Isisekelo Sezishaya - mthetho: Indlela Uhulumeni Wase - United States Osebenza Ngayo

I-United States Congress ime njengegatsha lomthetho likahulumeni, indikimba eklanyelwe ukwakha imithetho, imelela abantu baseMelika, futhi inikeza ukuqondisa kwegatsha eliphethe. Imiswe yi-Athict I yoMthetho-siseko, uKhongolo luvame ukuchazwa ngokuthi "igatsha lokuqala" likahulumeni ngoba lihlangene ngokuqondile nokhetho futhi liphethe amandla esikhwama semali. Ukuqonda ukuthi umsebenzi weSikhwama ubalulekile kanjani ekuqondeni inqubo yomthetho we-propati nohlelo lokuhlola okuchaza ukubusa nokulinganisa kwe-Melika. Ukusuka ekufakeni izivumelwano zokuqinisekisa izinkantolo eziPhakathi, uKhomishane uhlala esikhundleni senkampane semithetho kahulumeni.

Izakhiwo Zomkhandlu

ISishaya-mthetho sihlukaniswa saba amagumbi amabili ahlukene: iNdlu yabameleli neSigele. Lesi sakhiwo se-bamaral sasiwukuhlehlelana ngamabomu phakathi kwezifunda ezinkulu nezincane phakathi noMhlangano woMthetho-sisekelo ka-1787. Indlu imelela abantu abasekelwe kubantu abahlala emphakathini, kuyilapho iSigeqe simelela umbuso ngamunye ngendlela efanayo. lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili inani labantu nobukhosi bombuso kuyahlonishwa enqubweni yomthetho.

Indlu Yabameleli

Indlu yabameleli manje inamalungu angu-455 abavoti, ngalinye elisebenza igama elithatha iminyaka emibili. Inani labameleli ngokwesifundazwe ngasinye linqunywa abantu, futhi isifundazwe ngasinye siqinisekiswa okungenani isihlalo esisodwa. Ngenxa yokuthi amalungu endlu abhekene nokukhethwa njalo eminyakeni emibili, asabela kakhulu ezinhlanganweni zawo futhi athambekele ekugxileni ezindabeni zendawo. Indlu futhi iphethe amandla akhethekile okusungula izikweletu zemali futhi izikhulu zikahulumeni. Igumbi liholwa umSpeager wendlu, isikhundla esikhethwe yiqembu elikhulu, futhi esesibili emgqeni wokuthatha isikhundla ngemva komongameli wobumongameli.

ISigele

ISigele senziwe ngamalungu ayikhulu, anamalungu amabili amelela isifundazwe ngasinye kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyini inani labantu. Ama-senator asebenza ngokunyaka wesithupha exegayo, cishe nengxenye eyodwa-mitha yeSigele ukuze aphinde akhethe njalo eminyakeni emibili. Lokhu kulunga okude nokubekwa kwezwe lonke kunikeza izimemezelo ezibanzi ngezindaba zezwe futhi abavumele ukuba bagxile emigomweni yesimiso sesikhathi eside. ISigele sinamandla ayingqayizivele, kuhlanganise negunya lokuqinisekisa izilungiselelo zobumongameli, izivumelwano zokugunyaza izivumelwano, i-ravitamist, nokuqhuba ukuqulwa kwecala. UMongameli we-United States usebenza njengoMongameli weSigedeli se-State, ufaka amavoti evoti lapho kudingeka.

Okwenza Ukungathathi Hlangothi Luyindaba

Isakhiwo se-bidamaral sidala i-cheke yangaphakathi ngaphakathi egatsheni lomthetho ngokwalo. Umthetho kumelwe udlulise zombili iziteshi ngendlela efanayo ngaphambi kokuba zithunyelwe kuMongameli. Lemfuneko iphoqelela futhi ivimbela noma iyiphi indawo eyodwa ukuba ilawule inqubo yokushaya umthetho. Indlu neSigele ziye zasungula imithetho ehlukile, amasiko, nezimiso ezibonisa ubukhulu obungafani nemithwalo yemfanelo. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kuyisihluthulelo ekuqondeni indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo ngempela eWashington.

Inqubo Yomthetho Ehlelwe Ngemininingwane

Uhambo lwemali ethathwa ngomthetho lude futhi luyinhloso. Lenqubo iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho ohlongozwayo uhlolwa ngokucophelela, uphikiswana, futhi ucwengisisiwe. Nakuba lendlela ingahluka kuye ngohlobo lomthetho kanye nesimo sezulu sezombangazwe, izigaba ezivamile zenqubo yokushaya umthetho zihlala zingaguquguquki.

Ukusungulwa Nokuvuselelwa

Noma iliphi ilungu le-Congress lingasethula isikweleti. Endlini, ilungu libeka isikweleti e-"okhente" edeskini lomabhalane. ESigeqeni, isigele simane simemezela isibalo esiphansi. Uma senziwa, isibalo sinikezwa inani futhi sibhekiselwe ekomitini efanelekile noma emakomitini asekelwe endabeni yaso. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wezokwelapha ungayithumela eKomitini yendlu yezempilo eMzinzweni naseMkhakheni noma eKomitini yeSishayamthetho wezeMpi, i-Ezemfundo, i-Ortho, ne-Penionstions. Lesi sikhomba sesigaba sibucayi ngoba ikomiti inamandla okumayela, ukulibala, noma ukubulala umthetho.

Isenzo Sekomiti

AmaKomiti alapho umsebenzi omkhulu wemithetho wenzeka khona. Ikomiti ingaba nobufakazi obuvela kochwepheshe, izikhulu zikahulumeni, nabagcini-mfantu. Ngemva kokuzwa, ikomiti ihlangana esiqenjini sokunyusa isambazo futhi ivote kumthetho. Uma ikomiti ivumela imvume yecala, ibikwa egunjini eligcwele ngekhonsathi yekomiti echaza amalungiselelo ayo kanye nesisekelo. Uma ikomiti ingathathi nyathelo, lomthetho kuthiwa ukhona "ofile ekomitini." Lo mphumela uvamile, njengoba amakomiti ebonisa ukuthi izindleko zihamba phambili. [[FLT:] Conforgist .Crever.Grever.[FFLT]

Impikiswano Nemisebenzi Yokucula Eyindawo Ezungezile

Uma isikweleti semali sisekhona, sihamba siqonde phansi kwegumbi laso. Izinqubo zokuphikisana ziyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwendlu neSigeqe. Endlini, i-Paral Committee imisa izimpikiswano, kuhlanganise nemingcele yesikhathi futhi iziphi izinqumo ezinganikezwa. Lokhu kuvumela iNdlu ukuba ihlele umthetho ngokunempumelelo. Ngemva kwenkulumo-mpikiswano, impikiswano ivame ukuba ingabi namkhawulo ngaphandle kokuba ukuhamba kwehluleka kuvunyelwe yinani elikhulu (60 amavoti). Lenkulumo evulekile inikeza imvume yokuba umuntu ngamunye abe nekhono lokufuna i-palbuster, ukulibala, ukunqikaza noma ukuvala ivota ngokukhuluma ngobude. Ngemva kokuphetha, amalungu afuna ukuvota.

Ukulungisa Ukungezwani

Uma iNdlu neSigele kudlulisa izinguqulo ezihlukene zesivumelwano esifanayo, ukungefani kumelwe kuxazululwe ngaphambi kokuba imvume ithunyelwe kuMongameli. Lokhu ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngekomiti yengqungquthela, iqembu lesikhashana elikhiwe ngamalungu asemagumbini womabili. Ikomiti yengqungquthela ixoxa ngenguquko eyekethisayo, okumelwe ivunyelwe yiyo yomibili indlu neSishaya-Gaza. Okanye, amagumbi angasebenzisa inqubo yokulungisa inguquko, lapho igumbi ngalinye livota khona ekulungiseni ezinye iziphazamiso. Lesinyathelo sokubuyisana siqinisekisa ukuthi noma imuphi umthetho wokugcina usekela womabili amagumbi.

Isenzo Sobumongameli

Uma amagumbi amabili esegunyaza umthetho ofanayo, izivumelwano zemali zinikezwa uMongameli. UMongameli unezindlela eziningana. UMongameli angasayina incwadi yecala, ayenze umthetho. Uma uMongameli engathathi nyathelo phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi lapho kuseqenjini, imvume iba umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa. UMongameli angawubuyisela umthetho, awuwubuyiseli uMkhandlu ngempoqo. Umthetho ungawudlulisa ngenani elikhulu lamavoti amabili-3 kuwo womagumbi, nakuba lokhu kungavamile. Uma uMongameli engenzi lutho futhi engawusayiphathi umkhandlu phakathi nenkathi yosuku oluyishumi, isibambiso asenziwa umthetho. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi i-payibhula.

Isimiso Sekomiti

Amakomiti avame ukubizwa ngokuthi "amahhashi asebenzayo" eSishaya - mthetho, futhi ngesizathu esihle. Umqulu nobunkimbinkimbi bomthetho kwenza ukuba kungabi nakwenzeka ngelungu ngalinye ukuba libe nekhono kunoma iziphi izimpikiswano. AmaKomiti avumela uMkhandlu ukuba ulawule. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zamakomiti, kuhlanganise namakomiti amile anezinqubo ezihlala njalo, akhetha noma amakomiti akhethekile ahlola izindaba ezithile zesikhashana, kanye namakomiti ahlangene ahlanganisa amalungu awo womabili amakamu. Isimiso sekomiti sihlanganisa neKomiti yeNdlumo enamandla, elawula ukuthunyelwa komthetho phansi, neKomiti yeSishaya-Hlumo ephethe i-Judiary, esingatha izinqumo nesimiso esingokomthetho. Amalungu afuna izabelo ezihambisana nezithakazelo zawo, nezinxaneze zekomiti eziningi.

Amandla Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Yomhlangano

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iMikhandlu yemibuso eminingi eyenza isebenze njengendikimba eyinhloko yokwenza umthetho kahulumeni. Lamandla ahlelwa eSiphakamiso I, isiqephu 8, futhi anwetshwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokuchaza nangokusebenza. Imithwalo yemfanelo yoMkhandlu idlulela ngalé nje kokudlulisa imithetho.

Amandla Okushaya Indiva

Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-Congress ukwenza imithetho. UMkhandlu unegunya lokumisa imingcele ezindaweni eziningi, kuhlanganise nentela, ezohwebo, isivikelo, ukufuduka, imfundo, kanye nokunakekela impilo. "odingekile" umsuka unikeza iziKhongolo ukuvumelana kokumisa imithetho ebalulekile ekufezeni amandla awo adwetshiwe. Lo mbhalo ube isisekelo sokwandisa okukhulu kwegunya likahulumeni kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika.

Ukuphatha Igatsha Eliphethe

Umthetho-sisekelo unomthwalo wokwengamela igatsha eliphethe futhi uqinisekise ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngokwethembeka. Ukuqondisa kunezimo eziningi, kuhlanganise nokuqulwa kwemithetho yamakomiti, ukuhlola, nezicelo zezincwadi nobufakazi. Ukuphathwa kwe-Congregation kungadalula udoti, ukukhohlisa, nokuxhaphaza ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni futhi kungaholela ekusekeleni izinguquko zemithetho. I-Hulumeni yama-Accounting Office (GAO), inhlangano ezizimele esebenza eMkhandlwini, ukuhlola nokuhlola izinhlelo zikahulumeni. [[FLT: 0] I-GAO's shondroright's[ isekela i-Consticiationstionstion ekuhlanganeni kwemithwalo yayo yomthetho nokusiza ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza komthetho kahulumeni.

Igunya Lokusebenzisa Imali

Amandla esikhwama ahlanganisa ukugunyaza umthetho, omisa uphahla, nomthetho wezimali ogunyaza imali. ISishaya-mthetho sinquma indlela izimali zikahulumeni ezikhushulwa ngayo ngentela nendlela ezisetshenziswa ngayo ngenqubo yonyaka yezokuxhumana. Le nqubo ihlanganisa ukugunyaza umthetho, omisa ukusetshenziswa kwezingale, kanye nokuhlelwa kwemali, empeleni okunikeza imali. I-Congregational Ibhankingment Office (CO) inikeza ukuhlaziywa kwemiphumela yemithetho yezimali ehlongonayo. Ukulawula kwezimali zendlu yezezimali kunikeza umthetho obalulekile phezu kwezingalezezezezengamele zegatsha.

Iseluleko Nokuvumelana

ISigele sinamandla akhethekile okunikeza iseluleko nokuvumelana nokumiswa komongameli nezivumelwano. UMongameli umisa abantu ngabanye izikhundla ezinjengezikhundla zeKhabhinethi, amajaji kahulumeni, amanxusa, namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme. Lokhu kugunyaza kubhekiselwa eSigqeni, lapho amakomiti aqulwa khona futhi avote ukuthi agunyaza yini ukuqinisekiswa. ISigele saseSigqeni sivota khona, kanye neningi elivamile elifunekayo ezikhundleni eziningi. KuyiNkanto ePhakathi Ephakeme, le nqubo ikhulu kakhulu futhi iye yaba namandla kakhulu futhi iye yaba nokugcinwa kwezivumelwano zamashumi eminyaka amuva. ISishaya iSishaya iNkathi futhi ivoti ivoti i-3.

Amandla Okuzikhandla

UKhomishane unegunya lokukhipha izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli, uMongameli ongumphelelisi, kanye namajaji. Indlu inamandla okungayedwa okukhipha izikhalo, okuwugunya lokukhipha amacala. Ivoti elivamile eNdlu yanele ukuba inikeze imvume. Khona - ke iSigele siqhuba icala, umahluleli oyinhloko weNkantolo Ephakeme ephethe uma uMongameli equlwa. Ingxenye enkulu yesithathu esemthethweni iyadingeka ukuze ivume futhi isuse esikhundleni. Ivoti yendlu yecala iyinqubo engavamile nengathi sína eye yasetshenziswa kaningi kuphela emlandweni waseMelika.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

UKhomishane awusebenzi ngokuzihlukanisa. UMthetho-sisekelo umisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela lapho igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni lingalinganisela khona amandla abanye. UKhomishane uhlola igatsha eliphetheyo ngokuqondisa, amandla esikhwama semali, ikhono lokulawula i-vetoes, negunya lokukhipha iziphakamiso. UMongameli uhlola iKhongolo ngamandla nangendlela yokuhlola umthetho. Ngokutusa umthetho. Igatsha lokwahlulela lihlola kokubili amaKhongolo noMongameli ngamandla okwahlulela, okwenza ukuba izinkantolo zikwazi ukushaya imithetho ephula umthetho. Lesimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi amandla asakazwayo awedwa futhi akukho gatsha liba namandla amakhulu kakhulu. Ukubheka ngokujulile ukuthi lomsebenzi okuhlolwayo usebenza kanjani, [[FFL:0] [US].A.

Ukumelela Nokukhetha

Abahleli bomthetho-mthetho baklama i-Congress ukuba babe igatsha likahulumeni elisabela kakhulu kubantu. Amalungu endlu akhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili, ewenza asheshe athathe inguquko embonweni womphakathi. Abaqondisi, kuyilapho besebenzisa amagama amade, basalandisa. Inqubo yokukhetha i-redigaling, eyenzeka njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi yokubalwa kwabantu, inquma imingcele yezifunda zobubhishobhi. I-Rediving ingaba inqubo enzima kakhulu, ngecala le-gerrymander evame emazweni amaningi. Inhloso yokumelelwa kwenani labantu nezindawo ezihlukahlukene zombuso. Nakuba iMikhandlu iye yahlukahluka kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva, ayikabonisi ngokuphelele ukuhlanganiswa kwezwe. i-Scommomeation ishow futhi ngezinye izikhathi iphikisana kakhulu ngendima eqhubekayo ngemibalelwana, ngemizimba ephakathi, futhi iphikisana nesigaba esiphakathini esiphakathini.

Izinselele Nezinguquko Zanamuhla

Umphakathi ubhekene nezinselele eziningi eziphawulekayo kulenkathi yanamuhla. Ukuhlaziywa kwezindawo kwenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ukukhipha umthetho, ngokuthatha i-finbuster, ukubambeka kwe-procedtura, nokuvota kweqembu kuba okuvamile. Ukuthembela komphakathi eKhongosweni kusezingeni eliphansi emlandweni, futhi amaMelika amaningi abheka lesi sikhungo njengesingaphumeleli futhi esithonywe kakhulu yizithakazelo ezikhethekile. Ukukhula kwamandla empathiwe kukwakuye kwasusa ukulingana kwegunya egatsheni lomthetho. Iziphakamiso zenguquko zihlanganisa inqubo yokwenza inqubo yomthetho womthetho wemithetho yemithetho yemithetho icace ngokwengeziwe, ukunciphisa ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe, nemilatho ye-minernerner. Ukuqeda i-Religioppester, ukuguqula inqubo yemali, nokuqinisa imithetho yezimiso zokuhlela imali kunakho konke okuye kwaxoxwa. Lezi zinselele yemithetho ye-Greadeastry.

UKhongolose lusalokhu luyilungiselelo eliyisisekelo lokubusa kwaseMelika. Ukwakheka kwalo, izinqubo, namandla kubumba izimiso ezithinta ukuphila konke kwaseMelika. Ngokuqonda indlela iziKhomishane ezisebenza ngayo, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela kangcono nabameleli bazo futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo enqubweni yentando yeningi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuvota, ngokuthintana nelungu leSishaya-Mkhandlu, noma ngokulandela intuthuko yemithetho, ukuhlala zinolwazi ngeSishaya-Mkhandlu kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuphila komphakathi. Kulabo abafuna ulwazi oluqhubekayo, isikhulu Conrefern. Webh[ inikeza ukufinyelela okubanzi emthetho, imisebenzi yekomiti, nelungu lokwaziswa.