Table of Contents

Kuwo wonke umlando, izinkulumo ezidumile ziye zasebenza njengezisetshenziswa ezinamandla ekulolongeni ukuqonda umphakathi ngezakhiwo zikahulumeni, izimiso zomthetho, nezimiso zentando yeningi. Lezizinkulumo zidlula ngamagama nje − ziba izikhathi zokuchaza ukuthi amafilosofi ezombangazwe ayinkimbinkimbi angeneka awenze afinyeleleke, ashukumisele izinhlangano zoshintsho, futhi amise izenzakalo ezihlala njalo zokuthi izinhlangano zibusa kanjani. Kusukela ekusungulweni kwezizwe kuze kube ukwanda kwamalungelo omphakathi, izinkulumo ziye zakhanyisa indlela eya ekulungenisweni kobulungisa, ukulingana, nokubusa kwentando yeningi, zishiya uphawu olungenakulungiseka ezimisweni zomthetho nezinhlangano zezombangazwe emhlabeni wonke.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Senkulumo Yezombangazwe

Isiko lokusebenzisa izinkulumo zokudlulisela izimiso zikahulumeni linesisekelo esijulile emlandweni. Esikhathini sangaphambi kwethelevishini noma umsakazo, izinkulumo zaziyithuluzi elinamandla lezombangazwe, futhi izikhulumi ezinekhono zazingalolonga umbono womphakathi futhi zithonye indlela yezizwe ngamazwi azo kuphela. Izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho phambi kweNkantolo Ephakeme zaguqula umbono womphakathi, kuyilapho izinkulumo ziqophe amandla kahulumeni etshe lomthetho waseMelika.

Amandla enkulumo yezombangazwe adlulela ngalé kokuthonya nje. La makheli afeza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi emiphakathini yentando yeningi: afundisa izakhamuzi ngamalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo, afundisa imibono ecacile ngekusasa, asekela inkathi yenhlekelele, futhi anikeze ukulunga kokuziphatha nefilosofi yezenzo zikahulumeni. Uma enikezwa ngezikhathi ezibucayi emlandweni, izinkulumo zingakuguqula ngokuyisisekelo ukuthatheka kwezizwe futhi zibuyisele phambili ubuhlobo phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni wazo.

Isiko LePhalamende LaseNgilandi

Ngemva kweGlorious Revolution nokunyuka okusha kwamandla ephalamende, iBhili lamaLungelo laseNgilandi lika 1689 lafuna ukulwa nokuxhashazwa kwamalungelo ephalamende ngokuqinisekisa ukukhululeka kwephalamende ngokumiswa kwelungelo lomthetho. Lencwadi yesikhashana yanikeza ukuthi iNkululeko Yokukhuluma, neMibango noma iziNkathi ePhalamende, akufanele inikezwe imvume noma iphenywe noma iphenywe kunoma yiliphi iNkathilo noma iNdawo ePhalamende.

Lesivikelo senkulumo yomthetho saba isisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, siqinisekisa ukuthi abameleli bangaxoxa ngokukhululekile ngaphandle kokwesaba ushushiso. Isimiso saqaphela ukuthi impikiswano enamandla nokuphana kwemibono kwakubalulekile ekubusweni okuphumelelayo nasekuvikelweni kwenkululeko. Lelisiko laliyokuthonya kakhulu ukusungulwa kwezinhlangano zentando yeningi eMelika nasemhlabeni wonke.

Indima Yokukhuluma Ekubuseni Kwentando Yeningi

Emiphakathini yentando yeningi, izinkulumo zisebenza njengebhuloho elibalulekile phakathi kukahulumeni nababuswayo. Zinikeza ukubonakala, ukulandisa, nezindlela zokufuna ukusekelwa umphakathi. Izombangazwe zivumela izikhundla eziyinkimbinkimbi zezimiso ukuba zixhunyanwe ngezindlela ezithinta izakhamuzi ezivamile, zenza izimiso ezingabonakali zokubusa zibonakale futhi zifanele ukuphila kwansuku zonke.

Intando yeningi, umkhuba wohulumeni ozimele, isivumelwano phakathi kwabantu abakhululekile sokuhlonipha amalungelo nenkululeko yabanye. Izinkulumo ziqinisa lesi sivumelwano ngokuhlobisa izindinganiso ezihlanganyelwayo nangokukhumbuza izakhamuzi ngezibopho zazo zomphakathi. Bagcizelela ukubaluleka kokuhlanganyela, ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, nomthwalo wemfanelo wokulondoloza izinhlangano zentando yeningi.

Ukufundisa Izakhamuzi Ngamalungelo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Enye yemisebenzi eyinhloko yezinkulumo zezombangazwe imfundo yomphakathi. abaholi basebenzisa leziziteji ukuze bachaze izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo, bacacise incazelo yemithetho, futhi bachaze amalungelo aqinisekisiwe ezakhamuzini.

Izinkulumo zigcizelela futhi imithwalo yemfanelo yomphakathi — imisebenzi izakhamuzi eziyikweleta imiphakathi nesizwe sazo. Zikhumbuza abantu ukuthi idemokrasi idinga ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo, hhayi ukubheka nje. Kusukela ekuvoteni kuya ekukhonzeni ezinkantolo, kusukela ekulaleleni imithetho kuya ekubekeni abaholi icala, izinkulumo ziveza ubuhlobo obufanayo phakathi kwamalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo esekela ukubusa kwentando yeningi.

Ukuhlanganyela Okushukumisayo

Ngalé kwemfundo, izinkulumo zikhuthaza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele nohulumeni wazo, zihlanganyele ezimisweni zezombangazwe, futhi zisebenzele imigomo efanayo.

Izinkulumo zezombangazwe eziphumelela kakhulu zifaka emizweni nasezindinganisweni zabantu eziyisisekelo — “‘ ukulindela, ubulungisa, ukushisekela izwe, nesifiso sekusasa elingcono. ” Ziguqula imiqondo ecatshangelwayo yezombangazwe ibe ukulandisa okushukumisayo okuthinta umuntu ngamunye, zenza izakhamuzi zizizwe zihlobene nezinhlangano ezinkulu ezingokomlando futhi zinikwe amandla okusekela oshintsho oluhle.

Izimiso Zomthetho - sisekelo ZaseMelika Eziyisisekelo

Isiko lomthetho-sisekelo waseMelika liye lalolongwa kakhulu ngezinkulumo ezichaza izimiso eziyisisekelo zokubusa, inkululeko, nobulungisa. Kusukela ekusungulweni kwesizwe ngokuziphendukela kwaso okuqhubekayo, abakhulumeli baye basebenzisa iziteshi zabo ukuchaza ukuthi iMelika imelelani nokuthi uhulumeni wayo kufanele usebenze kanjani.

Ikheli lokuqala likaGeorge Washington

Ngo-1789, uMongameli wokuqala wakhuluma ngeSishaya-mthetho sokuqala ngemva kokumiswa kwakhe, emisa isibonelo sazo zonke izinkulumo zokuvula ezazizolandelwa. Inkulumo yeWashington yamisa indlela yokuxhumana nomongameli futhi yagcizelela ukubaluleka koMthetho-sisekelo osanda kugunyazwa njengesisekelo sikahulumeni wesizwe.

Inkulumo kaWashington yagcizelela umqondo wokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo umelela ukuzikhethela ngamabomu kwabantu baseMelika ukudala uhulumeni ozoqinisa ukuhlangana kwabo futhi uthuthukise injabulo yabo. Ngokugcizelela ukubusa komthetho-sisekelo ekhelini lakhe lokuqala elingokomthetho, iWashington yamisa isiko lokuthobela igunya lobumongameli elizothonya abamlandela ezizulwini zabo.

UBenjamin Franklin EMhlanganweni Womthetho - sisekelo

Benjamin Franklin wanikeza inkulumo edumile athi kuyo: Ngiyawuvuma loMthetho-sisekelo, nkosi, ngoba angicabangi ukuthi kungcono kakhulu, kodwa angicabangi ukuthi singenza okungcono, futhi ngoba ngiyazi ukuthi sinephutha, futhi kukhona okungalungile kuyo, kodwa ngiyazi futhi ukuthi singakushintsha.

Inkulumo kaFranklin yahlanganisa ifilosofi yokulungisa nokuqaphela ukuphambuka komuntu. Inkulumo yakhe yavuma ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wawungaphelele kodwa wawumelela ukuhlehla okungcono kakhulu okwakungafezeka ngalesosikhathi. Okubaluleke kakhulu, wagcizelela ukuthi le dokhumende yayingalungiswa lapho izimo zishintsha futhi njengoba isizwe sifunda kokuhlangenwe nakho. Lefilosofi yokuzivumelanisa nomthetho ngokomthetho ivumele ukubusa kwaseMelika ukuba kuguquke kuyilapho kugcinwa ukuqhubekela phambili nezimiso zokusungula.

Incazelo KaDaniel Neyomthetho - sisekelo

UDaniel Webster wayefake izigqoko ezintathu − u-lawyer, umkhulumeli, futhi endimani ngayinye, walungisa ngokuyisisekelo isimo somthetho nesezombangazwe sase-United States. Njengesikhulumi nesikhulumeli, izinkulumo ezinamandla zikaDaniel Webster ezimelene nokuncishiswa kwezwe nokuchazwa kwe-secesion zichaza ubuzwe baseMelika futhi zinikeza isisekelo sokuhlakanipha sokulondoloza i-Union, isisekelo u-Abraham Lincoln kamuva sasizokhela phezu kwayo.

Izinkulumo zeWebster zaveza umbono woMthetho-sisekelo njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe, ubopha zonke izifundazwe ndawonye ebunyeni obungaxazululeki. Inkulumo yakhe yasiza ekumiseni isimiso sokuthi igunya likahulumeni, elisetshenziswa kahle phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo, uhulumeni othathelwe indawo uthi lisusa imithetho kahulumeni. Lezimpikiswano zingabonakala zibalulekile phakathi nobunzima bomthetho-sisekelo obaholela eMpini Yangaphakathi.

Izinkulumo Ezandisa Isimilo Sentando Yeningi

Nakuba ezinye izinkulumo zaqinisa izakhiwo zomthetho-sisekelo ezazikhona, ezinye zabekela isizwe inselele ukuba siphile ngokuvumelana nemibono yaso emisiwe. La makheli aveza ukuphikisana phakathi kwezimiso ezisungulwe eMelika nezenzo zayo, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nobugqila, amalungelo omphakathi, kanye nokuphathwa ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi komthetho.

Frederick Douglas: "Ubuzenzisi Bobugqila baseMelika"

Ngo-1852, uDouglas wamenywa ukuba ayokhuluma obala emkhosini wesine kaJuly eRochester, N.Y. esikhundleni sokukhuluma ngomkhosi, uDouglas wakhuluma ngendaba eyayihlukanisa isizwe. Inkulumo yakhe enamandla yadalula ukuphikisana phakathi kokugujwa kwenkululeko yaseMelika nokuqhubeka kwayo yobugqila.

Inkulumo kaDouglas yabekela amaMelika inselele ukuba abhekane negebe phakathi kwezindinganiso zawo ezithi zikhona nezenzo zabo. Ngokucela uMthetho-sisekelo nezimiso zenkululeko kwakuhloselwe ukuvikela, uDouglas waphikisa ngokuthi ubugqila buphula izibopho eziyisisekelo ezingokomthetho nezingokokuziphatha. Inkulumo yakhe yabonisa indlela izinkulumo ezingasebenza ngayo njengemishini yokuzibandakanya kwezenhlalo, iphoqelela imiphakathi ukuba ihlole ukuthi izimiso zayo zomthetho zazibubonakalisa ngempela yini ubulungisa nokulingana.

"Umthetho ophezulu" Inkulumo ka William Seward

Seward wavuma ukuthi abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo babeqaphele ubugqila futhi babuvikela lapho babukhona, kodwa indawo entsha yayibuswa "umthetho ophezulu kunawoMthetho-sisekelo" y" umthetho wokuziphatha omiswe "uMdali wendawo yonke". UWilliam Henry Seward's obizwa ngokuthi "Umthetho Ophakeme" uhlala ungenye yezinkulumo ezibaluleke kakhulu "kaMaiden" emlandweni weSigele. Yayingesona ikheli lakhe lokuqala eSigebengwini, futhi yayingenye yezindlela zakhe ezimbili ezinethonya kakhulu phakathi nomsebenzi wokuhlela umthetho wesizwe iminyaka eyishumi nambili; ngokushesha yamisa i-Sevadua njengomholi omkhulu omelene nesizwe.

Inkulumo kaSeward yaqalisa impikiswano ephikisayo kodwa enethonya: ukuthi umthetho wokuziphatha ungathatha indawo yamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo lapho lawomalungiselelo ephikisana nezimiso eziyisisekelo zobulungisa. Nakuba abagxeki bahlasela lesi sikhundla njengosehlisa igunya lomthetho-sisekelo, abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi siqinisa uMthetho-sisekelo ngokuwubeka ezimisweni zokuziphatha zendawo yonke. Lempikiswano ngobuhlobo phakathi komthetho nokuziphatha iyaqhubeka ithonya ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo namuhla.

U - Abraham Lincoln Nekheli LaseGettysburg

Mhlawumbe ayikho inkulumo ekwazi ukuguqula kakhulu ukuqonda uhulumeni wentando yeningi waseMelika kune-Gettysburg’s Aderesi ka-Abraham Lincoln. Ngamagama angu-772, uLincoln wachaza kabusha iMpi Yomphakathi njengovivinyo lokuthi uhulumeni wentando yeningi ungasinda yini, futhi wabuye wamisa uMthetho-sisekelo ngokubheka isithembiso se-Declaration of Independence ukuthi “bonke abantu badalwa belingana.

U-Abraham Lincoln "Umbuso wombuso uhulumeni wabantu, ngabantu, ngenxa yabantu" waba ngenye yezincazelo ezidumile zokubusa kwentando yeningi. Isimiso sikaLincoln sagcizelela ukuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho uthola igunya lawo ngokuvuma kwababusi futhi ukhona ukuze ukhonze izithakazelo zabantu. Lesimiso siye sathonya izinhlangano zentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke futhi sihlala sisemqoka ezingxabanweni ngobugunya nomthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni.

Izikhulumi Zamashumi Amabili Nezindinganiso Zentando Yeningi

Ikhulu lamashumi amabili leminyaka lazibonela ngawawo izinkulumo ezakhuluma ngezinselele ezintsha ekubuseni kwentando yeningi, kusukela ekucindezelekeni kwezomnotho kuya ekulweleni amalungelo omphakathi.

Franklin D. Roosevelt's Inkululeko Ene

Lenkulumo, eyanikezwa nguMongameli Franklin Roosevelt ngoJanuary 6, 1941, yaziwa ngokuthi "Inkululeko Yethu Yokukhuluma" ngenxa yengxenye yokuphetha emfushane achaza kuyo umbono wakhe wokwenelisa izinhloso zaseMelika emhlabeni wonke. Ezinsukwini ezizayo, esifuna ukuqiniseka ngazo, sibheke phambili ezweni elisekelwe ezinhlwini zabantu ezine ezidingekayo. Eyokuqala inkululeko yokukhuluma nenkulumo---kuyonke indawo emhlabeni.

Inkulumo kaRoosevelt yaveza umbono wentando yeningi osekelwe enkulu enkulu enkulumweni eyisisekelo: inkululeko yokukhuluma neyokuveza, inkululeko yokukhulekela, inkululeko yokuswela, nenkululeko yokwesaba. Ngoba akukho lutho oluyimfihlakalo ngezisekelo zentando yeningi enempilo nenamandla. Izinto eziyisisekelo ezilindelwe abantu bethu bezimiso zabo zezombangazwe nezezomnotho zilula. Ngokuhlanganisa ukubusa kwentando yeningi nenkululeko engokomnotho namalungelo abantu, uRoosevelt wandisa umqondo walokho uhulumeni okukweleta izakhamuzi zakhe.

Ikheli lokuqala le-FDR lokusungula

Ngo-1933, uMongameli omusha wabhekana nesizwe esasibhekene nokuwohloka okukhulu kwezomnotho. "Okokuqala, mangiqinise inkolelo yami eqinile yokuthi okuwukuphela kwento esiyesabayo ukwesaba ingukwesaba ngokwako -- ukungabi nagama, ukungacabangeli, ukwesaba okungenangqondo okukhubaza imizamo edinga ukuguqula ukuhlehla kuqhubeke," uRoosevelt washo njengoba evula inkulumo yakhe enamandla.

Le nkulumo yokuvula yabonisa indlela izinkulumo ezazingabuyisela ngayo ukuqiniseka komphakathi phakathi nezinkinga. URoosevelt wasebenzisa indawo yakhe yesikhulumi ukuqinisekisa amaMelika ukuthi isimiso sobudemokrasi angasingatha ngisho nezinselele ezinkulu zezomnotho. Inkulumo yakhe yagcizelela ukuthi uhulumeni unomthwalo wemfanelo wokuthatha isinyathelo esiwujuqu sokuvikela inhlalakahle yezakhamuzi, ukusiza ekumiseni isisekelo sefilosofi sendima ebanzi kahulumeni wezezomnotho nezenhlalo.

Martin Luther King Jr.’s "Nginephupho"

Inkulumo yeKings "Dream" kusuka ngo-August 28, 1963 yaqala ohlwini, yalandelwa uJohn F. Kennedy ngo-1961 lapho eqala khona ukuqamba ikheli noFranklin Roosevelt ngo 1933 lapho izazi zimisa izinkulumo ezibaluleke kakhulu zezombangazwe zekhulu lamashumi amabili. Inkulumo yeNkosi eSikhumbuzweni saseLincoln ngoAugust 1963, phambi kwabantu abangu-25 000, ingenye yezinkulumo ezihlonishwe kakhulu emlandweni wanamuhla.

Ikheli leNkosi layicacisa ngokunamandla isidingo sokulingana kwezinhlanga nobulungisa ngaphansi komthetho. Ngokucela uMthetho-sisekelo kanye neSimemezelo senkululeko, iNkosi yaphikisa ngokuthi iMelika yayinikeze i-"professingmenting" kuzo zonke izakhamuzi eziqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo, nokuthi isizwe sasiye sawafeza lesithembiso kuma-Afrika. Inkulumo yakhe yabonisa indlela ukukhulumela okungakhuthaza ngayo izinxulumano zomthetho nezenhlalo, ekugcineni zanezela ekudlulisweni komthetho owenziwe ngemithetho engokomthetho wesizwe.

ITeddy Roosevelt Ngombuso Wentando Yeningi Omsulwa

Ngikholelwa ekubusweni ngentando yeningi okumsulwa. Ngikholelwa ukuthi "leli zwe, kanye nezinhlangano zalo, lingabantu abahlala kulo; nxa bekhathele nguhulumeni okhona, bangasebenzisa ilungelo labo lomthetho-sisekelo lokulilahla." Sikholelwa ukuthi abantu banelungelo, amandla, nomsebenzi wokuzivikela, nenhlalakahle yabo; ukuthi amalungelo abantu aphakeme kunawo wonke amalungelo; ukuthi ingcebo iyakuba yinceku, hhayi inkosi, abantu.

Inkulumo kaRoosevelt ka1912 e-Ohio Convention of Constitution yaveza izimiso eziqhubekayo ezazingathonya izimpikiswano ngokubusa kwentando yeningi kulo lonke ikhulu lamashumi amabili leminyaka. Ngikholelwa ekuthatheni isinyathelo nakuyi-astadendum, okungamelwe kusetshenziswe ukubhubhisa uhulumeni omelele, kodwa ukuyilungisa uma kwenzeka iphendukelwa. Ukusekela kwakhe izimiso zentando yeningi eziqondile kwabonisa ukukhathalela ukuqinisekiswa kohulumeni ohlala usabela ekwamukeni okuthandwayo.

Umbono Wezizwe Zonke Ngokubusa Kwentando Yeningi

Abaholi emhlabeni wonke baye basebenzisa izinkulumo ezicacile ukuze bachaze izimiso zokubusa kwentando yeningi, ngokuvamile bedweba futhi bavumelanise imibono namasiko ahlukahlukene omthetho - sisekelo.

UWinston Churchill Ophathelene Nombuso Wentando Yeningi

Enkulumweni yakhe, wathi: "Akekho ozishaya sengathi umbuso wentando yeningi uphelele noma uhlakaniphe kakhulu. Ngempela, kuye kwathiwa idemokrasi iwuhlobo olubi kakhulu lohulumeni ngaphandle kwazo zonke lezozinhlobo eziye zazanywa ngezikhathi ezithile. Ukuveza okudumile kukaChurchill ukwamukela ukungapheleli kwentando yeningi kuyilapho eqinisekisa ubukhulu bayo kwezinye izimiso zikahulumeni.

Izinkulumo zikaChurchill zesikhathi sempi zasekela futhi izizwe zentando yeningi ngokumelene nezinsongo zobushiqela, ziqinisa ukubaluleka kobukhosi, ukuqina, nokubusa komthetho. Izinkulumo zakhe zabonisa indlela izinkulumo ezingasekela ngayo idemokrasi phakathi nobunzima obukhona nenkulumo ecacile yokuthi kungani ukubusa kwentando yeningi kwakukufanele ukuvikelwa ngisho nangezindleko ezinkulu.

Ronald Reagan's Westminster

Injongo engiyihlongozayo ilula kakhulu ukusho: ukuthuthukisa isisekelo sedemokrasi – isimiso sezindaba ezikhululekile, izinyunyana, amaqembu ezombangazwe, amayunivesithi – avumela abantu ukuba bazikhethele indlela yabo, bathuthukise impucuko yabo, balungise ukungafani kwabo ngezindlela zokuthula. Ngo-1982 inkulumo kaReagan yaveza umbono wentando yeningi owawugcizelela izisekelo zezisekelo zezindawo kunokugcizelela izinqubo ezizodwa.

Uma ingqikithi yalelikhulu leminyaka izobona ukukhula kancane kancane kwenkululeko nemibono yentando yeningi, kumelwe sithathe izinyathelo zokusiza emkhankasweni wentando yeningi. Ikheli likaReagan lasiza ekumiseni ukukhuthazwa kwentando yeningi njengomgomo oyinhloko wesimiso sangaphandle saseMelika, liphikisa ngokuthi ukusekela izinhlangano zentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke kufeza kokubili izimfuneko zokuziphatha nezithakazelo ezingokoqobo ekuthuleni nasekuzinzeni.

Izimiso Zomkhomo Zithonywe Ngezilimi Ezidumile

Kuzo zonke izenzakalo ezihlukene, izinkulumo ezidumile ziye zaqokomisa izimiso ezithile eziyisisekelo ezisekela ukubusa ngentando yeningi nezimiso ezingokomthetho.

Ubulungisa Nokubusa KoMthetho

Ubulungisa − nokuphatha ngokungakhethi ngaphansi komthetho — kubhekwa njengesimiso esiyisisekelo kakhulu esibekwe ezinkulumo zezombangazwe. Abakhulumeli baye bagcizelela ngokungaguquki ukuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho kumelwe uphathe zonke izakhamuzi ngokulinganayo phambi komthetho, ngaphandle kokukhetha noma ukucwasa okusekelwe ezicini ezingadingekile.

Ukubusa kwesimiso somthetho kuphethe ukuthi uhulumeni ngokwawo kumelwe usebenze phakathi kweziphakamiso ezingokomthetho. Akukho muntu, kungakhathaliseki isikhundla noma amandla, ongaphezulu komthetho. Izinkulumo ezigcizelela lesisimiso ziye zasiza ekumiseni nasekulondolozeni ukulindela ukuthi igunya likahulumeni kumelwe lisetshenziswe ngokwezinqubo ezingokomthetho ezimisiwe kanye nokulinganiselwa komthetho ngokomthetho.

Izinkulumo ezidumile ziye zakhuluma futhi ngobuhlobo phakathi komthetho nokuziphatha, ziphikisana ngokuthi izimiso zomthetho kufanele zimane ziphoqelele ukulunga kokuziphatha noma zingakufaka kumalungu omphakathi. Lokhu kucindezeleka kubonakala ezinkulumoni zikaSeward "zomthetho ophakeme" ukuphikisana nokusekela kweNkosi izimiso zemvelo ekusekeleni amalungelo omphakathi.

Inkululeko Nenkululeko

Inkululeko //Inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, nonembeza ngokuphandle, kuye kwaba yisihloko esiyinhloko ezintshulweni eziphathelene nohulumeni nezimiso zomthetho. Ukuphikisana ngezindaba zomphakathi kufanele kube okukhululekile, okunamandla, nokungathuntubezi, futhi kungahlanganisa ukuhlasela okungathandeki kuhulumeni nakuhulumeni nomphakathi, ngezinye izikhathi okungajabulisi, njengoba kuvezwe ezindabeni ezivelele zokukhuluma ngenkululeko.

Izikhulumi ziye zagcizelela ukuthi inkululeko idinga okungaphezu nje kokungabikho kokuvinjelwa uhulumeni. Idinga ukuvikelwa kwemisebenzi yamalungelo abantu, isivikelo esingokomthetho ekubuseni unya, namasiko azisa inkululeko futhi abekezelele ukungavumelani. Inkululeko yokukhetha abaholi ngokhetho olulungile, ukuveza imibono engathandeki ngaphandle kokwesaba ushushiso, nokuqhuba inkolo yomuntu ngokonembeza konke kuye kwaqokonyiswa njengezici ezibalulekile zikahulumeni okhululekile.

Izikhulumi ezikhuluma ngezombangazwe ziye zahlola futhi imingcele yenkululeko, zivuma ukuthi inkululeko kumelwe ilinganiswe nezinye izindinganiso ezibalulekile ezinjengokulondeka, ukuhleleka, namalungelo abanye. Izinkulumo ezikhuluma ngalemizwa ziye zasiza imiphakathi ukuba isebenzise imibuzo enzima mayelana nokuthi imiphi imigqa phakathi kokuziphatha okuvumelekile nokungamukeleki.

Ukulingana Nesivikelo Esilinganayo

Isimiso sokuthi zonke izakhamuzi zifanelwe ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, inkolo, ubulili, noma ezinye izici, siye savezwa ngamandla ngezinkulumo ezifuna amalungelo omphakathi nobulungisa bezenhlalo. Kusukela ekulahleni kukaDouglas ubugqila bephupho leNkosi lesizwe lapho abantu bezokwahlulelwa ngesimilo kunokuba bahlulelwe ngebala lesikhumba, ukukhulumela kuye kwasetshenziswa ekuthuthukiseni izivikelo ezingokomthetho emaqenjini ahlukene.

Wonke umuntu udinga ukusebenzisa idemokrasi. Futhi ngeke kube nentando yeningi yeqiniso kuze kube yilapho wonke umuntu omdala onomthwalo wemfanelo nowumthetho olawulayo, ngaphandle kokuqondene nohlanga, ubulili, ibala noma ivumo lenkolo enezwi lakhe siqu elingenakuthatheka nelingenakushintshwa kuhulumeni, njengoba i- Carrie Chapman Catt ephikisa. Lesimiso siye saqhubezela izimpinga zokuvota nokuvikela okulinganayo ngokomthetho emaqenjini angaphambili ahlukene.

Izinkulumo eziphathelene nokulingana ziye zakhuluma nangezici zezomnotho, ziphikisa ngokuthi ukungalingani okukhulu kungalulaza ukubusa kwentando yeningi ngokunikeza izikhundla zezombangazwe ezicebile amandla angenakulinganiswa. Izinkulumo ziye zaphikisana ngokuthi ukulingana okudingani okungokomthetho, noma ukulingana okungokomthetho okulinganayo kwethuba nengcebo.

Umthwalo Wemfanelo Ohlangene Nokuhlanganyela

Nakuba izinkulumo zivame ukugcizelela amalungelo, zigcizelela futhi imithwalo yemfanelo izakhamuzi eziyiphethe ezimisweni zentando yeningi. Idemokrasi idinga ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo −, ukukhonza ezinkantolo, ukuhlala zinolwazi ngezindaba zomphakathi, futhi ukwenza abaholi balandise. Izinkulumo ziye zakhumbuza izakhamuzi ukuthi amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo kuyahambisana; ukujabulela izinzuzo zokubusa ngentando yeningi kuhilela ukwamukela imisebenzi yokusekela nokusekela izinhlangano zentando yeningi.

Izikhulumi zezombangazwe ziye zagcizelela ukuthi idemokrasi ayiwona umdlalo oqashelwayo. Kudinga izakhamuzi ukuba zihileleke ezimpikiswaneni ezinzima, zihlehlise uma kudingekile, futhi zihloniphe imiphumela yentando yeningi ngisho nalapho zingavumelani nezinqumo ezithile. Izinkulumo ziye zaveza izimfanelo zomphakathi, ukubekezela komphakathi, ukucabangela, nokuzinikela ekunakekeleni okuhle okuvamile.

Uhulumeni Womthetho - sisekelo Namandla Alinganiselwe

Izikhulumi ziye zagcizelela ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi amandla kahulumeni kumelwe alinganiselwe futhi asetshenziswe ngokwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. UMthetho-sisekelo usebenza njengomthetho oyisisekelo ngisho nomkhulu ongenakuwulawula ngezinqubo ezivamile zezombangazwe. Lesi simiso sivikela amalungelo amancane futhi sivimbela izinkulu zesikhashana ukuba zishintshe isimo sikahulumeni noma zisuse inkululeko eyisisekelo.

Abahlaziyi baye bachaza izincazelo ezihlukahlukene zencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, bephikisana ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uqondwe ngokwencazelo yawo yokuqala noma uchazwe njengencwadi ephilayo eshintshashintshayo yezimo. UMthetho-sisekelo uvame ukubhekwa njengencwadi ephilayo, eshintshayo. Ukuze wazise ukwakhiwa kwawo okuqhubekayo, izazi, abameli, nabameli ngokuvamile uphendukela ekusungulweni koMthetho-sisekelo ukuze uthole izimpendulo.

Izinkulumo ziye zakhuluma nangokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene kahulumeni, ziphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlukanisa igunya kuvimbela noma iliphi ilungiselelo elilodwa ekuqongeleni amazinga ayingozi amandla. Lesivikelo senkululeko siye saba isihloko esiphindaphindwayo ekubusweni komthetho - sisekelo.

Izindlela Zobuchwepheshe Ezingalawuleki Zokukhuluma Kwezombangazwe Okuphumelelayo

Ukuqonda indlela izinkulumo ezithonya ngayo ukuqonda umphakathi ngohulumeni akudingi nje ukuhlola lokho okushiwo yizikhulumi, kodwa nendlela ezikusho ngayo.

Ukunxusa Ukuba Sihlangane Ngezindinganiso Nesizwe

Izinkulumo eziphumelelayo zivame ukusekela izimpikiswano zabo eziqondiswe ezindinganisweni izilaleli esezamukele kakade. Kunokuba ziveze izimiso ezintsha ngokuphelele, abakhulumeli abaphumelelayo babonisa indlela izihlongozo zabo ezivumelana ngayo nezibopho ezimisiwe zobulungisa, inkululeko, ukulingana, noma eminye imiqondo ehlanganyelwe kabanzi. Ngokuhlanganisa izinqubo ezintsha nezindinganiso ezivamile, izikhulumi zenza izinkulumo zazo zikholise futhi zingasongeli izinkolelo ezikhona.

Izicelo zokuthola ukuthi ungowani uhulumeni wezwe noma izimiso zokusungula zivamile ikakhulukazi kwezezombangazwe zaseMelika. Abakhulumeli bacela uMthetho-sisekelo, iSimemezelo senkululeko, nombono wabaQaphi ukuba baphikise ngokuthi isikhundla sabo simelela incazelo yangempela yentando yeningi yaseMelika.

Ukulandisa Nokulandisa

Izinkulumo ezikhumbuleka kakhulu zivame ukulandisa ngezindaba ezibonisa izimiso ezingenakucatshangwa ngezibonelo ezicacile.

Ukulandisa okungokomlando kunamandla kakhulu ezinkulumo zezombangazwe. Ngokulandisa ngempi yenkululeko, ubulungisa, noma ukubusa kwentando yeningi, izikhulumi zihlanganisa izinselele zamanje nezindawo ezinkulu ezingokomlando. Lendlela isikisela ukuthi imizamo yamanje iyaqhubeka namasiko aphakeme futhi impumelelo ingenzeka ngoba izinselele ezifanayo ziye zanqotshwa ngaphambili.

Ukuphindaphinda Nezingcaphuno Ezikhumbulekayo

Izinkulumo zezombangazwe eziphumelelayo zisebenzisa ukuphindaphinda amaphuzu ayinhloko futhi ziveze amazwi akhumbulekayo athatha imiqondo eyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela elula, ecacile. "Uhulumeni wabantu, abantu," kanye nezwi eliphindaphindiwe leNkosi elithi "Nginephupho" libonisa indlela ukuphindaphinda okungenza ngayo izinkulumo zikhumbuleke futhi izigijimi zabo zihlale zikhona.

Lezinkulumo ezikhumbulekayo ngokuvamile zithatha ukuphila kwazo siqu, zicashunwa futhi zibhekiswe esikhathini eside ngemva kwenkulumo yokuqala.

Umehluko Nokumelana Nesimo

Abakhulumeli bavame ukusebenzisa umehluko ukuze balolonge izimpikiswano zabo, bahlongoze imiqondo ephikisanayo ukuze baqokomise umehluko nokukhetha okucacile. Idemokhrasi negunya likahulumeni nenkululeko nokucindezelwa, ubulungisa nokungabi nabulungisa, futhi lokhu kungafani kusiza izilaleli ukuba ziqonde ukuthi yini ehilelekile nokuthi kungani isikhundla sesikhulumi sibalulekile.

I-Antisis, ukusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo esihambelanayo ukuze kugcizelelwe imiqondo ephikisanayo, isisetshenziswa esiphumelela kakhulu sokuphendula. uKennedy '' "Buza ukuthi izwe lakini lingakwenzelani" buza ukuthi ungakwenzelani izwe lakini" ibonisa indlela ukumelana nokungavumelani nemibono eqinile nekhumbulekayo.

Ithonya Lenkulumo Ekuthuthukeni Kwezomthetho Nezombangazwe

Izinkulumo ezidumile ziye zathonya intuthuko engokomthetho nengokwezombangazwe ngezindlela eziningi, kusukela ekulolongeni umbono womphakathi kuya ekunikezeni izinqubo zokuhlakanipha ezamukelwa izinkantolo nezishaya - mthetho kamuva.

Ukuphazamisa Umqondo Womphakathi Nezinhlangano Zezombangazwe

Izikhulumi zingaveza imizwa yomphakathi ezwakalayo, ziveza ukukhathazeka abantu abaningi abakuzwayo kodwa abangakuchazanga. Ngokuchaza izimpikiswano ngendlela ephoqeleleyo, izikhulumi zingaguqula umbono womphakathi futhi zakhe ukusekela kwezinhlangano zezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkulumo zeNkosi, zisiza ekuguquleni umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu ukusuka ekukhathaleleni kwesifunda sibe yinto ebaluleke kakhulu, ekugcineni iholele ekubeni umthetho ongokomthetho ovelele.

Ngokuchaza imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho noma yomthetho ngendlela efinyelelekayo, izikhulumi zisiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ezimpikiswaneni ezibalulekile futhi zakhe imibono enengqondo. Le mfundiso ibalulekile ekubuseni kwentando yeningi, okudinga ukuba isakhamuzi esinolwazi sihlanganyele ngokugcwele.

Ukugunyaza Imithetho Nezinqumo Zokwahlulela

Izinkulumo zingathonya ngokuqondile izimpikiswano zemithetho nezinqumo zokwahlulela. Izinkulumo ezivezwe ezidumile zivame ukuvela kamuva ezinqubeni zomthetho, ezinqubeni zenkantolo, nasemfundweni wezomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkulumo zeWebster's, zanikeza izinkolelo-mbono zomthetho-mfantu ezamukelwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme ezimweni ezivelele.

Ngisho nalapho izinkulumo zingayishintshi ngokushesha imithetho, bangakwazi ukuguqula izinkulumo ngezindlela eziholela ekushintshweni okungokomthetho ekugcineni. Ngokuveza izimpikiswano ezintsha, ukuveza izimpikiswano, noma ukuqokomisa ukungalungi, izinkulumo ezingezona ezicatshangwa ngaphambili zingabangela izinguquko ezingalindelekile zibonakale zidingekile futhi zingenakugwenywa.

Ukusungula Izenzakalo Nezithombe Ezivamile

Izinkulumo zikamongameli, ikakhulukazi, zingamisa izimpawu ezilawula indlela abaholi besikhathi esizayo abaqonda ngayo izindima zabo nemithwalo yabo yemfanelo. Ikheli lokuqala leWashington labeka amathemba okuziphatha komongameli ayethonya abalandeli bakhe. Izinkulumo zikaRoosevelt eziphathelene nomthwalo kahulumeni wezenhlalakahle yezomnotho zasiza ekumiseni izimo ezingokomsebenzi kahulumeni oqhubekayo namuhla.

Ngokulingisa izinhlobo ezithile zempikiswano noma ukukhanga, izikhulumi zithonya indlela izimpikiswano zezombangazwe eziqhutshwa ngayo nokuthi yiziphi izizathu ezibhekwa njengezifanele lapho kucatshangelwa umphakathi.

Ukuhlengahlengisa Kwamazwi Angokomlando

Izinkulumo ezixoxwe kulesi sihloko zisekhona ezimpikiswaneni zanamuhla ngohulumeni nezimiso zomthetho. Izimiso ezazizicacisa − ukwahlulela, inkululeko, ukulingana, umthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi, nokubusa komthetho-sisekelo, ziyaqhubeka ziqondisa inkulumo yezombangazwe neyomthetho.

Impikiswano Eqhubekayo Ngencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Izimpikiswano zangencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo zinanela izimpikiswano ezenziwa ezinkulumweni ezingokomlando. Ingabe uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uchazwe ngokwencazelo yawo yokuqala, noma ingabe kufanele uphendukele ekubhekaneni nezimo zanamuhla? Iyiphi indima okufanele ibe khona ekuchazeni umthetho? Lemibuzo, ebhekiswe ezinkulumweni kusukela kuSeward kuya kuRoosevelt kuya kuReagan, ihlala ibalulekile emthethweni wezomthetho - sisekelo nefilosofi yezombangazwe.

Ngokufunda indlela izizukulwane zangaphambili ezaphendula ngayo imibuzo efanayo, singaziqonda kangcono izinselele zethu nendlela esingaphendula ngayo.

Ukuqhubeka Kulwela Ukulingana Nobulungisa

Nakuba kuye kwenziwa intuthuko enkulu kusukela uDouglas alahla ubugqila futhi iNkosi ifuna amalungelo omphakathi, imizabalazo yokulwela ukulingana nobulungisa iyaqhubeka.

Izimiso ezavezwa ezinkulumweni ezidumile − ukuthi bonke abantu bafanelwe ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, ukuthi ubulungisa budinga okungaphezu kokulingana okungokomthetho okungokomthetho, ukuthi uhulumeni unomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela abasengozini (hhayi) uhlala uhlobene nezimpikiswano eziphathelene nokushintshwa kobulungisa bobugebengu, ukuvota, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, nezinye izindaba zanamuhla.

Ukubusa Ngentando Yeningi Enkathini Yezinombolo

Inkathi yezobuchwepheshe iye yashintsha indlela ukuxhumana kwezombangazwe okwenzeka ngayo, kodwa izinjongo eziyisisekelo zezinkulumo zezombangazwe zisalokhu zishintsha. Abaholi basasebenzisa amakheli omphakathi ukuze bachaze izimiso, bashukumisele izakhamuzi, futhi baveze imibono ecacile ngekusasa. Nokho, ukuhlukana kwemithombo yezindaba nokuvela kwemithombo yezindaba yezenhlalo kuye kwashintsha indlela izinkulumo ezithinta ngayo izibukeli futhi zithonye umbono womphakathi.

Izikhulumi zangesikhathi esidlule zibhekene nezinselele zokungakhulumisani ngokuphumelelayo endaweni enokwaziswa okuningi kakhulu, indlela yokufinyelela izilaleli ezisezindaweni zemithombo yezindaba ezihlukene, nendlela yokulondoloza izinkulumo zomphakathi ezimweni zezombangazwe ezihlukene. Nokho izimiso zokukhuluma okuphumelelayo kwezombangazwe ($clareator, i-resociation, izicelo zokuhlanganisa izindinganiso ezifanayo.)

Ukubaluleka Kwemfundo Kokutadisha Inkulumo Edumile

Ukufunda izinkulumo ezidumile ngohulumeni nangezimiso zomthetho kunikeza izinzuzo eziningi zemfundo. La makheli anikeza amafasitela ezikhathi ezingokomlando, embula indlela abantu abaqonda ngayo izinselele zezombangazwe futhi baphikisana ngamakhambi angenzeka.

Ukuqonda Umlando

Ukutadisha la makheli kudinga ukufunda ngezimo zezombangazwe, zezenhlalo, nezezomnotho eziwashukumisela. Lokhu kuqonda okungokomongo kukhulisa ulwazi lwethu ngomlando futhi kusisiza ukuba siqonde indlela imibono ngohulumeni nomthetho eye yavela ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ngokuhlola izinkulumo ngomongo, singaqonda kangcono ukuthi kungani izinkulumo ezithile zathinta izibukeli ezithile nokuthi izikhulumi zivumelana kanjani nemiyalezo yazo nezimo ezithile.

Ukuhlakulela Amakhono Okucabanga Abucayi

Ukuhlaziya izinkulumo zezombangazwe kuthuthukisa amakhono okucabanga agxekayo. Abafundi bafunda ukubona izimpikiswano, bahlole ubufakazi, baqaphele amasu okungadingi mpendulo, futhi bahlole ukuvumelana okunengqondo kwezikhundla. La makhono awusizo hhayi nje ekuqondeni izinkulumo ezingokomlando kodwa nasekuhlanganyeleni nenkulumo yezombangazwe yanamuhla.

Ukutadisha izinkulumo kukhuthaza abafundi ukuba bacabangele imibono eminingi ezindabeni eziphikisanayo. Ngokuhlola izinkulumo ezimelela imibono ehlukene − Webster noCalhoun ngokuphathelene namandla kahulumeni, ngokwesibonelo, noma imibono ehlukene yencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, / noma incazelo ehlukile yezizathu ezingokomthetho, kufunda ukwazisa ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwemibuzo yezombangazwe nohide lwezikhundla ezinengqondo abantu abangaba nazo.

Ukuhlanganyela Okushukumisayo Kwemibukiso

Izinkulumo ezidumile zingakhuthaza ukuthembisana komphakathi ngokubonisa indlela abantu abangathonya ngayo izindaba zomphakathi ngokukhulumisana okuphumelelayo. Zibonisa ukuthi amazwi asho okuthile, ukuthi izinkulumo ezisuswe kahle zingashintsha izingqondo futhi zilolonge umlando. Lokhu kuqaphela kungashukumisela abafundi ukuba bathuthukise amakhono abo okukhulumisana futhi bahlanganyele ngenkuthalo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi.

Ngokufunda izinkulumo eziphikisa ukungabi nabulungisa futhi ezisekela izinguquko, abafundi bafunda ukuthi izakhamuzi ezivamile zingaba nengxenye enkulu ekuthuthukiseni izombangazwe nezomthetho.

Imithombo Yokuqhubeka Sitadisha

Kulabo abanesithakazelo ekuhloleni izinkulumo ezidumile ngohulumeni nezimiso zomthetho ngokujule kakhulu, kunemithombo eminingi. I-website yase-American Rhetoric[[FL:1] inikeza imibhalo kanye nokuqoshwa kwemiqongo yezinkulumo ezibalulekile ezingamakhulu. INational Archives ilondoloza ukuqoqwa kwezincwadi zokusungula nezinkulumo zomongameli ezabumba amaMelika.

Izinhlangano ze-academic njenge- Constitution Center inikeza ingcebo yemfundo ngomlando womthetho-sisekelo nezinkulumo ezathonya ukuthuthuka komthetho-sisekelo. Imitapo yezincwadi yaseYunivesithi nenqolobane yezincwadi zobuchwepheshe inikeza ukufinyelela ezinkulumweni zomlando nokucubungula kwezazi zemiphumela yayo.

Izincwadi ezihlaziya izinkulumo ezidumile zinikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngomlando wazo, amasu angenampendulo, nethonya elihlala njalo. Izincwadi ezikhuluma ngezikhulu ezivelele ezinjengeLincoln, iNkosi, uChurchill, noRoosevelt zinikeza umongo owengeziwe wokuqonda izinkulumo zazo nezimo ezawalolonga.

Isiphetho: Amandla Ahlala Njalo Enkulumo Yezombangazwe

Abaholi baye bahlela izimiso eziyisisekelo zokubusa kwentando yeningi, babekela inselele ukungabi nabulungisa, bagqugquzela izinhlangano eziphefumlelwe zokuguqula, futhi banikeza izinqubo zokuhlakanipha eziqhubeka zithonya intuthuko engokomthetho nengokwezombangazwe.

Izimiso eziqokonyiswe kulezi zinkulumo − ukwahlulela ngokulunga, inkululeko, ukulingana, umthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi, kanye nokubusa komthetho-sisekelo, kuhlala kuwusizo namuhla njengalapho kuqanjiwe. Nakuba izinselele ezithile ezibhekene nezinhlangano zentando yeningi ziye zavela, imibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana nendlela yokuhlela uhulumeni, ukuvikela amalungelo abantu, nokulinganisela kwezindinganiso ezincintisanayo isaqhubeka.

Ukufunda ngezinkulumo ezidumile kunikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo ngendlela imibono yezombangazwe ekhula futhi isakazeke ngayo, indlela ukukhulumisana okuphumelelayo okungathonya ngayo umbono nomthetho womphakathi, nendlela abantu abanganikela ngayo entuthukweni yezombangazwe nengokomthetho.

Njengoba sibhekene nezinselele zamanje zokubusa kwentando yeningi − ukulawulwa kwentando yeningi, ukudukiswa, ukuncipha kokuthembela ezinhlanganweni − izinkulumo ezihlolwa kulesi sihloko zinikeza kokubili ukuphefumula nesiqondiso. Zibonisa ukuthi imiphakathi yentando yeningi iye yabhekana nezinselele ezingathi sína ngaphambili futhi iye yathola izindlela zokuyisingatha ngezizathu ezicatshangelwe kahle, isibindi sokuziphatha, nokuzinikela ezimisweni eziyisisekelo.

Isiko lokukhuluma okungokwezombangazwe liyaqhubeka namuhla, njengoba abaholi besebenzisa izinkulumo ukuze baxhumane nezakhamuzi, bachaze izinqubo, futhi bachaze imibono ecacile yekusasa. Nakuba isimo semithombo yezindaba sishintshe ngokuphawulekayo, izinjongo ezisemqoka zezinkulumo zezombangazwe azikashintshi. Bafundisa, baphembele, bavuse inselele, futhi bahlanganisa izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekubuseni kwentando yeningi manje njengakuqala.

Ngokutadisha nangokufunda ezinkulumo ezidumile ngohulumeni nezimiso zomthetho, singawaqonda kangcono amasiko ethu siqu ezombangazwe, sihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ezimpikiswaneni zanamuhla, futhi sibe nengxenye emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokwakha nokusekela izinhlangano ezilungile, ezikhululekile, nezibusa ngentando yeningi.