Table of Contents

UMthetho-sisekelo umi njengetshe eliqinile lentando yeningi yaseMelika, incwadi eye yaqondisa isizwe iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili. Nokho naphezu kokuba khona kwaso okuhlala njalo, amaMelika awakaze avumelane ngokugcwele ngokuthi usho ukuthini noma kufanele achazwe kanjani. Lokhu kungavumelani akuzona izimpawu zobuthakathaka esimisweni sethu sentando yeningi, − ziyizici ezibalulekile ezigcina ukubusa ngentando yeningi kombuso wentando yeningi kuqinile, kusabela, futhi kulandisa kubantu abakukhonzayo.

Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani imibono ehlukene ngendaba yoMthetho-sisekelo idinga ukuhlola izinkolelo eziyisisekelo zokuchaza, ukuhlola indlela lemibono ethonya ngayo imiphumela yezwe langempela, nokuqaphela indima ebalulekile efezwa izakhamuzi ezifundile ekulondolozeni idemokrati enempilo yomthetho-sisekelo.

Isisekelo: Okwenza Incazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo Ibe Yinkimbinkimbi

Izimiso zomthetho zinikeza uhlelo lapho ezombangazwe zikhona, futhi izimiso ezinjalo ngezinye izikhathi zingase zizwane, futhi amazwe ahlukene ahlele imithetho-mthetho yawo ngezindlela ezihlukene. UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States unikeza ubunye besizwe kanyekanye nokungavumelani okuqhubekayo. AmaMelika akhulekela uMthetho-sisekelo njengencwadi ephefumlelwe cishe ngokwaphezulu ehlanganisa izinhloso eziphakeme zentando yeningi, kodwa kuwo wonke umlando amaMelika aye aphikisana ngokuqinile ngalokho okushiwo nguMthetho-sisekelo.

Lendida ikhona ngoba uMthetho-sisekelo wazalwa usempikiswaneni futhi uvumelana, njengoba abafaki befakela befihla ukungezwani kwabo ngokunye. Ulimi lwedokhumende luvame ukuba lubanzi ngamabomu, lushiyela indawo yokuchaza izizukulwane zonke nezimo ezishintshayo. Amagama afana "ngenqubo yokuqala," "isivikelo esilinganayo," "ummende," nesijeziso esingavamile" kudinga ukuchazwa okuqhubekayo ukuba kusetshenziswe ezimweni ezithile.

Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka incazelo yamalungiselelo abalulekile kodwa afihlekile omthetho - sisekelo iye yaba yimpikiswano eshubile, futhi ukuchazwa kwala malungiselelo kuye kwashintsha ngokuphawulekayo njengoba isizwe siye sathuthuka.

Izinkolelo - mbono Ezinkulu Zokuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Impikiswano yokuthi uMthetho - sisekelo ungachazwa kanjani igxile ezimfundisweni eziningana eziphikisanayo, ngasinye sinezisekelo zaso zefilosofi, amandla nokulinganiselwa.

Ukuzisungulela: Ukuzimela Okunenjongo Emlandweni

Ubuqamama buyinkolelo-mbono yokuchaza imibhalo engokomthetho, kuhlanganise nombhalo woMthetho-sisekelo, lapho abasekeli bomthetho-sisekelo bakholelwa khona ukuthi umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo kufanele unikezwe incazelo yasekuqaleni yomphakathi owawuyoba nayo ngesikhathi uyoba umthetho. Lendlela ifuna ukunqanda ukuqapha ngokuhlanganisa incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ekuqondeni umlando.

Abasekeli bemfundiso yokuqala baphikisa ngokuthi incazelo yombhalo womthetho - sisekelo imisiwe nokuthi kufanele ibophe abadlali bomthetho - sisekelo. Abasekeli bakholelwa ukuthi lendlela inikeza ukuzinza, ivimbela abahluleli ekubekeni izintando yeningi ezithandayo, futhi ihlonipha inqubo yentando yeningi ngokufuna ukuba kushintshwe imithetho ukuze kushintshwe incazelo engokomthetho - sisekelo.

Incazelo yokuqala yemibhalo engokomthetho - sisekelo ingaqondwa ngezichazamazwi, izincwadi zolimi, nakweminye imibhalo engokomthetho okungase kuboleke kuyo lo mbhalo, futhi ingatholakala nasezinqubweni ezingokomthetho eziyisisekelo nempikiswano yomphakathi eyabangela ilungiselelo lomthetho - sisekelo. Lenqubo idinga ukucwaninga okukhulu okungokomlando nokunakekela ngokucophelela emihlanganweni yezilimi yalenkathi yokuqalisa.

Kuwo ngokwawo umehluko obalulekile, kukhona ukuhlukanisa. Okunye ukuqonda kungu "inhloso yokuqala" okuthi kufanele sichaze uMthetho-sisekelo osekelwe kulokho ababewuhlosile ekuqaleni lapho bewubhala. Nokho, lapho bebhekene nobunzima, futhi yebo ukungafanelekile, kokuzama ukufunda izingqondo zabadwebi boMthetho-sisekelo, abasekeli bobuProtostism basheshe bayeke ukukhuluma ngenhloso yokuqala, futhi esikhundleni salokhu bagxila ekuqondeni kwasekuqaleni kwamazwi oMthetho-Constitus − umzamo manje esiwubiza ngokuthi i-discism.

I-textalism iyinkolelo-mbono yokuthi kufanele sichaze imibhalo engokomthetho, kuhlanganise noMthetho-sisekelo, esekelwe kwincazelo evamile yombhalo, lapho umlobi wemibhalo eshaya indiva khona izici ezingaphandle kombhalo, njengenkinga umthetho okhuluma ngayo noma lokho okungenzeka ukuthi abadwebi bomthetho babekuhlosile. Lenguqulo imelela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo ekucabangeni komsunguli wemiqondo engcono.

Umthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo: Ukuzivumelanisa Nezikhathi Ezishintshayo

Izazi zomthetho - sisekelo eziphilayo ziphikisa ngokuthi umthetho - sisekelo ungashintsha futhi kufanele ushintshe ukuze kubhekwe izimo ezishintshayo nezindinganiso.

Izazi zomthetho - sisekelo eziphila kulo mthetho - sisekelo zikholelwa ukuthi incazelo yombhalo womthetho - sisekelo iyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba izimo zezenhlalo zishintsha, ngisho noma kungavunyelwanga ukuguqulwa komthetho - sisekelo ongokomthetho eSigabeni V soMthetho - sisekelo.

Kuvele izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: uburonary, obunamathela encazelweni yokuqala yencwadi, nombono woMthetho-sisekelo ophilayo, owubheka njengovumelana nezikhathi ezishintshayo, futhi lamafilosofi ancintisanayo ahlela izinqumo zokwahlulela ezindabeni eziyinhloko ezinjengomalungelo omphakathi, ukuzifihla, nokulawula kwezibhamu. Imiphumela esebenzayo yalezizindlela ezihlukene iba sobala ezinkantolo ezivelele ezikhuluma ngezindaba zanamuhla.

UMahluleli weNkantolo Ephakeme u - Elena Kagan, umcusumbuli ovamile wemfundiso yokusungula engaguquki, uphikisa ngokuthi ezinye izici zoMthetho - sisekelo zazibanzi futhi zingacacile ukuba zivumele izizukulwane zesikhathi esizayo zizichaze njengezifanelana nezikhathi.

Impikiswano Eqhubekayo Phakathi Kwezindlela Zokufinyelela

Abasekeli bemfundiso yokuqala baphikisa ngokuthi kufanele kumiswe futhi kuvinjelwe, kuyilapho abashisekeli bomthetho - sisekelo abaphila begcizelela ukuvumelana nezimo nentuthuko yezenhlalo, futhi lempikiswano eqhubekayo iveza ukungavumelani okukhulu ngokuphathelene nesimo sikahulumeni womthetho - sisekelo nendima yomthetho - sisekelo.

Nakuba ubuShona bufuna ukulondoloza incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, abagxeki bakhomba imingcele yabo esebenzayo futhi baxwayise ngokulandela umlando oqinile, futhi ngokufanayo, bayavuma ukuthi i-Living Constitutionism ibhekene nezingozi zokuphamba okwahlulela kodwa baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvumelana nenqubo kubalulekile kumalungelo omphakathi, ukufihla imfihlo, nezinselele zesimanje. Zombili lezi zimo zinokukhathalela okungokomthetho ngamathuba omunye okuxhashazwa.

Ukuvuselelwa kobufandamentali kuma- 1980 kwakuyisenzo semfundiso ye-"Olince Constitution," eyayifuna ukuba abahluleli bachaze uMthetho-sisekelo, hhayi ngokwesilimi sawo, kodwa ngokwezindinganiso zomphakathi. Lomongo ongokomlando usiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kuye kwashintsha kancane kancane emashumini eminyaka amuva.

Indlela Ukuchaza Umthetho - sisekelo Okukuthonya Ngayo Ukuphila KwaseMelika

Impikiswano efingqiwe phakathi kobudala nokuphila komthetho ngokomthetho inemiphumela engokoqobo yezwe. Indlela yokuchaza eyamukelwa amajaji ithinta ngokuqondile amalungelo amaMelika ajabulisayo, uhulumeni wemibuso ungasebenzisa, kanye nokwakheka komphakathi ngokwawo.

Ithonya Elungelweni Lomuntu Ngamunye Nenkululeko

Incazelo yomthetho inquma izinga kanye nalokho okuqukethwe amalungelo ayisisekelo. Ekhulwini le - 19 leminyaka, amandla ezentengiselwano enhlangano ayengahlanganisi ilungelo lokulawula ukukhiqizwa kwemisebenzi noma ukuvikela amalungelo ezisebenzi, kodwa ekupheleni kwekhulu lama - 20, amandla ezentengiselwano awengeziwe ngaphezu kwanoma yini iFramers eyabonwa kusengaphambili noma eyayicatshangelwa, manje iSishaya - mthetho esimisa imithetho ethuthukisa ukulondeka komphakathi, imisa izindinganiso zezisebenzi ezingakhethi, futhi inqabela ukucwasana emsebenzini.

Ngokufanayo, iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-201, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sasifinyelelwe kakhulu, futhi uhulumeni wayengasebenzisa umthetho wobugebengu ukuze ajezise abantu abakhipha imvume yokuvukela umbuso, okuyinkulumo ebekela inselele igunya lomphakathi. ISichibiyelo sokuqala seSiphendu sanamuhla, esinikeza isivikelo esiqinile sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile, simelela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuphawulekayo ekuqondeni komthetho sisekelo.

Amalungelo ezindaba zangasese anikeza esinye isibonelo esishukumisayo. Igama elithi "umthetho" aliveli ndawo embhalweni woMthetho-sisekelo, nokho izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela isivikelo somthetho-mthethweni esiyimfihlo ezindaweni ezisukela ekuvimbeleni nokulondeka kokwaziswa. Indlela abahluleli ababheka ngayo incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo inquma ukuthi amalungelo anjalo angagunyazwanga athola isivikelo nokuthi anwetshwa kangakanani.

Ithonya Ekwakhekeni Nombuso Kuhulumeni

IBhili of Rights ibaluleke kakhulu kwezombangazwe namuhla njengoba izinhlangano ezibusayo ezimiswe uMthetho - sisekelo, kungekho simiso somphakathi esingathinteki ngamalungiselelo ayo, futhi futhi, iBhili of Rights iye yaba ebaluleke kakhulu kwezombangazwe ‘ zokusekela uhulumeni: ukufuna ukusekelwa kwesimiso kudinga okungaphezu kwemithetho ethandwayo noma engokomthetho, futhi kudinga ukufaneleka komthetho - sisekelo.

Izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza ziveza iziphetho ezihlukene ngokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nawombuso, ubukhulu begunya eliphethe, izinga lamandla ombuso, nendima yejaji. Lemibuzo yokwakha ithinta yonke into kusukela esimisweni sokunakekela impilo kuya ekuqondiseni indawo ezungezile kuya ezindinganisweni zokulondeka kwesizwe.

Esinye isimiso esiyinhloko siwukuthi amandla kufanele abe khona phakathi kwezinhlangano ezihlukene zomthetho - sisekelo — kuhlanganise nesikhulu esiphethe, isishaya - mthetho nesimiso sokwahlulela, naphakathi kwezinga likahulumeni wezwe nezwe.

Imiphumela Enqubweni Yezenhlalo Nezomnotho

Nakuba amaMelika engavumelani ezindabeni eziningi zezombangazwe, ahlanganyela umqondo wokuthi kufanele aphikisane kanjani: ngokubhekisela kuMthetho - sisekelo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izimpikiswano ngokulawulwa kwezibhamu, ukukhishwa kwezisu, ukuvuma, umkhankaso wezimali, inkululeko engokwenkolo, nezinye izindaba ezingenakubalwa ekugcineni ziba imibuzo ewumthetho - sisekelo.

Ijaji elisebenzisa i - lens elichazayo linquma ukuthi yiziphi izimiso ezisindayo ekuhlolweni komthetho - sisekelo futhi yiziphi ezishaqiwe.

Ukubusa Kwentando Yeningi: Isizathu Sokuba Umphakathi Uhlanganyele

Emphakathini wentando yeningi, izakhamuzi zinendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo ngokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe, ukuphikisana komphakathi, kanye nokuthembisana komphakathi.

Indima Yabantu Ekuthuthukeni Komthetho-mthetho

Nakuba izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zinegunya elikhulu, izincazelo zomthetho - sisekelo zixazululwa ngempela futhi ekugcineni zixazululwa kuphela lapho abantu bekwamukela ukuhlakanipha kwabo, hhayi nje lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ikhuluma.

Inkulumo - mpikiswano eqhubekayo yalolu hlobo iqinisekisa ukuqina koMthetho - sisekelo ekuphileni kwaseMelika; futhi yazisa iNkantolo ngendlela abantu abaphilayo baseMelika abayiqonda ngayo incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo.

Lapho iNkantolo imemezela umbono wayo ngoMthetho - sisekelo, cishe kungabangela impikiswano mayelana nokuwuqeda. Kunokuba kube ubuthakathaka, lengxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwezinkantolo nezakhamuzi isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi umthetho - sisekelo uyaqhubeka uhlangene nezindinganiso nezidingo zabantu baseMelika.

Izimiso Zomthetho - sisekelo Nokubusa Ngentando Yeningi

Intando yeningi yomthetho - sisekelo yanamuhla isekelwe, ngendlela yayo eyisisekelo kakhulu, esivumelweni phakathi kwezakhamuzi nezazi zazo zezombangazwe, lapho izakhamuzi zivuma ukubuswa khona, kuyilapho izazi zezombangazwe zivuma ukuthi ziyobusa kuphela ngaphansi kokuvinjelwa, zibonisa ukukhathalela kokuthi igunya kufanele lisetshenziswe kahle – ngenhlonipho efanele ngemibono ehlukahlukene nangempilo ehlala isikhathi eside yomphakathi nombuso.

Abezombangazwe namaqembu ezombangazwe ahlukahlukene ngokwemvelo bayaphikisana ngokuthi imiphi imigomo yesimiso ebanzi efiselekayo, noma indlela engase ifinyelelwe ngayo kangcono, kodwa izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo zibeka imingcele yalezimpikiswano, futhi ukuziphatha okubanzi kwezombangazwe, zimisa izindinganiso eziyisisekelo bonke abavumelana ngazo, futhi uma ukuvumelana ngaleyozimiso ngokwako kuwohloka, umbuso wentando yeningi ungase uzithole usenkingeni.

Lezi zimpikiswano zomthetho - sisekelo zichaza ukuthi kungani zibaluleke kangaka, azizona nje izimpikiswano ezingokobuchwepheshe kodwa ziyimibuzo eyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nesimo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, imingcele yamandla kahulumeni, namalungelo abantu ngabanye nemiphakathi.

Umbono Womphakathi Nencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Iningi lomphakathi elingamaphesenti angu-55 manje lithi iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. kufanele yenze izinqumo zayo ngokusekelwe kulokho uMthetho-sisekelo "osho khona ezikhathini zamanje," kuyilapho u- 41% ethi inkantolo kufanele isekele imithetho yayo kulokho uMthetho-sisekelo "owawukusho ekuqaleni." Lezimo zengqondo zomphakathi zibonisa ukuhlukana okukhulu ngefilosofi yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nangendima efanele yezinkantolo.

Cishe i-Democrates ne-Democraticers (78%) manje bathi imithetho kufanele isekelwe kwincazelo yamanje yoMthetho-sisekelo, ephakeme kunanoma yiliphi iqophelo namaphesenti angu-9 kusukela ngo-2016. Okwamanje, amaRepublic abambelele eqophelweni elivamile ayaqhubeka athi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uchazwe ngokwencazelo yawo yokuqala (77%) kunokuba usho incazelo yawo ezikhathini zamanje (21%).

Lokhu kuhlukana okuhlukanisayo nokuhlukanisa imibono kubonisa indlela ukuchaza umthetho - sisekelo okuye kwahlanganiswa ngayo nezibopho zezombangazwe ezibanzi.Ukuqonda lezi zici ezinamandla kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele izigxobo ezihilelekile ekumisweni kokwahlulela, okhethweni, nezimpikiswano zezimiso.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando: Ukuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo Kuyasebenza

Ukuhlola izibonelo ezingokomlando eziqondile kubonisa indlela izindlela zokuchaza ezihlukene eziveza imiphumela ehlukahlukene nendlela ukuqonda okusekelwe emthethweni okushintsha ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukulingana Kobuhlanga NeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

Izazi zomthetho - sisekelo eziphila kulo mthetho - sisekelo zikholelwa ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga kwakungokomthetho - sisekelo kusukela ngo - 1877 kuya ku - 1954, ngenxa yokuthi umbono womphakathi wawukuvumela, futhi kwaba okungavumelani kuphela nesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme eBrown no - (1954) — icala abacabanga ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme yashintsha futhi yathuthukisa kulo uMthetho - sisekelo.

Ngokuphambene, izazi zokuqala zicabanga ukuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sasilokhu senqabela ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga (kusukela ekuthathweni kwayo ngo-1868), ukuya esinqumweni esiyiphutha seNkantolo ePhakamileyo esisekela ukuhlukaniswa kweqembu kuPelly v. Ferguson. Lokhu kungavumelani kubonisa ukuqonda okuhlukile kakhulu kwencazelo engokomthetho-sisekelo esebenza futhi ishintshe.

Isinqumo seBrown ngokwaso sibonisa ukubaluleka kwangempela kwencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokunqaba imfundiso "ehlukene kodwa elinganayo", iNkantolo yasiza ekuhlanganiseni umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu futhi iguqule umphakathi waseMelika. Noma umuntu ubheka lokhu njengeNkantolo ekugcineni esebenzisa iSichibiyelo seshumi nane ngokunembile noma njengoba iNkantolo iguqula incazelo ehlukile yezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ixhomeke ekuchazeni komuntu ifilosofi echaza amalungelo omphakathi.

Ukuziphendukela Kwezentengiselwano UClaus Eyinqaba

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iKhongolose amandla okulawula ezentengiselwano zamazwe ahlukene, kodwa okubalulekile ngokuthi "izentengiselwano" nokuthi yini eyenza kube "isifundazwe" kuye kwaphikiswana kakhulu. Izincazelo zakuqala zalinganisela lomandla kakhulu, kodwa phakathi nenkathi ye-New Deal nangalé kwayo, izinkantolo zathatha izinketho ezinkulu ezavumela ukuhlelwa okukhulu kombuso kwezezomnotho.

Lokhu kwanda kwenza ukuba umthetho ophawulekayo ohlanganisa noMthetho Wezikhundla Zamalungelo Abantu ka - 1964, owawunqabela ubandlululo ezindlini zomphakathi ngokwengxenye ngesisekelo se - Commerce Clause. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kwanweba isigqebhezana esingenakuqashelwa, kuyilapho abasekeli bakugcina kuyindlela edingekile yokuzivumelanisa namaqiniso ezomnotho anamuhla.

Muva nje, izimpikiswano ngomthetho we-Affordble Care Act womuntu ngamunye zaphakamisa imibuzo efanayo ngemingcele ye-opulani ngaphansi kwe-Chommerce Claus. Lezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo zibonisa indlela ukuchaza umthetho-sisekelo okuthinta ngayo ngokuqondile izinyathelo ezinkulu zesimiso kanye nokulinganisela kwamandla esimisweni sikahulumeni.

Ukukhuluma Ngokukhululeka Enkathini Yezinombolo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sabhalwa enkathini yamapheshana anyathelisiwe nezinkulumo zomphakathi. Ukuwasebenzisela kuyi-Internet, i-commust, i-algoric shond, nokuhlola kwamanani kudinga ukuchaza izinqumo. Ingabe kufanele ukuba abaqondisi be-flameters baqonde "pech" no"press" noma kufanele baqonde ukuthi lamagama ahlanganisa izindlela zokuxhumana zanamuhla?

Izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza zinikeza izimpendulo ezihlukahlukene zemibuzo ephathelene nokulinganisela kwezihloko ezikuyi - Internet, ukuqapha kukahulumeni ngokuxhumana ngemishini nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho yezimali ekhankaswayo ekhankasweni ye - Internet.

Indima Yokwahlulela: Izinkantolo Njengezazi Zomthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba zonke izikhulu zikahulumeni zifunga ukuthi ziyowusekela uMthetho - sisekelo, izinkantolo zinendima ekhethekile ekuchazeni umthetho - sisekelo ngamandla okuhlaziya ukwahlulela — igunya lokushaya imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni eziphula izimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Nokulandisa Ngentando Yeningi

Abanye besaba ukuthi izinkantolo ezichaza uMthetho - sisekelo ngalendlela ziguqula iUnited States ibe i - genacracy, lapho ukuphakama okumnyama kungaminyanisa khona amagatsha akhethwe ngedemokrasi, futhi lena ingozi isizwe esiye saphila ngayo kusukela sasungulwa, njengoba empeleni amandla okuhlaziya asetshenziswa kabi, ngezinye izikhathi ngendlela ewukungacusumbuli.

Lokhu kungqubuzana phakathi kwegunya lokwahlulela nokulandisa ngentando yeningi kuyimbangela yezimpikiswano eziningi ngokuphathelene nokuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo. Ingabe amajaji angakhethwenga afanelwe ukuphila afanele abe namandla okulawula izinqumo ezenziwa abameleli abakhethiwe?

Abakholelwa ekuziphendukeleni phambili bavame ukuphikisa indlela yabo yokukhetha ekwahluleleni futhi bahloniphe ukwenza izinqumo zentando yeningi ngokulinganisela amajaji ekusebenziseni incazelo emisiwe yoMthetho-sisekelo. Abahleli bomthetho-sisekelo baphikisana ngokuthi ukunamathela okuqinile ekuqondeni komlando kungaveza imiphumela engalungile nokuthi ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo kumelwe zivikele amalungelo amancane ebushiqelani obuningi.

Ukumiswa Kwenkantolo Ephakeme Okuhlanganisa

Ukuchaza kweNkantolo Ephakeme kushintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba amajaji amasha ehlanganyela ebhentshini. Ukhetho lukaMongameli nezinqubo zokuqinisekisa iSigele ziye zagxila kakhulu kuyifilosofi yokwahlulela, futhi abaqondisi babhekene nokucusumbula okukhulu ngemibono yabo ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo.

Umahluleli u-Amy Coney Barrett washo ekuqinisekiseni kwakhe ukuthi uchaza uMthetho-sisekelo "njengombhalo, futhi ngiyaqonda ukuthi usho ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi wawuthandwa abantu." Izinkulumo ezinjalo ezibonisa izingqapheli ukuthi ubulungisa bungabhekana kanjani nemibuzo engokomthetho-sisekelo, nakuba amacala ahlukahlukene ngokuvamile abonakala eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunokuba kusikiselwa izibopho zefilosofi.

Uhlelo lweNkantolo aluthinti nje kuphela amacala anqunywayo kodwa nendlela enqunywa ngayo. Inkantolo elawulwa yizazi zakudala cishe izofinyelela iziphetho ezingafani kunomuntu olawulwa yizazi zomthetho-sisekelo ophilayo, ngisho nalapho ibukeza imithetho efanayo namaqiniso.

Izinkantolo Eziphansi Nentuthuko Yomthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ithola ukunakwa okukhulu, izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni nezinkantolo zikahulumeni nazo zinendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo. Lezinkantolo zinquma izinkulungwane zamacala ahilela imibuzo engokomthetho-mthetho, futhi ingxenyana encane kuphela ebukezwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme. Izinqubo zokuchaza ezamukelwa abahluleli abaphethe futhi ziveza umthetho womthetho - sisekelo osebenzayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkantolo eziphansi ngokuvamile zisebenza njengezindawo zokucwaninga ngemibono engokomthetho, ezinezingxenye ezihlukahlukene ezithatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuxazulula izinkinga. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kungaba usizo, kuvumele izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza ukuba zihlolwe phambi kweNkantolo Ephakeme ixazulule umbuzo, noma ngezinye izikhathi zivumele ukuhlukahluka kwezindawo okuqhubekayo lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yenqaba ukungenela khona.

ISichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo: Indlela Elula Yokushintsha

UMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo unikeza indlela yokuguqula okungokomthetho ngenqubo yokulungisa echazwe eSigabeni V. Lenqubo idinga ukusekelwa okukhulu, okwenza ukulungisa kube nzima kodwa kungenzeki ukufinyelela.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Nezinselele Zaso

Ukulungisa umthetho-sisekelo kudinga ukuvunyelwa yizingxenye ezimbili-ntathu zazo zombili izindlu zoMkhandlu nokuhlanzwa ngesithathu sesine sezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni (noma imihlangano yombuso). Lomnyango ophakeme uqinisekisa ukuthi ushintsho olubanzi, ukusekela okuqhubekayo kuphela luyingxenye yombhalo woMthetho-sisekelo.

Ubunzima bokulungisa okungokomthetho bunemiphumela ebalulekile ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo. Abaqondisi bemfundiso yokuqala baphikisa ngokuthi uma amaMelika efuna ukushintsha incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, kufanele asebenzise inqubo yokulungisa kunokuthembela ezinkantolo ukuze achaze kabusha umbhalo okhona. Izazi zomthetho-sisekelo eziphilayo ziphendula ngokuthi inqubo yokulungisa kunzima kakhulu kangangokuba ayinakukwazi ukuxazulula zonke izindlela ukusebenza komthetho-sisekelo okumelwe kuzenzeke ngazo.

Njengoba iBhili of Rights yagunyazwa ngo-1791, imishayiselo eyengeziwe elishumi nambili kuphela (isilinganiso esingaphansi kweshumi leminyaka). Ezinye zalezi zinguquko ziye zaguqula uhulumeni nomphakathi waseMelika ngokuyisisekelo, kuhlanganise neZiphendulo zenguquko eziqeda ubugqila nokuqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo, iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesishiyagalo seSine seSichithi esidlulisela amalungelo okuvota kwabesifazane, neSiphendulo samashumi Amahlanu nanye sehlisela phansi inkathi yokuvota kuze kube neminyaka engu-18.

Ushintsho Lomthetho - sisekelo Lwethukela

Ushintsho lomthetho-mthetho lwaloluhlobo luvamile. Ngaphandle kokulungisa okungokomthetho, incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ishintsha ngokuchaza kokwahlulela, umthetho, ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuqondisa, nokushintsha kwezimiso zomphakathi. Lokhu shintsho oluvamile alubonakali kodwa lubaluleke kakhulu kunokulungisa okungokomthetho.

Ngokwesibonelo, umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo mayelana namandla kamongameli awuzange ushintshe kakhulu kusukela ngo-1789, kodwa umongameli wanamuhla akafani kakhulu nesikhundla njengoba kwakucatshangwa ekuqaleni. Lokhu kuguqulwa kwenzeka ngokuzijwayeza, ngesibonelo, nangencazelo esikhundleni sokulungisa umbhalo.

Uma ushintsho olunjalo oluvamile lungokomthetho ngokwengxenye luxhomeke kuyifilosofi yomuntu echazayo. Abahleli bomthetho-sisekelo bavame ukukwamukela njengokudingeka, kuyilapho abalandeli bokuqala bekubheka njengokungaqiniseki okukhulu, ukukhetha ushintsho olungokomthetho uma kudingeka ushintsho olukhulu.

Izicelo Eziwusizo Zezakhamuzi

Ukuqonda incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo akuyona nje indlela yokufunda, kodwa kuhlobene ngokuqondile nendlela izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela ngayo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi, ekuhloleni abazobhapathizwa, nasekuhlanganyeleni nezimpikiswano zomphakathi.

Ukususa Imibono Yokwahlulela

Uma amajaji athatha iziqu, ikakhulukazi amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, ifilosofi yabo yokuchaza iba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Izakhamuzi eziqonda umehluko phakathi kobukhomba phambili nomthetho-sisekelo ophilayo zingahlola kangcono ukuthi indlela ye-minee ivumelana yini nezindinganiso zazo kanye nezinto eziza kuqala.

Izibalo eziqinisekisayo zivame ukuhlanganisa ukuphenywa okukhulu ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, nakuba abacuphi begwema ukwenza izinto ezithile ezizokwenzeka esikhathini esizayo. Noma kunjalo, ukuhlola imibhalo yangaphambili, izinkulumo, nemibono yokwahlulela kungaveza indlela yabo yokuchaza futhi ngokunokwenzeka ithinte umthetho-sisekelo.

Ngenxa yokuthi amajaji kahulumeni asebenza ukuphila konke, lokhu kumiswa kunemiphumela enwebela amashumi eminyaka esikhathini esizayo. Ukwahlulela okumiswe lapho uneminyaka engamashumi amahlanu kungasebenza iminyaka engamashumi amathathu noma ngaphezulu, kulolonge umthetho womthetho-sisekelo wesizukulwane sonke. Lokhu kwenza ukumiswa kokwahlulela kube phakathi kwezinqumo ezilandelayo ezenziwa abaholi.

Ukuhlanganyela Enkulumweni Yomthetho - sisekelo

Kule nqubo, impikiswano yomphakathi isebenza njengethuluzi elibalulekile elisenza sazi izifiso nezidingo zabantu, futhi ngale ndlela, impikiswano yomphakathi inikeza abenzi besinqumo somthetho abanamandla okucabanga nezenzo njengenhloko- dolobha ephethe izenhlalo. Izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela ezingxoxweni zomthetho-mthetho zenza ukwakheka kwesimilo esibanzi phakathi kwezinkantolo.

Lokhu kuhlanganyela kungaba ngezindlela eziningi: ukubhalela abameleli abakhethiwe, ukusekela izinhlangano zokubuswa kwezwe, ukuhlanganyela ezingxoxweni zomphakathi, ukunikela ezingxoxweni ze-intanethi, nokuvota kwabazo abahlanganyela umbono womthetho-sisekelo owodwa. Nakuba izakhamuzi zingayilawula ngokuqondile indlela izinkantolo eziwuchaza ngayo uMthetho-sisekelo, ukubophela izivumelwano zomphakathi kuthonya isimo sezombangazwe nesezenhlalo lapho kuchazwa khona.

Ebuthweni lentando yeningi lomthetho - sisekelo, iqiniso lokuthi izindikimba eziphethe, eziphethe nezahlulelo zokwahlulela zithonywa inqubo yenkulumo - mpikiswano yomphakathi libeka imingcele engathi sína emandleni azo, futhi ngokwesibonelo, ukungawenzi amelene nesivumelwano esivela ngenxa yempikiswano yomphakathi enqubweni yomthetho liyisici esivimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla emithetho.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo eziphendula ngayo imibuzo engokomthetho kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zazi ukuthi iziphi isivikelo ezingazilindela nokuthi yikuphi ukulinganiselwa okumelwe zamukele.

Ngokwesibonelo, izinga lenkululeko yokukhuluma, izinga lamalungelo okuzifihla, imingcele yokuhlola nokuquleka kukahulumeni, kanye nemingcele yenkululeko engokwenkolo konke kuxhomeke endleleni izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo abalulekile. Izakhamuzi eziqonda lezi zimpikiswano ezichazayo ziyakwazi ukuqinisa amalungelo azo nokubekela uhulumeni inselele.

Ngokufanayo, ukuqonda ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele ukufaneleka kwamandla kahulumeni. Akuzona zonke izinqubo eziphikisanayo eziwumthetho-mthetho, futhi akuzona zonke izenzo zikahulumeni ezizondayo ezidlula imingcele engokomthetho-mthetho. Ukwehluka phakathi kwezimiso ezithandwayo nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo kudinga ukuqonda indlela uMthetho-sisekelo ochazwa futhi usetshenziswe ngayo.

Izimpikiswano Zomthetho - sisekelo Wesikhathi Esidlule

Izimpikiswano eziningana eziqhubekayo zomthetho - sisekelo zibonisa ukubaluleka okuqhubekayo kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza nemiphumela yazo ewusizo emphakathini waseMelika.

Amandla Okuqondisa Nokulondeka Kwesizwe

Imibuzo ephathelene negunya lomongameli ezindaweni ezinjengokuphepha kwezwe, ukugcinwa kwemithetho yokufuduka, nemibuso ephuthumayo iphakamisa izimpikiswano eziyisisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo. UMongameli unamandla angakanani azimele azimele ekugunyazweni kwenhlangano? Imiphi imingcele uMthetho - sisekelo oyibekayo esenzweni sokuphatha?

Izazi zomthetho-sisekelo owemvelo nabasekela umthetho-mthetho ophilayo ngokuvamile bafinyelela iziphetho ezingafani ngalemibuzo. Abaqondisi bemvelaphi yobufundisi bangase babheke ekuqondeni okungokweshumi elinesishiyagalombili kwamandla aphethe kanye nezipho eziqondile zegunya eSiphakami II. Izazi zomthetho sisekelo eziphilayo zingagcizelela indlela usongo lwanamuhla namakhono kahulumeni okufuna ngayo ukuqonda okuthuthukiswe kwamandla omongameli.

Lezi zimpikiswano zinemiphumela esebenzayo esheshayo, ethinta yonke into kusukela ekumisweni kwezempi kuya ekuhleleni ukufudukeni kuya ekusabeleni ezimweni eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi. Ukuchaza izinkantolo kunquma ukuthi bangakanani ababonisi abahlakaniphile abajabulelayo nokuthi iziphi izingcingo zeSishaya - mthetho nezokwahlulela ezingaphoqelela.

Ubumbano Nombuso

Ukulinganisela phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nombuso kusaphikiswana, ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene eziveza iziphetho ezihlukene mayelana nendawo igunya elihlala kuyo ngokufanelekile. Impikiswano esukela ekugunyazweni okungokomthetho kwensangu kuya ekuqondiseni izibhamu kuya ekuvikelweni kwendawo ezungezile iphakamisa imibuzo edinga uhulumeni.

Abasekeli bomthetho - sisekelo bavame ukugcizelela isimo esilinganiselwe nesibalwayo samandla kahulumeni, bethi uMthetho - sisekelo unegunya elibusa kakhulu ezifundazweni.

Lezimpikiswano zithinta isilinganiso sikahulumeni ongaxazulula izinkinga ezihlukahlukene nokuthi ukuhlukahluka kwesizwe noma umbuso kufanele kuchume yini ezindabeni eziphikiswayo.

Ubuchwepheshe Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla budala imibuzo engokomthetho-sisekelo abahleli be-flamest abangeke bayicabange. Ingabe isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine siyasebenza ekuhloleni okungacabangeli kokwaziswa kwendawo yocingo, ukuxhumana nge-imeyili, noma ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha ubuso? Izimiso zokuqala zeSichibiyelo kufanele zisebenze kanjani kumapulatifomu ezokuxhumana nakuhlanganisa okuqukethwe yi-algorithism?

Lemibuzo iphoqelela izinkantolo ukuba zinqume ukuthi zingasebenzisa yini ukuqonda okungokomlando emongweni omusha noma zithuthukise izimiso ezintsha zomthetho-sisekelo ezisabelayo ekushintsheni kwezobuchwepheshe. Indlela yokuchaza ethathwe ithinta kakhulu izinga lezakhamuzi ezijabulela isivikelo sobuso bendawo yomuntu siqu kanye namakhono kahulumeni okuhlola.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka buzivelela, lemibuzo yomthetho - sisekelo iyomane yande. ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, isayensi yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo nezinye izinto ezisavelayo zizophakamisa izimpikiswano ezintsha ezidinga ukuhlaziywa komthetho ngokomthetho. Indlela izinkantolo ezizisingatha ngayo lezi zinselele iyoxhomeke ngokwengxenye kuyifilosofi yazo echaza yonke into.

Ukufunda Umthetho - sisekelo: Imithombo Nemisebenzi

Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukujulisa indlela eziqonda ngayo incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo ziyakwazi ukuthola izinto eziningi futhi zingasebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokwakha ukufunda nokubhala.

Imicebo Yemfundo

Izinhlangano eziningi zinikeza izinto zokufundisa ezilinganayo kakhulu mayelana noMthetho-sisekelo kanye nencazelo yawo. ISikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo wesizwe [ inikeza imibukiso ehambisanayo, izinhlelo zokufundisa, nemithombo yezemfundo ehlola umlando womthetho-sisekelo nezimpikiswano zasikhathi sinye. Isikhungo sinikeza imibono eminingi ngezindaba eziphikiswanayo, isiza izivakashi ukuba ziqonde izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza.

Ngokuvamile, izikole ezingekho emthethweni zenza umphakathi uthole izinto zomthetho ezingokomthetho ngezifundo ze - Internet, izinkulumo nezincwadi.

Ukufunda imibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme ngokwayo kunikeza ukuqonda okuqondile ngendlela amajaji asingatha ngayo imibuzo engokomthetho - sisekelo. Nakuba imibono engokomthetho ingaba miningi, amacala amaningi abalulekile atholakalayo kubafundi abashukumisayo.

Ukuhlanganyela Emibonweni Eminingi

Ukufunda ukufunda nokwenza umthetho kudinga ukuchayeka emibonweni ehlukene. Izakhamuzi kufanele zifune izimpikiswano ezithathwe emibonweni yokuqala neyomthetho-sisekelo ophilayo, ngisho noma indlela ethile ivumelana kakhulu nezindinganiso zazo. Ukuqonda izimpikiswano ezinamandla kakhulu zezikhundla umuntu angavumelani nazo kuqinisa ukucabanga kwakhe futhi kuthuthukise ingxoxo ezuzisayo.

Izinhlangano ezihlukene kwezombangazwe ziveza ulwazi lwezemfundo yomthetho-sisekelo kanye nokulawula. i-Federalist Society ithuthukisa izindlela zokuqala nezokubhala, kuyilapho i- Constitution of American Society[ ithuthukisa imibono eqhubekayo yomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuhlanganyela nezinto ezivela kuzo zombili inikeza ukuchayeka okulinganiselwe emasikweni ahlukahlukene okuchaza.

Kulandela amacala eNkantolo Ephakeme njengoba iqala ukuqulwa (ukusukela ekufakeni izimpikiswano ngomlomo kuya ezinqumweni zokugcina) kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde indlela ukuchaza umthetho - sisekelo okusebenza ngayo. Izinhlangano eziningi zinikeza izifushaniso ezifinyelelweyo nokuhlaziywa kwamacala asele, okwenza kube lula ngabangemthetho ukulandela.

Ukuhlanganyela Emfundweni Ephelele

Ukusekela izinqubo zemfundo yomphakathi kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izizukulwane ezizayo ziqonda izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nezimpikiswano ezichazayo. Lokhu kungase kuhilele ukuzinikela ngezinhlangano zemfundo, ukusekela izifunda zesikole ezisesikoleni, noma ukumane nje zixoxe ngezindaba zomthetho - sisekelo nomkhaya nabangane.

Imiphakathi eminingi inezinhlangano ezizimisele ukukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa komthetho - sisekelo nokuhlanganyela kula maqembu kunikeza amathuba okufunda kwamanye, ukuxoxa ngemibuzo engokomthetho - sisekelo, nokunezela emizamweni ebanzi yemfundo yomphakathi.

IMini yoMthetho - sisekelo, egujwa minyaka yonke ngoSeptember 17, inikeza ithuba elingokwemvelo lokugxila emfundweni engokomthetho - sisekelo. Izinhlangano eziningi zinezenzakalo ezikhethekile, izinhlelo, nezingxoxo kulolosuku, zinikeza izakhamuzi amaphuzu okungena afinyelelekayo afuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwazo okungokomthetho - sisekelo.

Ikusasa Lokuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo izoqhubeka iguquka njengoba kuvela izinselele ezintsha, izindinganiso zomphakathi zishintsha, futhi ukuhlelwa kwezinkantolo kushintsha.

Indlela Ehlanganisayo Yokuchaza

Nakuba ubuqamba phambili nobuphini obuphilayo bulawula izimpikiswano zamanje, ezinye izindlela zokuchaza ziyaqhubeka zikhula. Ezinye izazi zisekela "umthetho sisekelo ovamile," ogcizelela ukumiswa kwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nokuthuthukiswa. Abanye basikisela ukuthi "umthetho sisekelo othandwayo," onika incazelo engcono kakhulu ezinhlamvwini zezombangazwe kanye nezinhlangano ezithandwayo.

Ekugcineni, lencwadi idinga indlela elinganiselwe nebanzi yokuchaza incazelo − ehlonipha isikhathi esidlule kodwa esabela ngokuhlakanipha ezimfunekweni zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo zedemokrasi. Izindlela ezinjalo zokwenziwa zingaba nethonya njengoba izazi nabahluleli befuna ukweqa ukuhlukana komthetho ngokomthetho ophilayo.

Ukusungulwa kwezindlela ezintsha zokuchaza kubonisa imizamo eqhubekayo yokuxazulula amakhono nobuthakathaka bezindlela ezikhona. Njengoba izinselele zomthetho - sisekelo ziba yinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, kungase kudingeke ukuba imibono echazayo ihlakaniphe ngokwengeziwe futhi iqondane.

Imibono Eqhathaniswa Nomthetho - sisekelo

Isazi sezomthetho saseColumbia Law School siphikisa ngokuthi ubuKhomanisi obuqanjiwe abuthandwa kakhulu ngaphandle kweUnited States (kuhlanganise iCanada, iNingizimu Afrika, iNdiya, i - Israel, nengxenye enkulu yeYurophu), lapho ukuncishiswa kwemithetho noma ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kuyindlela evamile yokusabela eqenjini lokwahlulela.

Amazwe amaningi anemithetho - sisekelo emisha aye asungula amasiko ahlukahlukene okuchaza, ngezinye izikhathi ehlanganisa amalungiselelo acacile mayelana nendlela izinkantolo okufanele ziphendule ngayo imibuzo engokomthetho - sisekelo.

Nakuba izinkantolo zaseMelika ngokuvamile ziye zamelana nokuncika emthethweni wezizwe zonke ukuze zichaze uMthetho - sisekelo, intuthuko yomhlaba wonke ekuvikelweni kwamalungelo nasekubusweni kwentando yeningi ingase ithinte inkulumo - sisekelo yaseMelika ngokungaqondile.

Izinselele Ezingaphambili

Abahumushi bomthetho - sisekelo besikhathi esizayo bayobhekana nezinselele ezingenakucatshangwa yisizukulwane samanje. ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuhlakanipha kokuzenzela, ukwakheka kwezakhi zofuzo, ukuhlola umkhathi nezinye izinto ezizokwenzeka kuyophakamisa imibuzo ewumthetho - sisekelo edinga ukuhlaziywa.

Ukunamathela kokuqonda okungokomlando kungase kubonakale kungafaneleki ngempela ezimweni ezingakaze zibonwe, kuyilapho ukuvumelana okungahlelekile nemithetho engokomthetho okungasekelwe ezisekelweni zayo ezingokomlando.

Uma ifilosofi yokuchaza izinkolelo ihambisana kakhulu nokuhlukanisa abahlukanisi, kuba nzima ukuba nezimpikiswano ezizuzisayo ngencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo. Ukuthola izindlela zokuxoxa ngencazelo yokuthi ukudlula ukuhlukana okuhlukanisayo kuyodingeka ukuze kugcinwe kusemthethweni.

Ukuthatha Isinyathelo: Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingenza Ngayo Umehluko

Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani imibono engafani ngendaba yoMthetho - sisekelo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala nje. Izakhamuzi ezikhathalela ukubusa komthetho - sisekelo kufanele zithathe izinyathelo eziqinisekile zokuhlanganyela enkulumweni engokomthetho - sisekelo futhi zithuthukise ukufunda okusemthethweni.

Ukuhlala Uzazi Impikiswano Yomthetho - sisekelo

Intuthuko yomthetho - sisekelo idinga ukunaka okuqhubekayo ezinqumweni zeNkantolo Ephakeme, izinqumo zenkantolo ephansi, nezimpikiswano zemithetho ezisekelwe ezimisweni ezingokomthetho. Imithombo yezindaba ephambili inikeza ukuhlanganiswa kwamacala amakhulu omthetho - sisekelo nezimpikiswano, nakuba izakhamuzi kufanele zifune imibono eminingi ukuze zigweme amagumbi okunanela.

Ukuqasha izihloko eziphuma ezinhlanganweni zomthetho - sisekelo, ukulandela izazi ezingokomthetho emithonjeni yezokuxhumana, nokuhlaziya kokufunda ngemibono ehlukahlukene kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlale zikhona ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho - sisekelo. Oprofesa abaningi bomthetho nodokotela banikeza izincazelo ezilula zezimpikiswano zomthetho - sisekelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngezincwadi, iziteshi zezindaba, nezinye imithombo yezindaba.

Ukuqonda izigaba ezingokomthetho - sisekelo zezimpikiswano zemithetho kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlaziye izihlongozo ngokuhluzekile.

Ukuhlanganyela Ezingxoxweni Zabantu

Imibuzo yomthetho-mthetho izuza engxoxweni ebanzi yomphakathi ehilela izakhamuzi ezinezizinda nezimo ezihlukahlukene. Ukuhlanganyela kulezizingxoxo − kungaba ngumuntu, i-intanethi, noma ngemithombo yezindaba engokwesiko − isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ilokhu ihlangene nezindinganiso nezinkathazo zamaMelika avamile.

Lapho zihlanganyela ezingxoxweni zomthetho - sisekelo, izakhamuzi kufanele zilwele ukuba nenhlonipho nokwethembeka kwengqondo. izimpikiswano zoMthetho - sisekelo ngokuvamile zihilela izindinganiso nezinkolelo ezigxilile, kodwa izingxoxo eziphumelelayo zidinga ukulalela imibono ephikisanayo nokuqaphela izikhalo ezingokomthetho eziyisisekelo ezichaza izinto ezihlukahlukene.

Ukuhlanganyela kulezi zenzakalo kunikeza amathuba okufunda kwabanye, ukubheka izinto ngendlela efanayo, nokunikela enkulumweni yomphakathi.

Ukusakaza Izinkulumo Ezikhethwayo

Imibono inemiphumela enzima yencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Okhetho lukamongameli lunquma ukuthi obani abamisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme. Ukhetho lwesigele lunquma ukuthi obani abaqinisekisa laba abameleli. Uhulumeni nokhetho lwendawo luthinta abachaza imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni futhi bamise amajaji ezwe.

Abavoli kufanele bacabangele imibono yabazohlolwa ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo lapho benza ukukhetha okukhethwayo. Nakuba izici eziningi zinezithonya ngokufanelekile ezinqumweni zokuvota, ifilosofi yomthetho-sisekelo idinga ukunakwa ithonya layo elide eMthethweni waseMelika nasemphakathini.

Okhetho lokwahlulela lusho ukuthi amajaji akhethayo aphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhethekile komthetho-sisekelo. Abaqondisi kulamazwe kufanele bazifundise ngezimfanelo zokwahlulela namafilosofi okwahlulela, beqaphela ukuthi abahluleli bafeza indima ekhethekile edinga ukuzimela nokungakhethi.

Izinhlangano Ezisekelayo Ezithuthukisa Imfundo Yesibalo

Izinhlangano eziningi zisebenzela ukukhuthaza ukuthembisana ukufunda nomthetho-sisekelo. Ukusekela lezinhlangano ngeminikelo, ngezisebenzi zokuzithandela, noma ngokuhlanganyela ezimisweni zazo, kuqinisekisa ukuthi imfundo yomthetho-mthetho ihlala ikhona kuwo wonke amaMelika.

Izinhlangano ezinjenge [[QL:0]'iZici zinikeza abafundi isisekelo semfundo, zisiza isizukulwane esilandelayo ukuba sithuthukise ukuqonda komthetho-sisekelo. Ukusekela izinyathelo ezinjalo kusiza ukwakha izakhamuzi ezikwaziyo ukuhlanganisa imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo.

Izinhlangano zochwepheshe, izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho nezinhlangano zomthetho zivame ukuqhuba izinhlelo zomphakathi zokufundisa ngamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo nezinqubo ezingokomthetho.

Isiphetho: Ingxoxo Eqhubekayo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Imibono ehlukene ngoMthetho-sisekelo ibalulekile ngoba ibonisa ukungavumelani okuyisisekelo ngentando yeningi, amalungelo, amandla kahulumeni, nezindinganiso zezenhlalo. Lokhu kungavumelani akuzona izinkinga okumelwe kuxazululwe kodwa izici zesimiso sobushiqela esinempilo somthetho - sisekelo lapho izakhamuzi ezinemibono ehlukene zihileleka khona engxoxweni eqhubekayo ngokuphila kwazo okuhlangene kwezombangazwe.

UMthetho - sisekelo uwumsuka wokuvumelana, ngokuhlanganisa izinkolelo zethu, nangokususa izingxabano, ngokuhluleka ukuchaza ngokuqondile ukuthi leyomiqondo kufanele isetshenziswe kanjani. Lesisimo esimbaxambili siqinisekisa ukuthi incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo ihlala ibalulekile futhi iphikiswana, idinga isizukulwane ngasinye ukuba silwe nendlela izimiso zokusungula ezisebenza ngayo ezimweni zanamuhla.

Izakhamuzi eziqonda ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuba zihlanganyele ekubuseni kwentando yeningi, zihlole ohulumeni, zihlole iziphakamiso zezimiso, futhi zihlanganyele enkulumweni yomphakathi. Lokhu kuqonda akudingeki ukuba kuqeqeshwe ngokomthetho /(izindaba eziyisibopho sokufunda ngezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, zihlanganyele ngemibono ehlukene, futhi zihlanganyele engxoxweni eqhubekayo ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo.

Izici eziyinhloko zokuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo. Indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo uMthetho-sisekelo ezithinta ngayo inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, isimo sikahulumeni, isimiso somphakathi wezenhlalo, kanye nokusakaza amandla emphakathini waseMelika. Lena akuyona nje imibuzo engokomthetho engokobuchwepheshe kodwa yizindaba eziyisisekelo ngohlobo lomphakathi amaMelika afuna ukwakhiwa nokulondoloza.

Ngokuhlala zinolwazi, zihlanganyela ezingxoxweni zomphakathi, ekuvoteni, nasekusekeleni imfundo yomphakathi, izakhamuzi zingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi incazelo engokomthetho iyaqhubeka isabela ezindinganisweni zentando yeningi kuyilapho zigcina ukwethembeka ezimisweni zomthetho - sisekelo. UMthetho - sisekelo ungowamaMelika onke, futhi wonke amaMelika anecala endleleni okuqondwa nokusetshenziswa ngayo.

Imibono ehlukahlukene ngencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo ibonisa ukuhlukahluka komphakathi waseMelika ngokwawo. Kunokuba ifune ukuqeda lokhu kungafani, izakhamuzi kufanele ziwamukele njengamathuba okufunda, ukuxoxa, nokuthembisana ngentando yeningi. Ngokuphikisana ngenhlonipho nangokuhlanganyela komphakathi, amaMelika angaqhubeka nengxoxo engokomthetho - sisekelo eye yasekela iriphabliki amakhulu amabili eminyaka.

Izihluthulelo Zezakhamuzi Ezihlanganyelwe

  • Ngaphansi kwezindlela ezinkulu zokuchaza: zijwayeze ngemvelaphi yokuqala, ukuphila komthetho-sisekelo, nezinye izinkolelo-lwazi ezichazayo ukuze uqonde izimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo kangcono.
  • Yazi imiphumela yangempela yezwe: incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ithinta amalungelo abantu, imibuso kahulumeni, nezimiso zomphakathi ngezindlela eziphathekayo ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke.
  • Landela izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme: qaphela amacala amakhulu omthetho-sisekelo futhi uqonde indlela amajaji ahlukene abheka ngayo imibuzo echazayo.
  • Ukubheka izinto ngemibono ehlukene: funa izimpikiswano emibonweni eminingi ukuze uthuthukise ukuqonda okungaqondakali kwezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo.
  • Participe enkulumweni yomphakathi: Hlanganisani ngezingxoxo ngemibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo emphakathini wenu, ku-inthanethi, nangezinhlangano zomphakathi.
  • Cwangcisa ifilosofi yomthetho-sisekelo ekuvoteni: imibono yabazochazwa ngomthetho-sisekelo lapho benza izinqumo zokukhetha, ikakhulukazi ngezikhundla ezilawula ukumiswa kokwahlulela.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Imfundo yomthetho-sisekelo:[ Iqhaza ezinhlanganweni nasezithathelweni ezikhuthaza ukuthembisana komthetho-mthetho-mthetho.
  • Funda imithombo eyinhloko: Hlola uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo, imibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme ephawulayo, kanye nezincwadi zokusungula ukuze uthuthukise ukuqonda kwakho siqu.
  • Lala ungazi ngempikiswano yamanje: Landela izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo zomthetho-sisekelo ezihilela ubuchwepheshe, amandla aphethe, uhulumeni, namalungelo omuntu.
  • [[QULT:0] Ingxoxo ehloniphekayo: Ihlanganyela ezingxoxweni zomthetho-sisekelo kanye nokwethembeka kokuhlakanipha, ukuvuma ukukhathazeka okungokomthetho okufihlekile okuchaza izindlela ezihlukahlukene.

Ukubaluleka koMthetho-sisekelo okuhlala njalo kuxhomeke ekuzimiseleni kwesizukulwane ngasinye ukuhileleka ngokungathi sína nencazelo yaso kanye nendlela esisebenza ngayo. Ngokuqonda ukuthi kungani imibono ehlukene ngendaba yoMthetho-sisekelo ibalulekile futhi ihlanganyela ngenkuthalo enkulumweni yomthetho-sisekelo, izakhamuzi zifeza indima yazo ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwaseMelika.