususa

Amalungiselelo Kahulumeni Wasendaweni

Ngokungafani noMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, ongabhekisi uhulumeni wendawo, imithetho kahulumeni ihlanganisa amalungiselelo amaningi ngokuphathelene nohlelo lukahulumeni wezwe nemibuso. La malungiselelo amisa isisekelo sezindawo, amadolobha, amadolobha, nezifunda ezikhethekile, achaze amandla awo, ukulinganiselwa, kanye nobuhlobo nohulumeni.

Eminye imibuso inikeza ohulumeni bendawo inkululeko ephawulekayo ngemilungiselelo "yokubusa kwekhaya", evumela izindawo ukuba zizilawule ezindaweni ezithile ngaphandle kwemvume ekhethekile yemithetho kahulumeni. Eminye imibuso ilawula imisebenzi kahulumeni yendawo.

ISichibiyelo Nezinguquko

Lonke umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni uhlanganisa amalungiselelo okulungisa noma ukubukeza. Lezi zinqubo ngokuvamile zifinyelelwe kakhulu kunenqubo yokulungisa kahulumeni, okusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani imithetho-mithetho kahulumeni ilungiswa kaningi kakhulu.

Kuso sonke isifundazwe, isishaya-mthetho singasikisela ukulungisa — futhi ngaphandle kweDelaware, lezi kumele zibekwe ebhodini levoti ukuze kutholwe imvume yabavoti. Zonke izifundazwe ngaphandle kukaDelaware zifuna ukuba iziphakamiso zokulungisa imithetho zibekwe kumavoti kazwelonke ukuze athole ukuvunyelwa okuphelele ngevoti eningi.

Ezifundazweni eziyi-17, abavoti bayakwazi ukubeka izinguquko kuvoti ngokuqondile, ngemva kokuqoqa izignesha ezisekela isilinganiso ngokwemithetho kahulumeni nokugcwalisa ezinye izimfuneko. Isinyathelo somthetho-sisekelo, saziwa nangokuthatha isinyathelo esithandwayo, isinyathelo sokwakha, isinyathelo sozakhamizi esincane, "Isimiso sobuOregon," sinika izakhamuzi amandla okuveza ukuncitshiswa komthetho-mfakela ngokuqondile abavoti ukuze bacabangele ekugcineni.

Ukuphana Ngamalungelo Namalungiselelo Aphakeme

Umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ufeza indima ebalulekile ekumiseni nasekuvikeleni amalungelo okuvota. Wonke umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wombuso ufaka ilungelo lokuvota ezakhamuzini zawo. Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso ufana ngokuphawulekayo ngokunikeza ilungelo lokuvota; amazwe angu-49 ahlanganisa ukuthi ubani ofanelekela ukuvota, "ohlolwe ukuvota" noma "okhethwe abafanele" kuphela ku-Arizona Constitution umlomo onqanyuliwe, usho ukuthi ubani ongenalo ilungelo lokuvota.

Kubalulekile lokhu kuvikela okucacile ngoba uMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni awuliniki ngokuqondile ilungelo lokuvota. Kuyamangalisa ukuthi, emkhakheni wamalungelo okuvota, uMthetho-sisekelo awuliniki lungelo ngokucacile lokuvota. Kunalokho, ilungelo liboniswa ngezinguquko ezihlukahlukene ezithi uhulumeni akanakuliphika kanjani ilungelo lawo emaqenjini ezakhamuzi ahlukahlukene.

Ngaphandle kokumisa ilungelo lokuvota, imithetho-mthetho eminingi kahulumeni ihlanganisa izivikelo ezengeziwe ezikhethiwe. Imithetho-sisekelo eminingi kahulumeni idinga futhi ukhetho ukuze ikhululeke" futhi iphazamise ukungenela kwe-france. Ivumela futhi ukubusa ngentando yeningi okuqondile ngokuvota (izifundazwe ezingama-24) kanye nama-astenderum (izimo ezingama-23).

Amalungiselelo Omthetho - sisekelo Akhethekile KaHulumeni

Enye yezici ezithakazelisa kakhulu zomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni yindlela ezibonisa ngayo izinto eziza kuqala, izinselele, nezindinganiso zezwe ngalinye. La malungiselelo acacile abonisa ukuhlukahluka kwemithetho yaseMelika nezindlela imiphakathi ehlukene esingatha ngazo izidingo zayo ezikhethekile.

Amalungiselelo Emfundo

Imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni eminingi ihlanganisa amalungiselelo aphathelene nemfundo, ngokuvamile imisa imfundo njengelungelo eliyisisekelo noma umsebenzi kazwelonke. Ezinye izifundazwe zihlanganisa izihloko ezigxile ngokukhethekile emfundweni, ezibonisa ukubaluleka kwezindinganiso zombuso ezisemkhakheni wemfundo yomphakathi. La malungiselelo angathintana nezindlela zokuxhasa imali, izindinganiso zemfundo, isimo sokubusa kwemfundo, nesibopho sikahulumeni sokunikeza imfundo yomphakathi.

Amalungiselelo Emvelo Nendawo Ezungezile

Izifunda eziningi ziye zafaka isivikelo sendawo ezungezile emithethweni yazo, ikakhulukazi emashumini eminyaka amuva. Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso waseMichigan, okwamanje owesine wokuhlanganisa, ubonisa isakhiwo esijikelezayo esivumelana nokushintsha kwezidingo zomphakathi. Sihlanganisa ingxenye enkulu ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile, ebonisa ukuzimisela kukahulumeni ukusekela ukugcinwa.

Imibuso enezinselele ezithile ezingokwemvelo noma izinto eziza kuqala ivame ukubhekana nazo kumthetho - sisekelo wayo.

Amalungiselelo Ezomnotho Namalungiselelo

Umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni uhlanganisa amalungiselelo anemininingwane ngokuphathelene nentela, izimali zomphakathi, nezikweletu zikahulumeni. La malungiselelo angamisa imingcele yentela, adinga imali elinganiselwe, alinganisela ikhono likahulumeni lokukhokha izikweletu, noma abeke imali ethile ukuze afeze izinjongo ezithile. Amalungiselelo anjalo abonisa ukukhathazeka okungalingani kwemali ekhokhwayo kanye nokusetshenziswa okufanele kukahulumeni.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Iyasetshenziswa

Ukuqonda indlela imithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni elungiswa ngayo empeleni kunikeza ukuqonda ngendlela le mibhalo eguquka ngayo ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo nezimo ezishintshayo. Inqubo yokulungisa ihluka kakhulu phakathi kwezizwe, kodwa kusobala ukuthi kunezindlela ezithile.

Izindululo Zomthetho

Indlela evame kakhulu yokulungisa umthetho-mthetho ingesiphakamiso semithetho. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kudinga ukuvota okukhulu esigodlweni somthetho-mthetho (ngokuvamile okungama-3-3) noma okuthathu kwesithathu segumbi ngalinye (ngokulandela imvume yomvoti e-parenceum). Ezinye izifunda zifuna ukuba isishaya-mthetho sivume ukulungisa ezimisweni ezimbili ezilandelanayo ngaphambi kokuba ithathe amavoti.

Izakhamuzi Ezithatha Isinyathelo

Kuthi ivumela izivumelwano zomthetho-mthetho, izakhamuzi zingadlula ngokuphelele futhi zihlongoze ukuhlelwa kwemithetho-mthetho ngokuqondile kubavoti. I-odora inenqubo yokuthatha isinyathelo evumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlongoze ukumiswa kwemithetho. Lenqubo idinga ukuqoqa inani elicaciwe lemibhalo evela kubavoti ababhalisiweyo, okuthi ngemva kwalokho kulungiswe kwe-collet ukuze kucatshangelwe abavoti.

Imihlangano Yomthetho - sisekelo

Eminye imithetho-mthetho yombuso ilungiselela imihlangano yezikhathi ezithile, lapho izihambeli zikhethwa khona ukuba zicabangele ukubukezwa okubanzi kumthetho-sisekelo. Lemihlangano ingaveza izinguquko ezithile noma imithetho-sisekelo emisha ngokuphelele, okumelwe ivunyelwe ngabavoti. Imihlangano yomthetho-mthetho ivela kancane kakhulu kodwa ingaphumela ezinguqukoni ezinkulu zomthetho-sisekelo.

Yini Etholakalayo?

Ngokuphambene nalokho okungase kusikiselwe imithombo yezindaba, ukulungisa okuningi komthetho-mthetho akuhileli izindaba zezenhlalo eziphikisanayo. Ukufakwa kwezindaba zezombangazwe zikahulumeni kungase kukwenze kubonakale sengathi izinguquko eziningi zomthetho ngokomthetho zibangela ukukhathazeka komphakathi omkhulu nokuziphatha okuphikiswanayo (umz., amalungelo ongqingili), kodwa ngokuphambene nokubonakala kwenani elikhulu lokulungisa uhulumeni okuye kwamiswa kwemithetho-sisekelo akukhange kukhange ukunaka komphakathi. Eqinisweni, ngokobufakazi obuhleliwe ngu-Albert Strum, cishe izimpikiswano ezimbili-ntathu zazo zonke izifundazwe eziye zamiswa eminyakeni yamuva nje zikhuluma ngezindaba ezinjengombuso wezwe nesakhiwo sombuso nekweletana, imisebenzi yezenhlangano yezomthetho, nezezimali zomphakathi.

Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Nokuvikelwa Kwamalungelo

Imithetho - sisekelo yoMbuso isebenza njengesivikelo esibalulekile samalungelo abantu ngabanye, ngokuvamile inikeza isivikelo esikhudlwana kunoMthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni. Lendima iye yaba baluleke kakhulu njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iye yavala isivikelo esithile somthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni noma yanqaba ukuqaphela esisha.

Ukuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Ozimele

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya lokuchaza umthetho-mthetho wezwe ngokuzimele ngokomthetho womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba umthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke ungenakunikeza isivikelo esincane kunesidingo soMthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke, zinganikeza futhi ngokuvamile zinikeza okwengeziwe. Lesi simiso, ngezinye izikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi "umthetho-sisekelo wombuso ozimele," sivumela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuba zivikele amalungelo ngokuqina kakhulu kunaleyo izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngaphansi koMthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S.

Imithetho-sisekelo yoMbuso inikeza imithombo eminingi yokulwa nokuvukela uhulumeni kunaleyo echazwayo manje. Lokhu kubonisa indlela umthetho - sisekelo wezwe ongagcwalisa ngayo izikhala ezishiywe yincazelo yomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni.

Izimiso Zentando Yeningi Emthethweni - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Isiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo woMbuso sobukhosi obuthandwayo, ukulingana kwezombangazwe, kanye nokubusa okuningi − okuyikho abakubiza ngokuthi "isimo sombuso wentando yeningi""--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ku q ku-----------------------------

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Komthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Nakuba imithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni ifeza imisebenzi ebalulekile, ibhekana futhi nokugxekwa nezinselele ezithile okufanele ziqondwe.

Ubude Nemithala

Ubude obudlule bemithetho-sisekelo ethile yombuso buphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokutholaka nokuqondana. Uma umthetho-sisekelo ufinyelela emakhulwini ezinkulungwane zamagama, kuba nzima ngezakhamuzi ezivamile ukuqonda umthetho wazo oyisisekelo. Izingqapheli eziningi ziphikisa ngokuthi imithetho-mithetho emide eveza imithetho eminingi eqondile yenza imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ibe nzima kakhulu futhi igcine isikhathi, futhi ngenxa yalokho kungabi mancane kakhulu ukuba ihlale isikhathi eside.

Nokho, ukucwaninga kuphikisa lokhu kuhlakanipha okuvamile. Ukucwaninga kukaHammons ngomthetho-mthetho wezwe kwathola "... ukuthi ukuklanywa okuthé xaxa kwemithetho-ciso yezwe kuthuthukisa ukuphila kwawo kunokuba kunciphise ubude bawo. Nakuba uHammons engazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi kungani imithetho-mithetho-siseko ebanzi nethatha isikhathi eside ingaboniswa njengemide, ucabanga ukuthi lokhu kungenzeka ngoba imibhalo enjalo inikeza izindlela ezingcono zokuxazulula izingxabano ngokuchaza ngokucophelela imithetho yomdlalo ozolandelwa amaqembu aphikisanayo.

ISichibiyelo Esiqhubekayo

Ukulula kokulungisa imithetho-sisekelo yombuso kungaba amandla nobuthakathaka obungakhona. Nakuba ivumela imithetho-sisekelo ukuba ivumelane nezimo ezishintshayo, ingaholela futhi ekufakeni amalungiselelo angase alungiswe kangcono ngomthetho ovamile. Lokhu kungaphumela ekubeni kuhlanganiswe imithetho-mithetho eyisisekelo nezimiso eziyisisekelo ezingase ziphelelwe isikhathi ngokushesha.

Ukuhlukahluka Kwamazwe

Ukuhluka okukhulu kwemithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni kungadala izinselele ezakhamuzini ezihlala phakathi kwezizwe, amabhizinisi asebenza ezifundazweni eziningi, nochwepheshe bezomthetho abasebenza ezingxenyeni zombuso. Ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo kwesinye isifundazwe lingase lingavikelwa kwesinye, kubangele umsebenzi onciphile wesivikelo kulo lonke izwe.

Ukubaluleka Okungokoqobo Komthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Naphezu kokuba ingaziwa kahle kunoMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ibaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwamaMelika. Abangaphansi kwengxenye yamaMelika abazi ukuthi umbuso wabo unomthetho - sisekelo wawo, kodwa lamaphepha alawula izimpikiswano eziningi ezithinta ukuphila kwabantu ngokuqondile.

Umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ulawula izimiso zemfundo, ubulungisa bobugebengu, umthetho womkhaya, amalungelo empahla, uhulumeni wendawo, nezinye izindawo ezingenakubalwa ezithinta okuhlangenwe nakho kwezakhamuzi kwansuku zonke. Zimisa imithetho kahulumeni nokhetho lwendawo, zichaza imibuso yezinhlangano zikahulumeni, futhi zivikela amalungelo abantu ngezindlela uMthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke ongazisebenzisi.

Uma abantu begxile ezindabeni zesizwe, kuthambekele ekubhekeni kumthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni noma kumthetho kahulumeni. Kodwa ukucabanga ngemithetho-mthetho kazwelonke njengokukhuluma kuphela ezindabeni zokukhathazeka kukahulumeni. Kudingeka sicabange ngemithetho-sisekelo yombuso ngisho nalapho sicabanga ngezindaba ezihlanga.

Imithetho - sisekelo YoMbuso EMhlelweni Kahulumeni

Ukuqonda imithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni kudinga ukwazisa indima yayo esimisweni sikahulumeni waseMelika obanzi. IUnited States isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sobukhosi obumbaxambili, lapho kokubili uhulumeni wezwe nohulumeni bezwe besebenzisa khona amandla obukhosi ezicini zabo.

Ukulwela Uhulumeni Nokuhlukahluka Komthetho - sisekelo

Isimiso sikahulumeni waseMelika sivumela ukuba kube nokuhlukahluka okukhulu phakathi kwezifundazwe endleleni ezihlela ngayo ohulumeni bazo futhi zivikele amalungelo azo. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kufeza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile. Kuvumela amazwe ukuba azame izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokubusa, avumele izimiso ukuba zivumelane nezimo zendawo kanye nezinto ezithandwayo, futhi anikeze izindawo eziningi zokuvikela amalungelo nemigomo yokuthuthukisa imithetho.

Umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni uhlukile ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kwemiphakathi yabo nomlando. Ziyahluka futhi ngokusekelwe emagunyeni kahulumeni wezwe, nendlela eziwasebenzisa ngayo lawomandla. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kubonisa isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi imiphakathi ehlukene ingaba nezindinganiso ezihlukile nezinto eziza kuqala, nokuthi indlela eyodwa elinganayo yokubusa ingaba engafaneleki kwisizwe esikhulu nehlukene.

UKhisimusi Onemicikilisho Nemingcele Yomthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba imibuso inegunya elikhulu lokubusa ngomthetho-sisekelo wayo, leligunya alilinganiselwe. Izinkantolo zoMbuso ziboshelwa umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, futhi zingaphansi, umthetho ophakeme omiswe nguMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma ilungiselelo lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wombuso lingqubuzana nomthetho-mthetho kahulumeni kahulumeni noma umthetho osemthethweni, umthetho kahulumeni uyanqoba.

Nokho, lokhu kulinganiselwa kusebenza njengesitezi kuphela, hhayi uphahla. Izwe alinakunikeza isivikelo esincane kunesidingo soMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, kodwa linganikeza okwengeziwe. Lokhu kuqonda kubalulekile ekuqondeni indima yemithetho-sisekelo yombuso ekuvikeleni amalungelo.

Umlando Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Umthetho - sisekelo woMbuso uye wavela ngokuphawulekayo emlandweni waseMelika, ubonakalisa ukushintsha kwezimo zezenhlalo, zezomnotho, nezezombangazwe.

Umthetho - sisekelo Kahulumeni Wakuqala

Eminingi yemibuso yokuqala engu-13 eyamukelwayo ngaphambi kokuba kubhalwe uMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni. Lemithetho-mthetho kazwelonke yathonya ukuhlelwa komthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni futhi yamisa izenzakalo ezibalulekile zokubusa komthetho-sisekelo. Bazama izakhiwo zikahulumeni ezihlukene, izindlela zokumelela, kanye nesivikelo samalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Intuthuko Yekhulu Le - 19

Njengoba amazwe amasha ayehlangana ne - Union phakathi nekhulu le - 19 leminyaka, amisa imithetho - sisekelo eyayibonisa kokubili ithonya lomthetho - sisekelo wezwe wangaphambili nezimo zawo eziyingqayizivele.

Ikhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye labona futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamalungiselelo amaningi omthetho - sisekelo alinganisela amandla kahulumeni kahulumeni ngenxa yokuxhashazwa okucatshangelwayo.

Izinguquko Zekhulu Lamashumi Amabili

Ikhulu lamashumi amabili laletha izinguquko eziphawulekayo ezizweni eziningi. Abashisekeli beNkathi Yokuzihlela basungula amalungiselelo entando yeningi eqondile, kuhlanganise nokuthatha isinyathelo kuqala, ukuthatha i-astendium, nokukhumbula. Izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi zaholela ekususweni kwezinhlelo zobandlululo kanye nokunezela isivikelo samalungelo amasha. Izinhlangano zendawo ezungezile zaphumela ekufakweni kwesivikelo sendawo ezungezile emithethweni eminingi yombuso.

Imiqondo Yesikhathi Esizayo

Ukuziphendukela komlando womthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ngokuvamile kubonisa izinguquko zezenhlalo nezomnotho. Izinqumo zomthetho-mthetho - sisekelo zihlanganisa ukulungisa izindaba ezisukela emshadweni wesidina kuya ekutholeni insangu ngokomthetho, ukuvikela indawo ezungezile namalungelo okuvota. Ukuzilungisa kalula kwemithetho-sisekelo yombuso kuvumela ukuba kuthathwe ngokushesha ekushintsheni ukuvumelana kwezenhlalo ezindabeni ezibalulekile.

Ukucwaninga Nokuqonda Umthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Wakho

Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuqonda umthetho-sisekelo wazo, kunemithombo eminingi. Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zikahulumeni zinikeza umnyango we-inthanethi ovumelana nomthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke, ngokuvamile zinezimemo ezibonisa indlela izinkantolo eziwachaze ngayo amalungiselelo ahlukahlukene. Izinhlelo zomthetho zinikeza ithuba lokuthola imiyalo yombuso yamanje neyomlando, kanye nokuhlaziya nomthetho wecala.

Ukuqonda umthetho-sisekelo wezwe lakho kungaba yigugu ngezizathu eziningana. Kukusiza ukuba uqonde amalungelo akho ngaphansi komthetho kazwelonke, okungenzeka abanzi kunamalungelo akho ombuso. Kuchaza indlela uhulumeni wezwe lakho ohlelwe ngayo nendlela esebenza ngayo. Kunikeza umongo wokuqonda izimpikiswano zezombangazwe zezwe nokukhetha kwezimiso. Futhi kukunika amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kombuso, kuhlanganise nokuvota ezicindezelweni zomthetho-mthetho.

Ikusasa Lomthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Imithetho - sisekelo yoMbuso izoqhubeka iguquka ngenxa yezimo ezishintshayo nezindinganiso.

Ukwandisa Isivikelo Samalungelo

Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States isiwagcina ibambelele kakhudlwana amalungelo ayo omthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni, cishe imithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni iyofeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu. izinkantolo zoMbuso zingase zichaze imithetho yazo engokomthetho ukuze inikeze isivikelo izinkantolo zikahulumeni eziyehluleka ukuqaphela, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengokufaneleka kwamalungelo ezindaba zangasese, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, namalungelo okuvota.

Ukusingatha Izinselele Ezintsha

Imithetho kahulumeni izodinga ukuxazulula izinselele ezintsha ezingakaze zicatshangelwe ngesikhathi zibhalwa. Lezi zingahlanganisa izimpikiswano eziphathelene nobuchwepheshe, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nokuvikela indawo, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, kanye nezinguquko zenani labantu.

Ukulinganisela Ukuqina Nokuvumelana Nesimo

Izwe lizoqhubeka lilwa nokuqina komthetho - sisekelo. Nakuba ukuguquka njalo kuvumela ukuba imithetho - sisekelo ihlale ibalulekile, kungalulaza futhi umqondo wokuthi umthetho - sisekelo uhlanganisa izimiso ezihlala njalo ezidlula imibuso yesikhashana yezombangazwe. Ukuthola ukulinganisela okulungile kuyoba inselele eqhubekayo.

Isiphetho: Indima Ebalulekile Yomthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Imithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ibalulekile ekubusweni kwaseMelika, kodwa ngokuvamile inikezwa ukunakekela okuncane kunalokho okukufanele. Le zincwadi zimisa isimo sikahulumeni wezwe, zivikela amalungelo ombuso, zinikeza uhlelo lokwenza imithetho nokubusa, futhi zinikeza izimpikiswano ezibaluleke kakhulu ezakhamuzini zikahulumeni ngamunye.

Imithetho - sisekelo yoMbuso iyisici esibaluleke kakhulu sikahulumeni waseMelika nowasendaweni ngoba imisa umthetho ophakeme wezwe, izithoba kuphela eMthethweni - sisekelo waseU.S. lapho kunegunya eliqondile likahulumeni ukuba uthathe isinyathelo. Yonke lemisebenzi ibaluleke kakhulu nganoma isiphi isikhathi, kodwa ibaluleke kakhulu esikhathini lapho izinselele zokulondolozwa kuyobhekana khona nabaholi bombuso wethu nohulumeni bendawo.

Ukuqonda imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ngokugcwele uhulumeni nomthetho waseMelika. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni umisa uhlelo lokubusa kwesizwe, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ibusa izimpikiswano eziningi ezithinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwabantu kwansuku zonke. Zisebenza njengezindawo zokuhlola idemokrasi, zivumela amazwe ahlukene ukuba azame izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokubusa nesivikelo samalungelo. Futhi anikeza izivikelo ezibalulekile zenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nokubusa kwentando yeningi.

Njengoba uhulumeni waseMelika uqhubeka uguqula, imithetho-sisekelo yombuso iyohlala isetshenziswa kakhulu ekubuseni namalungelo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikhuluma ngezindaba ezingokwesiko ezinjengohlelo lukahulumeni namalungelo omuntu ngamunye, noma kuvela izinselele ezinjengokuvikelwa kwendawo ezungezile noshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe, imithetho-mthetho yombuso izoqhubeka ilololonga ukuphila kwabantu baseMelika ngezindlela ezijulile. Izakhamuzi ezithatha isikhathi ukuqonda umthetho - sisekelo wezwe ziyoba nokuhlonyiselwa kangcono ukuba zihlanganyele ekubuseni kwentando yeningi futhi zivikele amalungelo nezithakazelo zazo.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngomthetho-mthetho nombuso, ungahlola imithombo yezemfundo ephuma ku- Conference yesizwe yomthetho-mthetho wezwe. Izinhlangano zesizwe ze-Academics, ezinikeza ukwaziswa okuningi ngohulumeni nomthetho-sisekelo wezwe. [ iSikhungo somthetho-Constitution [[FLT:] sinikeza imithombo yemithetho yezobuchwepheshe yezemfundo ngokomthetho. [FLT] Izinhlangano ze-ASAIT] Catgambia's School for Confestitualgational Convition [[FLT:]] yenza ukucwaninga okubalulekile ezimpikiswano-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, [FLT:] [FLD]]] [F:6]]