Ohulumeni bakhona ukuze banikeze izinhlelo, ukuhleleka, nezinkonzo kubantu abamelelwayo. E-United States, leligunya elibusayo lihlukaniswa phakathi kwezinga ezintathu ezihlukene: indawo, umbuso, nezwe. Izinga ngalinye linegunya lalo, imithwalo yemfanelo, nemithombo yezimali, kodwa zonke ezintathu zisebenza ndawonye ngaphansi kwesimiso esibizwa ngokuthi uhulumeni wokubusa isizwe. Ukuqonda la mandla kahulumeni akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo; isisekelo sezakhamuzi ezifundile. Ukwazi ukuthi isigaba siyini esiphatha imigwaqo, esiphatha izikole zomphakathi, futhi esiqondisa isivikelo sesizwe sinika abantu amandla okuzibandakanya ngokuphumelelayo nezikhulu zabo ezikhethiwe futhi sibabeke icala. Lesi sihloko sihlola izici eziyingqayizivele zikahulumeni ngamunye, ukuthi zisebenza kanjani, nokuthi kungani zifeza indima yazo engcono.

Isisekelo: Isimiso Samandla Ahlukene Phakathi

Ukuhlukaniswa kukahulumeni ube amazinga endawo, angombuso, nawombuso akunazimo ezizimele. Lusekelwe kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., oluhlela isimiso sikahulumeni esihlanganyela amandla phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe omkhulu nohulumeni bezwe. Isichibiyeli seshumi sigcina wonke amagunya angaphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe noma kubantu. Loluhlelo lwemithetho-mthetho luveza ukuvumelana okungokomuntu lapho isigaba ngasinye sinomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wezindawo ezithile kuyilapho sibambisana nabanye. Ohulumeni bendawo, ngokulandelana, badalwa futhi bazithoba egunyeni likahulumeni, kodwa ngokuvamile bagcina ukuzikhethela okubalulekile ekuqondiseni izindaba zomphakathi zosuku noma zomphakathi. Loluhlelo olunomthetho uqinisekisa ukuthi ubunye besizwe bulinganiselwe ngokuvumelana nokuvumelana nezimo, uvumela ukuba izimiso zokulungisa izindawo ezithile.

Uhulumeni Wendawo: Izimbangela Zokubusa

Ohulumeni bendawo basondelene kakhulu nabantu. Basebenza edolobheni, idolobhana, idolobhana, isifundazwe, nesifunda esikhethekile. Kukhona amaqembu kahulumeni asendaweni e-United States angaba ngu-90 000, kusukela kuma-pasterigcode amakhulu anjengeDolobha laseNew York kuya kumaphandle amancane. Ukusondelana kwabo nezakhamuzi kwenza ukuba babe izinga likahulumeni elibonakalayo kakhulu futhi elivamile. Uma isakhamuzi sicela izinkonzo eziphuthumayo, sithumela umntwana esikoleni somphakathi, noma siya ehholo ledolobha, baxhumana nohulumeni wendawo yaso.

Umtapo nezisekelo

Ohulumeni bendawo baletha izinkonzo eziningi ezidingekayo ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Le misebenzi inqunywa ngokuyinhloko umthetho kahulumeni, kodwa imithwalo yemfanelo evamile ihlanganisa:

  • Ukuphepha:[ iminyango yamaphoyisa, izinkonzo zomlilo, izinkonzo zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo, namajele endawo.
  • Imfundo ye-Public: Ukusebenzisa i-opera izikole ze K-12, ukuxhasa imitapo yezincwadi yomphakathi, nokuqondisa izinhlelo zemfundo zabadala.
  • Isakhiwo sokuthutha nohambo: Ukulondoloza imigwaqo yendawo, amabhuloho, imizila, izibani zomgwaqo, izimpawu zomgwaqo, nokulawula izimiso zomphakathi zokuthutha njengamabhasi nemizila ehamba ngaphansi komhlaba.
  • Izwe Usetshenziswa nokuzingela: Ukulawula ukusungulwa kwezindlu, imvume yokwakha kwezentengiselwano, imigqa yempahla, nokumisa imithetho yokwakha.
  • [ Indabuko neNkcubeko:[ Ukugcina amapaki, imidlalo, izikhungo zomphakathi, amadamu okubhukuda, nokuhlela imicimbi nemikhosi yendawo.
  • Ukushisa nokwehla, ukuqoqa udoti nokubuyisela, ukusebenza emitholampilo yomphakathi, ukuqinisekisa amanzi okuphuza ahlanzekile, nokulawula izimiso zendle.

Ohulumeni bendawo futhi banemikhandlu yemithetho, njengemikhandlu yedolobha, amakhomishane esifundazwe, noma amabhodi abaqondisi, adlulisela imithetho esebenza ngokulawula kwabo. Abaqondisi abanjengemeya noma abaphathi besifunda sesifunda baqondisa iziphathi. Amabhodi ezikole, ngokuvamile akhethwa ngokwahlukana, alawula isimiso semfundo nohlelo lokuhlela.

Ukukhokha Imali Nokulandisa

Ohulumeni bendawo bathola imali eningi ezintela zempahla, izintela zokuthengisa (lapho kuvunyelwa umbuso), intela yomsebenzisi yezinkonzo ezinjengezimpoqo noma ukuzijabulisa, kanye nokuthunyelwa kwezindawo zikahulumeni emithonjeni kahulumeni nohulumeni. Izintela zempahla ziwumthombo oyinhloko, okwenza ukubusa kwendawo kube nokuzwela okukhulu ezindinganisweni zezindawo. Ngenxa yokuthi izikhulu zendawo zikhethwa izakhamuzi, ukukhokhwa kwecala kuqinile: izakhamuzi zibona imiphumela eqondile yentela emigwaqweni yazo yasendaweni nasezikoleni zendawo. Lokhu kulawula kwendawo kuvumela imiphakathi ukuba izame izimiso ezintsha ."ezingasetshenziswa njengezindawo zomphakathi zokuthatha isinyathelo sokusebenza noma izindinganiso zesakhiwo eziluhlaza kamuva kungamukelwa kwenye indawo.

Uhulumeni WoMbuso: Umthwali Ophakathi Wegunya

Ohulumeni boMbuso baphethe ungqimba oluqinile phakathi kwamazinga endawo nawohulumeni. Ngamunye wamazwe angu-50 unomthetho-sisekelo wawo siqu, umbusi okhethiwe, isishaya-mthetho se-bimeral (ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska, enesimiso somthetho we-antaral), nesimiso senkantolo. Ohulumeni boMbuso banegunya eliyifa lemvelo lokuvikela impilo, ukulondeka, nenhlalakahle yezakhamuzi zabo. Lemibuso ibanzi futhi ivumela ukuba ilawule izindawo eziningi uhulumeni ophethe zona.

Indima Yomthetho - sisekelo Nokwenza Imithetho

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zimisa imithetho esebenza kulo lonke umbuso ezindabeni ezinjengobulungisa bobugebengu, umthetho womkhaya, umthetho wempahla, izivumelwano, nezimiso eziningi zebhizinisi. Imithetho-mthetho yoMbuso ivame ukunikeza isivikelo esengeziwe ngalé koMthetho-sisekelo we-U. njengamalungelo abanzi ezindaba zomuntu siqu noma zemfundo. Izwe futhi lifeza indima eyinhloko esimisweni sikahulumeni ngokuqondisa izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezinjenge-Medicaid, umshuwalense, nokuxhasa umsebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazwe anamandla okwakha nokususa ohulumeni bendawo, achaze imingcele, futhi aphathise igunya lokubala nomasipala.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Eyinhloko KaHulumeni

  • Imfundo:[ Ukubeka izindinganiso zohlelo, ukuxhasa amayunivesithi omphakathi namakolishi omphakathi, ukugunyaza othisha, nokunikeza usizo lwemfundo kahulumeni ezifundeni zendawo.
  • Ingxenye:[ Ukwakha nokulungisa imigwaqo kahulumeni, amazwe (ngokubambisana nohulumeni), amabhuloho, nezikhumulo zezindiza.
  • Public Safety and Corrections:[[FLT] Amaphoyisa kahulumeni asebenza noma ukugada kwemigwaqo emikhulu, ukuphatha amajele kahulumeni, futhi ukwengamela izimiso zokukhulula nokuqondisa.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuvikela nokusiza: Ukulungiselela iMedicaid, uhlelo lwezingane lwezempilo lwe-Minishuwalense (CHIP), usizo lokudla, nezinye izinkonzo zomphakathi.
  • Izinhlelo: Ukumisa izinqubo zokuvota, ukudweba izigodi zemithetho, ukuqinisekisa imiphumela yokukhetha, nokuqondisa umkhankaso wezimali.
  • [ Ibhizinisi neManejarional Licensting: ikhipha amalayisensi kadokotela, abameli, izakha-mhlaba, amanxusa ezindawo, kanye neminye imisebenzi.
  • [ Isivikelo sohlobo lwe-Environry: ukulawula imithetho yendawo ezungezile, ukulawula amapaki kahulumeni, nokuqondisa amanzi nomoya omile phakathi kwemingcele yawo.

Ohulumeni boMbuso futhi banegunya elikhulu lokukhokha izintela zemali, izintela zokuthengisa, izintela zezinhlangano, nentela ekhokhwayo ezintweni ezinjengophethiloli nogwayi.

Uhulumeni Ozimele: Igunya Lesizwe

Uhulumeni kahulumeni, osekelwe eWashington, D.C., unegunya ezindabeni ezithinta lonke izwe noma ezihilela ubuhlobo bomhlaba wonke. Imibuso yawo ibalalwe eMthethweni-sisekelo we-U.S. futhi iye yahunyushwa kabanzi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwe-Chwethery Clause ne-Edict and the Sed Clause. Uhulumeni uwukuphela kwesilinganiso namandla okumemezela impi, ukulondoloza amabutho ahlomile, ungene ezivumelwaneni, ulawule izifundazwe nezohwebo zangaphandle, imali, futhi umise isimiso seposi sezwe.

Amandla Omthetho - sisekelo

ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo sinikeza iSishaya-mthetho uhlu oluqondile lwemibuso, kuhlanganise nentela, ukuboleka imali, ukuqondisa ezohwebo, ukumisa imithetho yemvelo, nokunikeza i-Affordal Care Act ejwayelekile. ISichibiyelo se 16 savumela uhulumeni ukuba athathe intela eqhubekayo, enikeza iningi lemali ewungenisayo. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, igunya likahulumeni liye lakhula ukuba lihlanganise izindawo ezinjengelungelo lomphakathi, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, ukunakekelwa kwempilo (ngezinhlelo ezinjenge-Medicaras ne-Affordal Careal Act), kanye nokulondeka kwezenhlalo ngokunikeza izikhundla eziningi zemisebenzi ethinta ukuhweba okuhlangene.

Amagatsha Amathathu

Uhulumeni kahulumeni wakhiwe waba amagatsha amathathu alinganayo aklanyelwe ukuhlolana nokulinganisela:

  • Igatsha elinomthetho (Ikhonsathi): Ekhiwe iSigele (amalungu ayikhulu, amabili sifundazwe) neNdlu yabameleli (amalungu angu-435 ahlukaniswa inani labantu). ISishaya-mthetho, ivumela uhlelo lwemali, imemezela impi, futhi yengamele igatsha eliphethe.
  • Igatsha eliphetheyo (umholi): UMongameli uphoqelela imithetho, uyala impi, uqhuba inkambiso yangaphandle, futhi umisa amajaji kahulumeni namalungu ekhathemende. Umongameli futhi uphawula noma ufaka umthetho.
  • Igatsha le-Judicial (Inkantolo yeNkantolo ePhakeme nezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi): izinkantolo zeFederal zichaza imithetho, zinqume umthetho-sisekelo, futhi zixazulule izimpikiswano ezihilela umthetho kahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme iyinkantolo yamakhambi okugcina.

Izinhlelo Zokuxhumana Nenzuzo

Uhulumeni uphethe izinhlelo ezithinta wonke umuntu waseMelika ezweni lonke. Ukulondeka kwezenhlalaphansi kunikeza izinzuzo zomhlalaphansi nezikhubazeko; iMedicare ne-Medicaid ndawonye bafihla ukunakekelwa kwempilo kwasebekhulile, abakhubazekile, nabahlwithwayo; i-Department of Veterans Affairs ikhonza izikhulu zempi; i-Evironment Protection Agemental imisa izindinganiso zokungcola kwesizwe; futhi i-Federal Bureauniaunior of Investigation isingatha ubugebengu obukhulu nezinsongosi zokhuseleko zesizwe. Inzuzo yemali etholakala ngokuyinhloko enkokhiyeni yentela ngayinye (ngaphezu kuka-50%), ukukhokha intela yezenhlebo yezeNhlala - zenhlalo neMederala), intela yezezimali zezentengo yombuso, izimali ezingaphezu kwezimali eziyimali eziyimali eziyimali eziyimali ezimali ezimalini ezingaphezulu kakhulu ngonyaka, lezi zinkulu njengezokuvikela zesizwe, inzalo yesizwe, intela nezindawo zezwe nezohulumeni nendawo.

Indlela I - Intervement: I - Fiscal Federalism Ne - Intergovernment Relations

Nakuba izinga ngalinye likahulumeni linemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene, alivamile ukuthatha indawo ngokuzihlukanisa. Umqondo we-fiscal uhulumeni uchaza ukuthi amazinga aphakeme kangakanani okusetshenziswa kukahulumeni akhokhelwa futhi ashintshelwe ukuthonya izinqumo eziza kuqala zezinga eliphansi. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni unikeza izigidi zezigidi zamaRandi emalini ekhona ezindaweni ezisemgwaqweni omkhulu, kodwa udinga ukuba amazwe athole izindinganiso ezithile zokuphepha (njengenkathi yokuphuza encane kakhulu) ukuze athole imali. Ngokufanayo, amazwe anikeza usizo lwezezikole, imigwaqo, kanye nezinkonzo zezenhlalo, ngokuvamile ahlanganisa izimo ohulumeni bendawo okumelwe bahlangabezane nazo.

Lobu buhlobo obuphakathi kohulumeni budala kokubili ukubambisana nokushukuma. Kwesinye isandla, buvumela izindinganiso ezifanayo zesizwe ezindaweni ezinjengendawo ehlanzekile noma amalungelo omphakathi lapho kugcinwa ukuphatha kwendawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungaholela ekubekeni iziyalo ezingagunyaziwe, lapho uhulumeni kahulumeni noma uhulumeni ubeka khona izimfuneko ngaphandle kokunikeza imali egcwele. Umqedazwe we-COVOVID-19 wakubonisa ngokucacile lokhu kuhlangana: uhulumeni wanikeza izimali eziphuthumayo nokwebiwa komjovo; izikhuthulo, ukuhlola, nemikhankankanyo yokugoma; ohulumeni bendawo bafaka iziqondiso zempilo yomphakathi futhi bakhipha imvume yomphakathi.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Esigabeni

Nakuba amazinga amathathu ehlanganyela umgomo wokukhonza umphakathi, umehluko wawo uyisisekelo:

  • Uphawu lweGunya: ohulumeni bendawo bakhuluma ngezindaba zomphakathi nomphakathi; ohulumeni bombuso basingatha izindaba zesifunda esiphakathi kwemingcele yabo; uhulumeni wezwe usebenzelana nezindaba zezwe nezomhlaba wonke.
  • Isisekelo somthetho we-Constitugal: Ohulumeni bendawo badala umthetho kazwelonke; ohulumeni bezwe balawula ngezikhathi ezithile ngemithetho-mthetho yabo; uhulumeni wezwe uthola amandla awo kumthetho-sisekelo we-U.S.
  • [ Umthombo we-Revenue:[ Indawo ethembeleni ezintela zempahla nenkokhelo; ukusetshenziswa kwentela yeholo, intela yokuthengisa, nezinye intela; ukulawulwa kukahulumeni kwentela ekhokhelwayo eqhubekayo kanye nentela ebhaliswayo.
  • Uhlobo lwe-Service: Indawo igxila ezinkonzweni zokuphila zansuku zonke (ipolisa, izikole, amapaki); isifunda ngezimiso ezibanzi, impilo, nokuphathwa kwemfundo; uhulumeni ekulondekeni kwesizwe, umshuwalense wezenhlalo, kanye nokuzinziswa kwezomnotho.
  • Ukukhokha-mali:[ Izikhulu zendawo zitholakala ngokuqondile kubavoti; izikhulu zikahulumeni zinamandla abanzi kodwa zisatholakala ngokuqhathaniswa; izikhulu zikahulumeni zikude ngokwezwe kodwa zimelela ama-contitue.

Okwenza Ukuqonda Uhulumeni Kubaluleke

Kubafundi nakuzakhamuzi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda lesimiso esinemiphetho kubalulekile ukuze ungenele ngokuphumelelayo ekuhlanganyeleni komphakathi. Uma imbobo idinga ukugcwaliswa, umkhakha onomthwalo wemfanelo ngokuvamile uhulumeni wendawo. Uma ufuna ukushintsha izimfuneko zelayisense yomshayeli, uhlanganisa isishaya-mthetho sakho. Lapho usekela inguquko yezempilo yesizwe, izilaleli zakho yi-Public Congress. Ukungaqondi kahle lokhu kungaziholela ekukhungathekeni noma ekusebenzeni kabi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphakathi ofundile ungahlola kangcono iziphakamiso zesimiso: ukwazi ukuthi imfundo ngokuyinhloko iyindawo engokwemfundo nemisebenzi yendawo ichaza ukuthi kungani umthetho wezempilo wezwe uhluka kakhulu; ukuqonda ukuthi imingcele yendawo ezungezile ichaza ukuthi kungani izindinganiso zikahulumeni zokungcola zingahluka ezindinganisweni zikahulumeni ngokwezimiso zikahulumeni.

Lolwazi lubuye lukhuthaze ukwazisa ngamandla ombuso. Kuvumela ukuba kwenziwe ukuhlola − lokho uSahluleli wezombangazwe uLouis Brandeis abizwa ngokuthi "imisebenzi yokuphatha idemokrasi". Izwe lingazama izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokunakekela impilo, intela, noma ukwahlulela kobugebengu, nezithombe eziphumelelayo. Ohulumeni bendawo bangathuthukisa amaphoyisa omphakathi noma ukuthuthukisa okungaguquguquki. Uhulumeni unikeza isivikelo futhi uqinisekisa amalungelo ayisisekelo ezweni lonke. Ukudlala phakathi kwamazinga kudala isimiso esinamandla sokubusa, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi siphazamisa, kuvumelana futhi kusabela ezidingweni ezihlukahlukene zesizwe esikhulu nesahlukahluka.

Isiphetho

Ukwahlulwa kombuso phakathi kohulumeni bendawo, uhulumeni, nohulumeni kuyisisekelo sokubusa kwaseMelika. Izinga ngalinye linemithwalo yemfanelo ekhethekile ehambisana nobubanzi balo: ohulumeni bendawo baphatha izidingo ezisheshayo zemiphakathi, ohulumeni baqondisa izimiso zezifunda futhi baqondise izinhlelo ezibalulekile, futhi uhulumeni uphethe ukulondeka kwesizwe, uhulumeni, uhulumeni, nenkululeko eyisisekelo. Ukuqonda lezizindima ezihlukene zenzakele futhi basebenzisane kanjani imibuso yombuso futhi bahlangane ngegunya elingumunye ukuze babe izakhamuzi eziphumelelayo, abameleli, abasekeli, nabaholi. Njengoba isizwe siqhubeka sibhekana nezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi zezentengo zezeko zezempilo yomphakathi, ikhono lokuhamba nokuhlanganyela ngawo wonke amazinga amathathu kahulumeni kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.