Isivumelwano Sezenhlalo Njengesisekelo Sezombangazwe

Isivumelwano sezenhlalo singenye yemibono ehlala njalo nenethonya kakhulu emcabangweni wezombangazwe zaseNtshonalanga.

Ukuqonda isivumelwano sezenhlalo akuyona nje indlela yemfundo. Umqondo owenziwe ngezakhamuzi uhlela indlela ezicabanga ngayo ngamalungelo azo, indlela ohulumeni abawathethelela ngayo izenzo zazo, nendlela imiphakathi exoxa ngayo ngemingcele yenkululeko nokulondeka. Kusukela kumthetho sisekelo kuya kukulindela kwansuku zonke ngokulunga, isivumelwano sezenhlalo sinikeza ilens ukuze sihlole izivumelwano ezigcina imiphakathi yanamuhla ihlangene. Izindawo ezilandelayo zihlola izimpande ezingokomlando zalomqondo, izisekelo zayo ezicatshangelwayo, ithonya layo ekubusweni, izivumelwano ezibekwe ngokumelene nawo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo okuqhubekayo ezweni elishintsha ngokushesha.

Umsuka Ohlakaniphile Wesivumelwano Sezenhlalo

Inkolelo - mbono yezenhlalo yavela phakathi neNqanda, inkathi eqala cishe maphakathi nekhulu le - 17 kuya ekupheleni kwekhulu le - 18, lapho ongqondo baseYurophu baqala ukubekela inselele imithombo engokwesiko yegunya enjengegunya lobukhosi, imfundiso engokwenkolo, nelungelo lefa. Ifilosofi yokukhanyiselwa yagcizelela ukucabanga, amalungelo, kanye nentuthuko yomuntu ngamunye. Kulesimo sokuhlakanipha, isivumelwano sezenhlalo sanikeza indlela yokuthola igunya lezwe elingokwezombangazwe ngokuvuma kwababuswayo kunokuba kuvunyelwe amandla aphezulu noma aphezulu.

Izazi zefilosofi ezintathu zivelele njengabaklami abayinhloko benkolelo yesivumelwano sezenhlalo: uThomas Hobbes, uJohn Locke, noJean-Jacques Rousseau. Ngamunye wanikeza umbono ohlukile wesimo somuntu, isimo semvelo, kanye nemininingwane yesivumelwano, futhi ngamunye wafinyelela iziphetho ezihlukene ngohlobo olufanele lukahulumeni.

UThomas Uyavuma Nesidingo Sobukhosi Obuphelele

Thomas Hobbes wanyathelisa uLeviathan ngo-1651, incwadi eyabhalwa ngokubheka phambili kweMpi Yombango yaseNgilandi. UHobbes waqala ngokungaqondi okufiphele okungokwemvelo kubantu. Esimweni semvelo, ngaphambi kokuba kube khona uhulumeni, waphikisa ngokuthi ukuphila kwakuyimpi engenakuqhathaniswa. Ngaphandle kwamandla afanayo okugcina wonke umuntu ebambe ihloni, abantu babephila ngokwesaba okungapheli ukufa okunobudlova. Ukuphila okukulesimo kwakungumbono wakhe odumile, "owedwa, ompofu, oyisifi, oyisifife, ofifi, nomfushane"

KuHobbes, isivumelwano somphakathi sasiwukuphela kwendlela yokubalekela lesi simo esidabukisayo. Abantu ngabanye, beshukunyiswa ukwesaba ukufa nesifiso sokuzibusa, bavuma ukunikezela inkululeko yabo engokwemvelo egunyeni lobukhosi obuphezulu. Lombusi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umbusi oyedwa noma umbuthano, wayeyoba namandla aphelele okuphoqelela imithetho futhi alondoloze ukuthula. Izihloko zazinalawomalungelo umbusi akhetha ukuwashiya. Isivumelwano sikaHobbes ngokuyinhloko sasiyintengo: ukulalela ukuze kuvikelwe. Uma nje isivumelwano senziwe, sasicishe singaguquki, ngoba noma imuphi umzamo wokugumbuqela umbusi wawungabuyela esimweni semvelo.

UJohn Locke Nokuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Emvelo

John Locke wanikeza enye indlela engcono kakhulu yokulindela okuhle [I-Profect of Government , eyakhishwa ngo-1689. Locke waphikisa ngokuthi isimo semvelo, nakuba kunzima, sasingesona isimo sempi. Abantu bemvelo babenamalungelo angokwemvelo ekuphileni, inkululeko, nempahla. Lamalungelo ayezakhelwe, futhi babenganikezwanga yinoma yimuphi uhulumeni, futhi babebeka izibopho zokuziphatha kwabanye ukuba bangawephuli.

Nokho, isimo semvelo sasintula izinto ezintathu: umthetho omisiwe, umahluleli ongathathi hlangothi wokuxazulula izingxabano, namandla okuphoqelela izahlulelo. Ngakho - ke abantu bavuma ukwakha umphakathi futhi bamise uhulumeni ukuze bavikele amalungelo abo angokwemvelo ngokuphumelelayo. Ngobunono, u-Locke waphikisa ukuthi ukufaneleka kukahulumeni kuxhomeke ekuvumeni kwababuswayo. Uma uhulumeni wephula amalungelo emvelo ezakhamuzini zawo, waphula isivumelwano sezenhlalo, futhi abantu babenelungelo lokumelana nokuwagumbuqela. Imibono ka-Lockey yayiyithonya kakhulu i-American Declaratic of Independence kanye ne-U.S. Umthetho-Constitution, ufaka izimiso zemvume, uhulumeni olinganiselwe, kanye nokuguqukela ezisekelweni ezisekelwenisweni zesimiso sentando yezwe yanamuhla.

UJean-Jacques Rousseau NoJenene Wentando

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, ebhala phakathi nekhulu le-18 leminyaka, wanikeza ukuchazwa kabusha kwesivumelwano sezenhlalo. i-Social Contract [1762], waphikisa ngokuthi ongqondongqondo bakuqala babengakuqondanga kahle ukuma kwenkululeko yeqiniso. KuRousseau, inkinga yayingekona ukuvikela amalungelo abantu kodwa ukuhlanganisa inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye negunya lomphakathi.

Rousseau wasungula umbono wentando yentando , awuhlukanisa nentando yabo bonke. Ujenene uyomelela okuhle okuvamile emphakathini njengomphakathi wonke, hhayi ingqikithi yezinto ezizithakazelelayo. Ngokuhlanganyela ekwakhekeni kwentando kawonke, umuntu ngamunye waba yingxenye yendikimba ehlangene eyasebenza ngokukhathalela bonke. Ukulalela uwonke wonke akuyikuzithoba egunyeni langaphandle kodwa ukulalela komuntu siqu njengesakhamuzi. Umbono kaRousseau wawuyintando yentando yeningi, kodwa futhi waphakamisa imibuzo ekhathazayo ngokuphathelene nokwenzeka komphakathi wonke ukuba ulahle isithakazelo sakhe. Imibono ephefumlelweyo, kokubili ukuthobela izingozi zomphakathi, futhi kamuva, abaxwayise izingozi zokuzigobeka isisekelo.

Isisekelo Esiwungqimba Somphakathi

Ngaphandle kwezimpikiswano eziqondile zezazi zefilosofi ngayinye, isivumelwano sezenhlalo sisekelwe ezimisweni eziningana eziyisisekelo eziqhubeka zinikeza inkolelo - mbono yezombangazwe.

Ukuvunyelwa Njengesisekelo Sokungagunyazi

Isimiso esiyisisekelo siwukuthi igunya elingokomthetho lezombangazwe lithathwa emvumeni yababuswayo. Lomqondo ubekela inselele noma yimuphi umbono wokuthi ubusa ngokusekelwe esikweni, emaphoyiseni, noma ekumisweni kwaphezulu. I-confrect ingaba [ explinikit[[, njengalapho izakhamuzi zivota okhethweni noma zifunga ukuthi zifuna ukuba nesizwe, noma i-acit[[, njengalapho abantu bezuza ezivikelweni zesimiso somthetho futhi bethiwamukela imibandela yaso. Umqondo wokuvuma unikeza izinga lokuziphatha ezinqunywe ngokwentando yentando yeningi futhi unikeza indinganiso emelene nohulumeni.

Amalungelo Emvelo Nesivikelo Sawo

Isivumelwano somphakathi sithatha ukuthi abantu banamalungelo athile ngenxa nje yokuba abantu. Lamalungelo akhona ngaphambi nangaphandle kukahulumeni. Injongo yesivumelwano somphakathi akukona ukudala amalungelo kodwa ukuwavikela ngokuphumelelayo. Ohulumeni abahlulekayo ukuvikela lamalungelo, noma abawephula ngokuqhubekayo, balahlekelwa igunya labo lokuziphatha. Lesisekelo siyisisekelo sokukhuluma ngamalungelo abantu futhi sinikeza isisekelo sefilosofi sesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo.

Isibopho Nomsebenzi Wokulalela

Uma abantu bevuma isivumelwano sezenhlalo, banezibopho. Izakhamuzi zinesibopho sokulalela umthetho, ukukhokha izintela, ukukhokha izintela, nokusiza enkantolo ehlonishweni. Nokho, lezi zibopho azizona eziphelele. Izivumelwano eziningi zezenhlalo ziyaqaphela ukuthi imithetho ephula amalungelo ayisisekelo noma edlula igunya elingokomthetho ingase ingabi nabulungisa futhi ingabopha unembeza. Umbuzo lapho ukungalaleli komphakathi kufanelekile uhlala uyimpikiswano ekhona kuyifilosofi yezombangazwe, futhi isivumelwano sezenhlalo sinikeza isisekelo sokucabanga ngakho.

Isivumelwano Sezenhlalo Nokumiswa KoMbuso

Isivumelwano sezenhlalo sinikeza ukuthethelela umbuso ngokwawo. Ngaphandle kombuso, abantu bebengaphoqelela amalungelo abo siqu, kuholele ezimpini nasekuntengantengisweni. Ngokuvumelana negunya elifanayo, abantu bakha uhlelo lokuhlalisana ngokuthula. Ngokwalokhu, isifundazwe asisona into engokwemvelo kodwa isakhiwo esingokwemvelo esidalwa isivumelwano somuntu. Lokhu kuqonda kunemiphumela enamandla. Kusikisela ukuthi isimo sikhona ukuze sikhonze abantu, hhayi enye indlela ezungezile. Kusho futhi ukuthi amandla ombuso alinganiselwe ngokwemithetho yesivumelwano, ngisho noma lawomagama engabhalwanga phansi.

Ukwakhiwa kwezwe kuhilela isivumelwano esiphindiwe kwezinye izici zenkolelo-lwazi. Okokuqala, abantu bayavuma ukwakha umphakathi, ukwakha indikimba ehlangene. Okwesibili, lendikimba iyavuma ukumisa uhulumeni onamagunya athile. Lomehluko uvumela abaqondisi ukuba bahlukanise isibopho sezombangazwe nesimo sikahulumeni. Umphakathi ungashintsha uhulumeni wawo ngaphandle kokususa isivumelwano sezenhlalo.

Ithonya Ebuthweni Lanamuhla

Nakuba bembalwa ohulumeni abawukhuthaza ngokuqondile lo mbono, izimiso zawo zisemikhakheni yezomthetho - sisekelo, ezimisweni zomthetho, nasemikhubeni yentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke.

Intando Yeningi Yomthetho - sisekelo Nohulumeni Olinganiselwe

Idemokrasi yomthetho-sisekelo ifaka umqondo wokuthi amandla kahulumeni alinganiselwe ngomthetho nangamalungelo ezakhamuzi. Imithetho-sisekelo elotshiwe ivame ukuqala ngesandulela esiphinda ulimi lwesivumelwano sezenhlalo, ichaza abantu njengomthombo wegunya. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., uqala nge "Thina bantu," ukubhekisela okuqondile ekuvumeni okuhlangene okumisa lonke imvume. ISivumelo samalungelo siyaqhubeka sivikela amalungelo angokwemvelo ngokumelene nomthetho oweqashwayo, ubonise ithonya likaLocke.

Ukubusa Komthetho

Isivumelwano sezenhlalo sisikisela ukuthi ababusi abawudluli umthetho. Ukubusa kukahulumeni kudinga ukuba izikhulu zikahulumeni zenze ngokuvumelana nezinqubo ezimisiwe zomthetho futhi zonke izakhamuzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingaphansi kwezindinganiso ezifanayo ezingokomthetho. Lesi simiso sivimbela ukubusa kobumpoqo futhi sinikeza ukubikezela nokulunga.

Ukumelelwa Nokulandisa

Emiphakathini emikhulu yanamuhla, ukuthatha isinyathelo esiqondile kuzo zonke izinqumo akunakwenzeka. Isivumelwano sezenhlalo siboniswa ngohulumeni omelele, lapho izakhamuzi zikhetha izikhulu ukuba zithathe isinyathelo. Izikhulu zinikeza indlela yokuvuma okuqhubekayo, futhi ukulandisa kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka esabela esivumelwaneni sabantu. Ukhetho lwasikhathi sonke, ukwenza izinqumo ezibonisayo, nenkululeko yezindaba zizinhlangano ezinikeza incazelo esebenzayo esivumelwaneni sezenhlalo.

Izinkolelo - ze Zezenhlalo

Naphezu kwethonya laso, inkolelo - mbono yezenhlalo iye yagxekwa ngokuqhubekayo.

Ukuqubuka Kwabesifazane Nokuqothulwa Kwabesifazane

Izazi zefilosofi zabesifazane njengoCarole Pateman ziye zaphikisa ngokuthi isivumelwano somphakathi ngokomlando siye saba isivumelwano sobungqingili . Izazi zesayensi yabesifazane, uPateman ziphikisana, zikhipha abesifazane esigabeni sezisebenzi ezigcwele. Abesifazane babebhekwa njengabangaphansi kwamadoda futhi bencishwa amalungelo alinganayo ezombangazwe. Isivumelwano sezenhlalo, kulombono, sasiyisivumelwano phakathi kwamadoda okubusa abesifazane. Inkolelo yanamuhla yabesifazane inxusa ukuba baphinde bacabange ngesivumelwano ukuze bahlanganise bonke abantu.

Uhlanga Nezici Zomphakathi

Abanye abagxeki baveza ukuthi inkolelo-mbono yezenhlalo ngokuvamile iye yathatha umphakathi wabesilisa abamhlophe, abazifunela impahla. Umlando wobugqila, amakoloni, nobandlululo lobuhlanga ubonisa ukuthi abantu abaningi babengathathwa njengabahlanganyeli kuleyo sivumelwano. UCharles W. Mills, encwadini yakhe iContract , uphikisa ngokuthi isivumelwano sezenhlalo siqondwa kangcono njengesivumelwano sobuhlanga esimisa futhi silondoloze ukuphakama. Ucela isivumelwano esibukeziwe esivuma ukungalungisi komthetho kwangesidlulile futhi sivumelana nokulingana kwangempela.

Inkinga Yokuzimisela

Abanye abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi isivumelwano sezenhlalo siyinto engekho ngqiqweni futhi ecatshangelwayo. Awukho umphakathi ongokomlando owake wakhiwa ngesivumelwano esiqotho esiphakathi kwabantu abakhululekile nabalinganayo. Imiphakathi yangempela idalwa ngokunqoba, ukufuduka, ifa, nengozi engokomlando. Umqondo wesivumelwano sezenhlalo ungafihla indima yegunya, ukuphoqelela, nokungalingani ezinhlanganweni zezombangazwe ezifuze izombangazwe. Ifaka engozini ukuveza uhlobo olunezentethene lwezombangazwe olunganakwayo olungawanaki amaqiniso abhubhisayo empi nombuso.

Ukuhlenga Kwenhlangano Yezenhlalo

Naphezu kwalezi zimo ezihlukene, isivumelwano sezenhlalo siseyithuluzi elinamandla lokucabanga ngezindaba zezombangazwe nezenhlalo.

Amalungelo Omphakathi Nezinhlangano Zokwahlulela

Kusukela e-Civil Rights Movement eUnited States ukulwela ukulingana kwabesilisa nabesifazane kanye namalungelo e-LGBTQ+, abashisekeli baye banxusa isivumelwano sezenhlalo ukuba baphikise ukuthi umbuso uhlulekile ukuvikela amalungelo azo zonke izakhamuzi. Isidingo sesivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho siyisidingo sokuba isivumelwano sezenhlalo sihlonishwe wonke umuntu, hhayi nje abambalwa abanelungelo. Isivumelwano sezenhlalo sivumela abashisekeli ukuba bakhomba isithembiso esiphukile futhi sicele ukuba sigcwaliseke.

Ukubusa Kwendawo Ezungezile Nomthwalo Wemfanelo Wendawo Yonke

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuletha inselele eyingqayizivele empilweni yezenhlalo. Izinkinga zendawo ezungezile zinqamula imingcele yezwe futhi zithinta izizukulwane ezingevunyelwe ukuvumelana nezimiso zamanje. Abanye abaqondisi bezindaba baphikisa isivumelwano esibanzi somphakathi esihlanganisa abantu besikhathi esizayo nemvelo. Izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke njenge-Parsa Syncial zimelela imizamo yokwakha isivumelwano sembulunga yonke sezenzo zenhlangano yezenguquko. Inselele isekuthuthukiseni izithakazelo zezwe lonke kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo ofanayo.

Ukubambisana Kwembulunga Yonke Nomthetho Wezizwe Zonke

Isivumelwano sezenhlalo siye sanwetshwa futhi ngokwezinga lomhlaba wonke. Izingqondo ezinjengoImmanuel Kant zaphikisa ukusungulwa kwezizwe ezazizomisa ukuthula okuhlala njalo. Izinhlangano zanamuhla zomhlaba wonke njengeZizwe Ezihlangene, iNhlangano Yezwe, ne-International Criminal Court zibonisa ukuqaphela okwandayo ukuthi izinkinga zembulunga yonke zidinga izixazululo ezihlangene. Umqondo wesivumelwano sembulunga yonke usalokhu uphikiswana, kodwa unikeza uhlelo lokucabanga ngamalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yezwe nabantu ngabanye emhlabeni wonke.

Isivumelwano Sezenhlalo Enkathini Yezinombolo

Ukwanda kobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana nezokuxhumana kuye kwaveza imibuzo emisha ngesivumelwano sezezobuchwepheshe. Izinkampani zezobuchwepheshe ezinjenge Facebook, i-Google, ne-Twitter ziye zasungula imiphakathi engokoqobo ngemithetho yayo, izintambo zenkonzo, nezakhiwo zokubusa. Abasebenzisi bavuma la magama, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokufunda, ukuze bathole izinkonzo. Lokhu kudala uhlobo lwesivumelwano somphakathi.

Nokho, isivumelwano sobuchwepheshe siphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu. Imfihlo iyaphela, imininingwane iyaqoqwa futhi ithotshiswe, futhi imithetho ilololonga lokho abasebenzisi abakubonayo nabakukholelwayo. Amandla ezinkampani zobuchwepheshe alingana nalokho kohulumeni abaningi abakubonayo, kodwa ababoshelwa ngokwentando yedemokrasi. Izazi nezishisekeli zibiza isivumelwano esisha somphakathi senkathi yezokuxhumana okungavikela amalungelo abantu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba sobala, futhi kubambe iziteji ezinamandla. Inkulumo ithinta izindaba zenkululeko yokukhuluma, ukuqashwa, ukuqapha, kanye nesithakazelo somphakathi.

Isiphetho

Isivumelwano sezenhlalo asiyona incwadi engokomlando noma inkolelo yefilosofi eyodwa. Siwumqondo ovumelanayo nohlala njalo oqhubeka uguquka. Kusukela ku Hobbes noLocke kuya ezimpikiswaneni zamanje ngokuphathelene namalungelo amanani nokubusa kwembulunga yonke, isivumelwano somphakathi sinikeza uhlelo lokuqonda izivumelwano ezenza ukuphila kube nokwenzeka. Sisikhumbuza ukuthi igunya lezombangazwe lisekelwe evumeni, ukuthi abantu banelungelo ohulumeni okumelwe balihloniphe, futhi ukuthi izakhamuzi zinezibopho ezise emiphakathini eziyingxenye yayo.

Enkathini yokuwohloka kwezombangazwe, inhlekelele yendawo ezungezile, kanye noshintsho olusheshayo kwezobuchwepheshe, isivumelwano sezenhlalo sinikeza indlela yokucabanga ngalokho esikukweleta omunye nomunye nalokho esingakulindela ezinhlanganweni zethu. Ingxoxo isekude kakhulu. isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sichaze futhi sivuselele isivumelwano sezenhlalo ngesikhathi saso siqu, siqinisekisa ukuthi izivumelwano esizenzayo zilungile, ziphelele, futhi zifanelwe yisivumelwano sethu.

Ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, hlola i-Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ungeno ku uqualist [[FLT:]], i-Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy yengxoxo ye- inkolelo-mbono yezenhlalo[[, kanye noCharles W. Mills Ù isebenza [[ i-Contract[ yemibono egxekayo ye-roname.