Umklamo Wamandla E - cvic: Uhulumeni Njengendawo Yokubusa

Isenzo ngasinye sokuzitika, kusukela ekuthatheni izicelo zendawo kuya ekuhambeleni kwesizwe enhloko - dolobha, senzeka phakathi kwesimiso esithile sikahulumeni. Leso simiso, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyayekelela noma siyasibekela, sihlela amasu akhona abashisekeli, amalungelo abawafunayo, kanye nethonya eliyinhloko abangawathola. Ukuqonda okujulile, okusebenzayo kwalendlela yokwakha akuyona into ephambili engokwemfundo; kuyimfuneko yokushintsha kwezenhlalo okuphumelelayo, okungaguquguquki. Ngaphandle kwayo, abashisekeli basebenza enkungunkungu eqinile, njalo bemangaliswa yimingcele engokomthetho noma imithetho enqandayo. Ngayo, bangahamba ngezimiso ezingokomthetho, balindele izinselele, futhi basebenzise amathuba okuzihambela phambili.

Ohulumeni banegunya elingokomthetho. Bashaya imithetho evikela noma ejezisayo, balawula izimali eziqoqwayo noma izinhlelo zezenhlalo ezihlaziywe, futhi bamisa imithetho yokuhlanganyela enqubweni yezombangazwe. Inselele eyinhloko yabashisekeli ifunda ukusebenzelana nalamandla amakhulu ngokuphumelelayo. Lokhu kudinga ukuqonda okuphelele ngendlela uhulumeni wakho othile esebenza ngayo, lapho amaphuzu acindezelayo ekhona, futhi yimaphi amathuluzi angokomthetho onawo okuthuthukisa injongo yakho.

Indima Eyisisekelo Kahulumeni Ekungcoliseni Umphakathi Wabantu

Ukubusa Komthetho Nesivumelwano Sezenhlalo

Phakathi nendawo, uhulumeni uyisimiso samandla amisiwe. Umthetho oqinile unikeza imingcele eqinisekile yokubhikisha, ukuhlangana, nokukhuluma. Uyazi ukuthi yini evunyelweyo nengavunyelwe. Lokhu kubikezela kuvumela ukuhlela kwemikhankaso emikhulu, ukuqoqa, nesakhiwo esihlangene. Ngokungafani, ezimisweni lapho umthetho ubuthakathaka noma usebenza ngokukhetha, ukwenza izenzo ezingcono.

Umqondo wesivumelwano sezenhlalo [ ], umqondo wokuthi izakhamuzi zivuma ukubuswa ukuze zivikeleke futhi zihleleke ngokulinganayo. Umthetho usebenza ngendlela yokubuyisela leso sivumelwano. Uma uhulumeni ehluleka ukusekela ukuphela kwayo i-projekthi (umz., ngokuhluleka ukuqinisekisa amanzi ahlanzekile, imfundo elinganayo, noma inkululeko ebudloveni bamaphoyisa), izakhamuzi zisebenzisa i-advoccotacy ukuze zifune ukuhlalisana kabusha. Ukuqonda le mini yophahla eshukumisayo akusebenzi njengesenzisigubhuli sokuhleleka kokuhleleka, kodwa njengemisebenzi esemthethweni nedingekile yomphakathi ophilileyo.

Isimiso Esimangalisayo Sikahulumeni

Uhlobo oluqondile lukahulumeni osebenza ngaphansi kwalo lunquma yonke indawo yomsebenzi wakho.

  • Imithetho ye-Constialional Democracy: Lezi zimiso, njenge-United States, iJalimane, noma iNdiya, ziveza amalungelo ahlangeneyo, amalungelo azimeleyo, nokhetho oluvamile. Amathuluzi ayinhloko abashisekeli bezimo ezingokwenkolo lapha [ i-lobitan [, [[FLT:]]] imikhankani yemibono yasobala, [[, ukwahlulela [[FLT] okusemthethweni], [[FLT], [[FLT]], [ivoct:] ne[FLT] insectrigation tratiography].
  • [[FLT: 0] Izimiso zobuzwe ne-Autocratic: Emazweni anjengeChina, Russia, noma i-North Korea, amandla agxilwe kumbusi oyedwa noma eqenjini. Amalungelo omthetho akhona ephepheni kodwa acinezelwe ngonya. I-Actificim lapha kumelwe igxile kukucindezela [ kwezwe] , [[FLT:]], [[FLT:]] ukuzivikela okungamele abantu ngabanye , futhi [[FLT:]] impi [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [i] [i Foct:7]] ukudlulisa isimo sombuso. Ingozi enkulu, futhi ivame ukusinda, nokungashintsha isimiso esincane se-'inqulumbi.
  • I-Hybrid noma 'Illibaracracy':[ Izizwe ezinjenge-Hungary noma iTurkey zilondoloza uhlobo lwentando yeningi (imishini, amapalamende) kodwa ziye zavala izinto (izinkantolo ezizimele, izingcingo zomphakathi ezikhululekile). I-Activivism kulezindawo umdlalo wekati-mfuduko. Uhulumeni usebenzisa amathuluzi angokomthetho ekushushiseni kwezombangazwe. Umsebenzi obalulekile udinga incazelo engokomthetho enkulu ukugwema i-NGOs kanye nokuncintiswano-mfuno zikahulumeni.

Isinyathelo sokuqala kunoma yimuphi umkhankaso wokuqasha kumelwe kube ukuhlaziya okuhluzekile kwendawo ezungezile kahulumeni. Liyini izinga lenkululeko yangempela, hhayi elicatshangelwayo, okumelwe usebenze ngalo? Ziyini izilinganiso ezingokomthetho eziqondile? Ubani ophethe amandla angempela kulesi simiso?

Ithuluzi Lasemthethweni: Amalungelo Omthetho Abasekeli Bemithetho Nabameleli

Emiphakathini enezimiso zomthetho ezisebenzayo, iqoqo eliqondile lamalungelo ayisisekelo lakha isisekelo sawo wonke umsebenzi wobushisekeli.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Neyokubonakaliswa

Lesi isikhali esiyinhloko somshisekeli wempi. Ayivikeli nje amagama akhulunywayo, kodwa izinto ezibhaliwe, amazwi obuciko, izenzo ezingokomfanekiso (njengokushiswa kwefulege noma ukuguqa phakathi nengoma), futhi ngisho neminikelo yezizathu zezombangazwe. E-United States, iSichibiyelo sokuqala sinikeza isivikelo esibanzi, nesilinganiso esincane sokususa ubudlova, ukuhlanjalazwa, ukuhlanjalazwa, ukuhlanjalazwa, nokulwa kwamagama. Ngokungafani nefulempi, isivikelo sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ngokuvamile sisebenza empahleni yomphakathi [[, njengemizila, amapaki, nezindawo zomphakathi, ezibhekwa njengendawo yomphakathi yomphakathi, njengendawo yezentengo yeze noma indawo yezindaba yomphakathi, ilawulwa ngemithetho ehlukene futhi ayinasibopho sesivumelwano senhlangano engokomthetho engokomthetho.

Ilungelo Lomhlangano Onokuthula

Lelilungelo livumela amaqembu abantu ukuba ahlangane obala ukuze azwane. Ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa ngokubhikisha, ukumasha, nokuhlanganisa izingqungquthela. Ohulumeni bangamisa isikhathi, indawo, nezimiso zemithetho ngokwesibonelo, ifuna imvume yokuhlanganisa izimoto ezivimbela izimoto noma ukuvimbela izikhulisa-mibhobho esibhedlela ebusuku. Lemidamo kumelwe ifakwe ngokungeyo-nethi. Abakwazi ukuvala ukubhikisha ngenxa yomyalezo odluliselayo. Activis kumelwe afunde inqubo yendawo yokuvumela nokuyiphatha njengethuluzi elifanelekile. Uthola imvume, wazi umzila, futhi umeme umshini. Ukubhikisha okusemthethweni kunzima kakhulu ukuba iziphathimandla ziphazamise noma zikhiphe.

Inkululeko Yezindaba Nokwaziswa

I-maphephandaba azimele asebenza njengegunya lokubala abashisekeli. Inkululeko yokunyathelisa ivikela ilungelo lokubika ngomsebenzi kahulumeni. Emazweni amaningi, lokhu kupheleliswa [u-FLT:0] Inkululeko Yolwazi Imisebenzi (FOIA) noma imithetho elungile-kwazi, evumela izakhamuzi ukuba zifune ukufinyelela emabhukwini kahulumeni. Kunomshisekeli, lokhu kuyithuluzi lokusungula. Ungacela ama-imeyili, imibiko yangaphakathi, nemininingwane yemininingwane. Isicelo esilula sokufaka i-FOIA singaphoqa isikhungo sikahulumeni ukuba sibe sobala ngokwengeziwe noma sembule ukwaziswa okulimazayo okungasetshenziswa ekusunguleni umkhankaso. [FLT:] Zonke izinto [FLD:] [FLT] [FFF:3]

Ilungelo Lokunxusa Uhulumeni

Ngokuvamile, ilungelo lokucela liyindawo eqondile ezweni. Kuqinisekisa ilungelo lakho lokukhononda ku-/noma uhulumeni wakho ufuna usizo ku-(////ukufuna usizo ku-"uhulumeni wakho ngaphandle kokwesaba isijeziso."Lesi isisekelo esingokomthetho sokufaka isigqebhezana sokudlulisa icala, ukuqoqa izigqebhezana ze-collet, ukunikeza ubufakazi enkantolo yasobala, noma ukubhalela ilungu lomkhandlu wedolobha. Yi-injini ye- e-intelligatal [

Ukuqonda Imikhawulo Nemingcele

Abashisekeli abaphumelelayo bayayiqonda imingcele engokomthetho ukuze bakwazi ukufinyelela emngceleni ngaphandle kokuweqa.

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukushumayeza:[ Awukwazi ukukhuthaza ngamabomu isenzo esisheshayo sobudlova.
  • [ Izinsongo zeqiniso:[ usongela ngokuqondile ubudlova kumuntu othile akavikelwe.
  • [[QULT: 0] Ukuvilapha:[ Ukuphikelela, ukuhlukunyezwa komuntu kungawela umugqa ube ukuziphatha okungaphephile.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Ukusakaza ukwaziswa okungamanga okuqinisekisayo okulimaza idumela lomunye kungaholela ekuzitheni.
  • Uhulumeni wesizwe Ukulondeka: ngokuvamile bathi ukulondeka kwesizwe okukhulu kunqabela ukunqatshelwa kwenkulumo, ikakhulukazi phakathi nesikhathi sempi noma ukwaziswa okungahlukaniswa. Lena indawo ephikelelayo yempi engokomthetho.

Abavikeli Bemithetho: Indlela Izenzo Zikahulumeni Ezithinta Ngayo Ngokuqondile

Ohulumeni abamane bamise imithetho yokuthatha isinyathelo; izimiso zabo siqu zidala izimo ezisabelayo ekuthatheni isinyathelo.

Indawo Ezungezile Ethanda Ukuzama Ukuzihlukanisa: Lapho Uhulumeni Esiza

Ezinye izimiso zikahulumeni zisiza kakhulu ekusebenziseni imisebenzi. ivula izinyathelo zolwazi zokukhipha ama-data kahulumeni emphakathini, anike izindonda-lwazi nezintatheli zophenya. Imithetho yosizo egunyazayo inikeza abameli imali exhasayo yemiphakathi elinganiselwe, efaka insimu esemthethweni. [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] ifaka izikhangiso zezikhathi [ ezithiwe ngemithetho ehlohliswayo ivumela izikhankambiso ukuba zihlele imininingwane yemithetho, hhayi nje imigqa yamandla ebanzi yomthetho. Ummeli ophumelelayo uyazi ukuthi injani ukuthatha lezi zakhiwo ezizenzayo. Babhikisha nje ukubhikisha izakhiwo zangaphandle; bafaka iziphano zemininingwane, futhi bayanikeza imvume yemininingwane yomphakathi.

Izindawo Ezizungezile Ezilinganiselwe: Lapho Uhulumeni Ucindezela

Ngokuphambene, ohulumeni banethuluzi elikhulu lokuvimbela ukungavumelani.

  • Imithetho evimbela ukuthatha igalelo lomphakathi (SLAPS):[ abantu abacebile noma izinhlangano zifuna ukunyundela noma ukuphazamisa, hhayi ukuwina icala, kodwa ukuwaphuca ngentela engokomthetho. Imithetho ye-Anti-LAP[ iyindawo yempi ebucayi ekulweleni kobushiqela.
  • [[NT:0] Ohulumeni bePermit Balulela ne-Fout: bangenza inqubo yemvume yokubhikisha ebiza ngokungemthetho, ukuphambanisa isikhathi, noma ukudida. Bangavimbela izifunda eziphikisayo ukuba zibe kude, zingabikelwa kude.
  • Izilawuli zezezimali: Imithetho evimbela ukuxhaswa kwezimali zakwamanye amazwe ze NGOs, noma ukuhlolwa kwezinhlangano ezingazuzisi nzuzo esekelwe embonweni wazo wezombangazwe, ingamathuluzi anamandla okulawula. Emazweni amaningi, ukubhalisa njengesenzo sezombangazwe esingakhiphiyo kuyingozi.
  • Ukuhlola kohulumeni abashisekeli bezokuxhumana, imithombo yezokuxhumana, kanye nama-athom kudala ithonya elihlasimulisayo. Ukwazi ukuthi uqashelwa kungacindezela njengokuvinjelwa okucacile.

Ikhono Eliphambili Lokulawula Indawo Eyinkimbinkimbi Kahulumeni

Ukuqonda indawo kukusiza ukuba ukhethe imoto efanele yomkhankaso wakho futhi kunezindlela eziningana ezihlukene zokuthonya uhulumeni.

Indlela Engokomthetho

Lena indawo ye [[QULT:0] ne ezombangazwe ezilawulayo. Umgomo ukudlula, ukuvala, noma ukumisa umthetho oqondile. Ama-ctal ahlanganisa:

  • Ukwakha umfelandawonye wezinhlangano ezihlangeneyo [ ukuze kuboniswe ukusekela okubanzi.
  • [ Ukuqamba i-aspership ye- ukuba iqondise amahholo kagesi.
  • Ukuhlanganisa izimpande zocingo kanye nemikhankaso yokubhala amagama ukuthonya abakhi bomthetho abangahloniphi.
  • Ukufakaza enkantolo ukunikeza uchwepheshe noma ubufakazi bomuntu siqu.
  • Ukuguqula ikhalenda lomthetho ukwazi kahle ukuthi ungasebenzisa nini ukucindezela.

Indlela Yokwahlulela

Uma igatsha lemithetho linobutha noma livalelwe, izinkantolo zinikeza enye indlela. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi [ ukuthatha imvume ngokusemthethweni noma i-ligitation[[. Umgomo ukuwina umthetho wenkantolo omisa isakhiwo esisha esingokomthetho noma isithiyo umthetho ongekho emthethweni. Lokhu kudinga ukuthola i-pattititi yomthetho ngokuma, ukwakha icala eliqinile, futhi ngokuvamile ukusebenza ngamalungelo omthetho wesizwe. [[FLT:] [FLT] [FFF:] [FFF:5]], [FFLT], [FF:], [FT], [FFFT]

Isimiso Sokuqondisa Nendlela Yokuphatha

Umsebenzi omningi kahulumeni uyenzeka ezinhlanganweni eziphethe. Umkhankaso ophethe wokuthumela izinkulungwane ze-Procediture Act (APA) e-US udinga izinhlangano ukuba zihileleke ekusebenziseni "ipesenti nempendulo" ngaphambi kokusebenzisa imithetho emisha. Lokhu kuyithuluzi elinamandla, eliphansi kakhulu kumongameli noma umbusi. Umkhankaso ohlelwe kahle wokuhambisa izinkulungwane zemininingwane, ukukhulumela okusekelwe emaqini akhona kungamisa umthetho wokugcina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusunduza ukuhlelwa komthetho wokugwetshwa kwemithetho emisha kumongameli noma umbusi] ungenza izinguquko ngaphandle komthetho omusha.

IGrasroots vs. Grass imisa i-Advocacy

Lamasu amabili avumelana. [FLT] Grassroots advocacy ihlanganisa ukubuthela umphakathi wonke. Kuhilela ukuhlela umphakathi, imibuthano, izicelo, nemikhankaso yezeminyango yezezokuxhumana. [iGRAST] imisa ukubhalisa izikhundla [[ ukukhuthaza abantu abanethonya, abefundisi bezentengiselwano, abefundisi, izikhulu zezombangazwe, izikhulu zezentengiselwano, jwayezi, ukuthatha umkhakhakha wethonya labo siqu ngenxa yakho.] Imisebenzi ephumelela kakhulu ihlanganisa kokubili: izimpande zotshani zinikeza ukucindezela komphakathi, kuyilapho utshani lunikeza ukufinyelela nemali.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nesimo Esibangela Ukuzitika

Ukuthatha Izivumelwano Zezinombolo Nokubuyiswa Kukahulumeni

I-Internet ishintshe kakhulu inqubo yokwenza. Izicelo, ama-hashtag, kanye nezimiso zokubhikisha ezihloniphekile zingahlanganisa izigidi ngamahora. Nokho, lokhu kuye kwabangela izinhlobo ezintsha zemithetho kahulumeni nokucindezela. Imithetho ye-net yokungathathi hlangothi ithinta ukuthi izishoshoshozeli zikhutshaziwe noma zivinjelwe yizinkonzo. Ingxenye engama-30 ye-Decpect (in US) ivikela izikhundla zemithetho yomsebenzisi, kodwa ishintshela kulemithetho yokusebenza ngokwezinombolo. [FLT:] manje isebenzisa imithetho ezimele ye-intelligist [FLT:][FLT][FFOLT][3] ukuveza iziphathi ezizimele kanye nezilwisana "izinto ze--"UFFOctenetic Foundation]

Ithonya Lokweqisa Nenkinga Yemali

Ukungena kwemali kwezezombangazwe kuyinselele eyisisekelo kwabashisekeli besizwe. Izinqumo ze-Landmark ezinjenge- Citizens United v. FEC eUnited States zivumele izinkampani nabantu abacebile ukuba basebenzise imali engenamkhawulo ekukhangiseni kwezombangazwe. Lokhu kwenza isimiso lapho amazwi ezakhamuzi ezivamile angancishwa khona amandla emali ezithakazelo eziphambili. Ukuphumelela kokuzisebenzela kulendawo kudinga umkhankaso wezentengiselwano zemali [, ukuxhasa uhlawulo lokhetho, kanye namasuntrakathi afana nesabelo esikhona ukuze kuphikisele inselele amandla enkampani ngaphakathi.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo ne-Brodrodity

Izimpikiswano eziningi zingezembulunga yonke. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukushushumbisa abantu, nokulandisa kwezinhlangano zenkampani akunakuxazululwa yizwe elilodwa kuphela. Abaxhasi bamalungelo abantu basebenza kakhulu phakathi [ kwezizwe ngezizwe ukucindezela ohulumeni. INkantolo yeSivumelo seSishaya-mthetho samaLungelo [ nesivumelwano esilandelayo siveza izivumelwano zemithetho nezindinganiso ezingasetshenziswa ekucindezeleni imibuso. [[FLT:] INkantolo yezentengiso yezeNkantolo yeSinambulo kanye [FLT:] ne[FLT] I-UN Rights Rights zobuntu [[FLT:] [FLD7]] inikeza izikhawulo zecala lokulandisa. Asciastrian Concential arences (interst) eHmpmpmpmpmpmpmption) eHtion ye-Hume ye-Umpmpmpmpmpmprialmt) eHment (errici

Indlela Engaphambili: Ulwazi Njengesisekelo Sesenzo

Uhulumeni awuyona into eqhele kakhulu, ewuhlobo olulodwa. Yisimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi esibunjwe yimithetho, izinhlangano, abantu, namandla. Kumsekeli nombangi wezwe, lesi simiso siyisici semizamo yakho nendawo okumelwe usebenze kuyo. Ukukhetha akukona ukuthi uzosebenzelana nohulumeni, kodwa kanjani. Uyokwazi ukwenza izinto ezithile noma uzokwenza okuthile?

Abashisekeli abaphumelela kakhulu yilabo abasingatha ukuhlolwa kukahulumeni ngokungathi sína okufanayo abakwenzayo empikiswaneni yabo eqondile. Bayazi umehluko phakathi komthetho nomthetho. Bayazi ukubaluleka kwenkathi yokukhulumela komphakathi. Bayazi ukuhlolwa okungokomthetho kwenkululeko yokukhuluma ephumelelayo. Ulwazi lunamandla. Kukuvumela ukuba uqaphele iphuzu lokucindezela, ukhethe icebo elilungile, futhi wakhe umkhankaso ongagcini nje phezulu, kodwa ophumelelayo. Hambani niye kuhlela.