Kwezombangazwe zaseMelika, amaqembu amabili amakhulu . i-Democratic Party kanye ne Republican Party[[FLT:]] [1] `i-domate nohulumeni. Nakuba kunamaqembu amabili akhona, i-United States iye yasebenza ngokuphumelelayo njengengxenye [ yesimiso sezengxenye ezimbili engxenyeni yomlando wayo. Kodwa kungani icala, futhi yini enye ekhona ezamayo noma ehlongozwayo? Ukuphikelela kwale hlelo olufanayo kusuka emklamweni ojulileyo wenhlangano, izingozi zomlando, nezisusa eziqinile ezivimbela ukuncintisana. Ukuqonda lamandla akubalulekile nje kuphela ekuqondeni komlando.

Isizathu Sokuba IU.S. Ibe Nesimiso Sezingxenye Ezimbili

Isimiso esinezigaba ezimbili asigunyazwe nguMthetho-sisekelo; kunalokho, sivela ngokwezinto eziphilayo enhlanganiseleni yamakhenikha okhetho, izisekelo zomthetho, kanye nendlela engokomlando. Ososayensi bezombangazwe ngokuvamile bakhomba kuMthetho kaDuverger, owe-Pisitit ukuthi izifunda ezinezingxenye ezimbili zokuvota zithambekele ekukhiqizeni izimiso ezimbili eziyingxenye. E-United States, zonke izici ziqinisa lokhu kudonsa.

1. Wane-Uthatha Konke Ukukhetha

Okhetho abaningi base-U.S. basebenzisa lokuqala-okanye-kamuva-kwesikhombi [, lapho umvoti onamavoti amaningi ewina khona − ngisho nangaphandle kweningi. Lokhu kunqanda izigaba ezincane, kusukela amavoti azo engavamile ukuhumushela ezihlalweni. Iqembu lesithathu eliwina amaphesenti ayishumi evoti lingawina izihlalo zeqa, kuyilapho iqembu elikhulu liwina amaphesenti angu-5 esifundeni. Lomphumela wenqubo, owaziwa ngokuthi “wawuvoti yevoti”, usunduza ukuvotela abantu ababili abahoxa besaba ukulahla kude nabo.

2. I - Electoral College

I-Electoral College kukhetho lomongameli iqinisa isakhiwo esinezigaba ezimbili. Ngoba iningi lisho amavoti athola umklomelo kunoma isiphi isisekelo esiphumelele, isigaba sesithathu silwa nokuthola i-tranoution. Umzamo wesithathu wesizwe owina isigaba sovoti ethandwayo ungathola kalula amavoti angono-ro nocrate uma ehluleka ukuphakamisa amaphesenti angu-50 kunoma isiphi isifunda. Isigaba sanamuhla kuphela esingaphandle kukaGeorge Wallace ngo-1968 safika kubantu ababamba izifunda zomhlaba zonke. I-Electoral College yakha isakhiwo esikhulu sokungena emncintiswaneni wesizwe.

3. Imisuka Yomlando

Kusukela ekuqaleni, amaqembu akha imibono encintisanayo yesizwe: i-Federalists vs. i-Whigs, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lolu hlelo olubili lwaba yinqubo. Iqembu lokuqala (i-Federalist vs. i-Democratic-Republicans) lawa, ukuze lithathelwe indawo yi-Democrates vs. I-Whigs, futhi nganamuhla i-Democrates v. i-Republicans. inguquko ngayinye yalondoloza ukuncintisana okubilizayo ngenxa yokungavumelani kwesimiso sokhetho esingaphansi kwezwe akuzange kushintshe. Ngisho nokuphakama okufushane kwesigaba seNhlangano eqhubekayo ngo191262909. Isigaba somlando sihluleka ukuphula indlela yokulungisa inqubo. Izwe elingokomlando lidinga ukuhlukana kwengxenye yesithathu kuphela.

4. Ukutholakala kwebhola kanye nemithetho yempikiswano

Imithetho kazwelonke kanye nezingxoxo zempikiswano zezwe ngokuvamile kwenza kube nzima ngabazohlwayi besithathu ukuba bafanelekele amabhola noma bahlanganyele ezimpikiswaneni ezinkulu, kuqinise ukulawulwa kwamaqembu amabili ayinhloko. Imithetho yokungena yeBallot iyahlukahluka ngokungena emadolobheni: kwezinye izizwe, iqembu elisha kumelwe liqoqe izinkulungwane zezisayino ngaphambi kokhetho, kuyilapho amalungu amakhulu ekufanelekela ngokuzenzekelayo. IKhomishani ephethe ama-demokrati, elawulwa yi-Democratic and Republican, imisa umnyango wokuhlola owengeziwe owesithathu we-(a) osusiwe cishe isithili sesithathu sesithathu sesigaba se-galelo-sigcometernate. Lemingcele engokomthetho ayizange ihlelwe ngengozi; ayimiswa futhi yagcinwa yizinhlangano ezimbili ezinkulu ukuba zivalelwe ukuncintisana.

5. Izikole Eziningi

Bobabili amaRepublicans namaDemocrates bahlanganisa amaqembu ahlukene ngaphansi “kobuzwe,” benciphisa indawo yokuba amaqembu esizwe engeziwe aphumelele. I-Democratic umnion ihlanganisa intuthuko, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, abavoti abambalwa, nabalinganiselayo; umfelandawo waseRepublican uhlanganisa abavangeli, abaxhasi bemali, abanamasubatha, nabashisekeli besizwe. Ngokufaka imibono ephambeneyo, amaqembu amakhulu avimbela ukwakhiwa kwamaqembu amaqembu asebenzayo. Lendlela yesivumelwano iyasebenza ngoba isimiso sokhetho siqesha ijeza: iqembu eliphumayo eliphumayo lihlukanisa amavoti edemocratic neqembu lesandla le-Dmocratic Republics, ngakho abavukeli behlala ngaphakathi kwetende.

Imiphumela Yesimiso Sezingxenye Ezimbili

Ingxenye ezimbili zinemiphumela emikhulu ekuqondiseni, ekumeleni, nasezinkulumweni zeningi.

  • Ukusebenziseka: Inani elilinganiselwe leqembu lenza ukhetho luqonde futhi luqondiswe ngokuqondisisa. Izinqumo ziqala phambi kokhetho kunokuba ngemva, okungenza lula ukuqondisa kweqembu nohlelo lwemithetho. Kubantu abaningi abavotayo, ukukhetha okubili kunciphisa ukudideka ebhokisini lebhola.
  • Ukuhlaziywa: Ngokukhetha okuyinhloko okukodwa kuphela, izimpikiswano zezombangazwe zivame ukuba yizimo eziphambili. Iqembu ngalinye lizibeka ngokuphambene nelinye, lifaka umkhankaso ophambene nomsulwa wemibono. Indawo ephakathi iyancipha, njengoba bobabili bencintisana ukuqinisa isisekelo sabo kunokuba banxuse phakathi nendawo. Lokhu kunamandla kuye kwakhula kakhulu kusukela ngo-1990.
  • Uphawu olufakiwe: Imibono ngaphandle kwengxenye ezimbili zomphakathi ingase izizwe ingakhohliswa. Umvoti othanda kokubili amalungelo ezibhamu nenetha lokuphepha eliqinile, noma owenqaba kodwa okhululekile emphakathini, akatholi khaya elingokwemvelo. Lokhu “ukuvela kwegebe” kunciphisa izivumelwano zomphakathi nokuthembana ezinhlanganweni.
  • I-Strategic Votion: Abantu abaningi bavotela “abangafaki okubi okubili” esikhundleni sokhetho lwabo abaluthandayo ukuba bagweme ukusasaza amavoti abo. Lokhu kwakha umjikelezo lapho amaqembu esithathu engeke afinyelele amandla adingekayo ukuze anqamuke. U-2016 no-2020 babona izigidi zabavoti bephonsa amabhola abavoti abawazondayo, ukuze nje bavimbele olunye uhlangothi.
  • I-Gridlock ne-Legislative Obblication: Izimiso ezimbili zingaholela ezingxenyeni ezinamandla omthetho, ikakhulukazi uma ulawulo lukahulumeni luhlukene. Izindawo zingamisa kabusha olunye uhlangothi phezu komthetho odlulisayo, kuholele ekuvinjelweni kwemithetho, ekunqandeni kwemithetho, nasekuxazululeni kwezinkinga.

Lemiphumela ayigwemeki esimisweni esinezigaba ezimbili − ezinye izimiso zephalamende ezimbili ziveza imiphumela yepentellist(* kodwa inguqulo yase-U.S., ihlangene nokhetho oluyinhloko nemithombo yezindaba ebanzi, ifaka izikhala ezingezinhle.

Izindlela Ezihlukile Zokusetshenziswa Kwesimiso Sezigaba Ezimbili

Abagxeki besimiso saseU.S. sekuyisikhathi eside behlongoza izinguquko zokwakha ezingavulela amaqembu amaningi.

Izimiso zamangxenye amaningi

Emazweni anjengeJalimane ne-U.K., ukumelela okulinganayo kuvumela amaqembu amaningi ukuba ahlanganyele umbuso. Uma i-U.S. ithathe lokhu, amaqembu amancane angathola izihlalo kuKhongolo olulingana nesabelo sawo sovoti. IJalimane isebenzisa isimiso esixubile sengxenye ehlangeneyo yeBundestag ekhethwa ngezinhlu eziningi kanye nengxenye yeqembu, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu amancane afana namaGreens noma amanxele Isigaba athola izihlalo. I-United Kingdom isasebenzisa ingxenye yokuqala yecala kodwa inendawo ebanzi ehambisana nezigaba eziningi ngenxa yezigaba zezifunda (SNP, Pyreat Cyru) kanye nedeved compacted com. Ukuguqula indawo esendaweni efana ne-unicel. Indlu yombuso ingenza i-engakhamuzi elingu-injini, futhi i-gobe i-gobondromendrolse.

2. I - “ranked - Cohoice Voting ”

Kubizwa futhi ukuvota okunciphileyo, lesisimiso sivumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe isigaba ngokuthanda. Uma kungekho mvoti ophumelele ngokuqondile, okushicilelwe phansi kuyasuswa futhi amavoti aphinde athathwe kuze kube yilapho othile enenani elikhulu. Lokhu kunciphisa “umphumela we-atholertion" futhi kungakhuthaza imicimbi eyengeziwe. Maine no-Alaska basebenzise i-choceced covotation kahulumeni. E-Alaska ukhetho olukhethekile lwama 202222, ukuvota okunga-indiswa okungalinganiyo, ukuvunyelwa kweRepublican ukuba awine ngaphezu komphini oqinile nohlobo oluqinile lwe-Democrat . Umphumela ungaba ngekho ekukhetheni kwendabuko enkulu nevamile. [FTB:] [Foteirmap] [2]

Ukukhaliswa Kwezimila

Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela abavoti ukuba bavunyelwe ukuba bavunyelwe yiqembu elilodwa. Lokhu kunikeza amaqembu amancane indlela yokuthonya okhetho ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa ivoti. Ngokwesibonelo, eNew York, iWorking Families Party inganqamula i-Democrat, ivumele abavoti ukuba bavote i-WFP bese besekela umncintiswano ofanayo. Lokhu kunikeza ithonya elincane leqembu endaweni yesikhulu seqembu. Uvoteko lwaluvamile ngokomthetho ekhulwini le-19 kodwa lwavinjelwa ezizweni eziningi ngemva kokuba i-Populist Party isebenzise i-projectives. Ukuvota kokuvota kungayisekela ngokunyela ngokunyelela isigaba esisodwa somphakathi kungavuselela ithonya elincane elikhona phakathi kwesigaba esinesigaba esine.

4. Ukukhetha Okungaveli Kukahulumeni

Kwezinye izinqumo zendawo, abavotelwayo bahamba ngaphandle kwezimpawu zeqembu. Ukunwebela lendlela kungasusa ukuma kweqembu kuya ezikhundleni zenkambiso. Idolobha laseMinneapolis lisebenzisa ukuvota okusemthethweni emijahweni yomkhandlu yedolobha engeyoyapartistani, futhi izifunda eziningi zigcina ukhetho lomthetho-mthetho olungekho necala. Izishaya-mthetho, zishintshela kuma-collet angewona ama-partislat zinganciphisa inzuzo yeklant futhi zivumele abantu abazimele nabahamba-kathathu ukuba banciphe i-kate ukuba bancintisana ngezinyawo ezilinganayo. Nokho, ushintsho olunjalo ludinga ukuncitshiswa komthetho wezwe ezindaweni eziningi.

5. Ushintsho Olubalulekile

Iziphakamiso ezinjengokwandisa iNdlu yabameleli, ukushintsha indlela i-Electoral College esebenza ngayo, noma ukwamukela ukubekwa ngokwesilinganiso kunganciphisa ukubusa kwamaqembu amabili. Indlu iye yabekwa emalungwini angu-435 kusukela ngo- 1929, naphezu kokuthatha abantu abaningi. Ukwandisa iNdlu ibe ngu 600 noma 700 inganciphisa izifunda zezifunda futhi yehlise isithiyo sesithathu sabafundi. Ikholiji lase-Eleortal lingase lishintshwe ngeSivumelwano se-National Populain Vote Tortgate, okungasusa ngokuphumelelayo ukuthatha-onke-ose-ose-te-te-equality. [FLT:] Evelvel [[FLT] ethandwayo: [FLDFLD:1] isidlulile kakade ezisholomini ze-D.C. ukuvota kwe-195]

Izibonelo Zezigigaba Zesithathu Emlandweni WaseU.S.

Nakuba isimiso esinezigaba ezimbili siye sabusa, abantu abesithathu baye bavela futhi bathonya ngezikhathi ezithile, ngokuvamile ngokuphoqelela amaqembu amakhulu ukuba amukele imibono yabo.

  • Iqembu elihamba phambili (“Bull Moose”) liholwa uTheodore Roosevelt ngo1912, eyazuza ingxenye enkulu yevoti (27% yamavoti athandwayo kanye nangama 88 avoti) futhi yafaka ukulondoloza nokulungisa kwezenhlalo ezindaweni zesizwe.
  • IQembu lePopulist lama-1890, elasekela abalimi nezisebenzi, lasekela isiliva lesihle, futhi lathonya isikhulumi seDidemocratic Party ngaphansi kuka-William Jennings Bryan.
  • IQembu lobuSoshiyali laseMelika, elawina amavoti angaphezu kuka-900,000 ngo1912 futhi lakhetha izikhulu eziningi zendawo, lasungula imiqondo enjengomshuwalense wokungasebenzi nempesheni endala eyaba yindabuko kamuva.
  • IQembu leLubetarian kanye ne[FLT] IQembu lohlaza , eliqhubeka liphethe izinombolo zesizwe. I-Libertrian Party yafeza isabelo sayo esikhulu kakhulu sokuvota (3.3%) ngo-2016, kuyilapho i-Green Party’s Jill Stein yawina 1% ngo-2016, idweba ukugxeka ngezihloko eziyinhloko ku-Donald Trump.
  • Ross Perot’s Reform Party, eyathonya izimpikiswano kuma 1990 ngokuphathelene nenkambiso yezohwebo nezokuphatha. I-Perot yawina 19% yevoti ethandwayo ngo-192] isigaba sesithathu esingcono kakhulu kusukela ku-Roosevelt . Kodwa amavoti aphezulu. Impikiswano yakhe (NAFTA, ukuncishwa kohlelo lwemali) yathathwa kamuva yizo zombili izigaba ezinkulu.
  • IQembu loMthetho-sisekelo kanye namanye amaqembu amancane ngezikhathi ezithile awina amahhovisi kahulumeni asesilinganisweni, kodwa ithonya lawo lesizwe lihlala linciphisile ngenxa yemingcele yokwakha.

Lezizibonelo zibonisa ukuthi abantu besithathu bangakha impikiswano ngisho noma bengasawunqobi ukhetho.

Indlela Ingaphambili: Indlela Ushintsho Olwalwenzeka Ngayo

Inguquko ye-Electoral e-United States iyaziwa kakhulu ngoba amaqembu amabili ayinhloko alawula imithetho yomdlalo. Nokho, ushintsho lungavela ezinyatheloni zikahulumeni, ezinyakazisa utshani, kanye nezinguquko zomthetho-mthetho.

  • Inguquko yesifundazwe: Amazwe anamandla okushintsha imithetho yawo siqu yokukhetha. IMaine ne-Alaska zamukela ukuvota okunqunyiwe nge-colleator; ezinye izifunda zingalandela. Ukumelelwa kwemithetho yesizwe nakho kungenzeka, nakuba kungadinga izifunda ezintsha nezinselele zenkantolo.
  • I-National Popular Vote Interstate Compation: Uma izifundazwe zanele zidlulisa amavoti angu 270 adingekayo, i-Electoral College ingancitshiswa ngokuphumelelayo, inciphise indawo ethatha izingxenye ezimbili kukhetho lomongameli.
  • Ukwenaba kwendlu:[ Isenzo esilula soMkhandlu singandisa inani lezihlalo zendlu, ezizonciphisa ubukhulu besigodi futhi kwenze kube lula kumalungu amathathu ukuwina izihlalo ngazinye ngaphandle kokwakha isisetshenziswa sesizwe.
  • Imbangela ye-Common ne-Advocacy: Izinhlangano ezinjenge ne Imbangela ye-Common[ isekela inguquko ebanzi yezezimboni, kuhlanganise nokuvota okusemthethweni, ukuveza izimali, kanye nezinyathelo zokuvimbela ukuvota.
  • Izinselele ze-litggic Litig: izinselele zokuvimbela ukungena kwemithetho nemithetho yengxoxo yekhomishane ye-oday iye yaphumelela kwezinye izinkantolo, futhi amacala aqhubekayo angandisa imingcele ephansi kakhulu kumacala amathathu.

Lezinguquko aziqinisekisi inxenye yesimiso esiphindiwe, kodwa zidala imifantu ezingxenyeni ezimbili. Ngisho nokuvota okungathathwa ngokwengxenye noma ukuvota okuhlangene kungathuthukisa indawo eshubile kakhulu yezombangazwe lapho amaqembu esithathu eyizimoto ezingcono zokuwamelela kunokuba awonakalise.

Lokho Abashisi Bemisebe Abangakwenza Manje

Nakuba ukushintsha kwezakhiwo kuthatha isikhathi, abantu ngabanye abavotayo bangathatha izinyathelo zokusekela impucuko yezombangazwe ehlukahlukene:

  • Abasekeli abasekela inguquko yevotal, ngisho noma bevela eqenjini elikhulu. Izazi zezombangazwe eziningi zeDemocratic and Republican ziye zagunyaza ukuvota okunezikhundla eziphambili noma ukumelelwa kwemithetho.
  • Ukhetho oluyinhloko luvame ukunciphisa amathuba, lunikeze abavoti ithonya elishukunyiswa isikhuthazo.
  • Hlanganyela namaqembu asekelayo alwela ukushintshwa kwezindawo ezivulekile, izindlu ezivulekile, kanye nezinhlangano zezezimali.
  • Zifundise nabanye ngendlela izimiso zokuvota eziba umphumela ngayo. Ukuqonda izimiso zokuvota kungakha umfutho woshintsho.

Ekugcineni, lesimiso esinezingxenye ezimbili asiwona umthetho wemvelo − iyimiphumela yemithetho ebekwe abantu, futhi abantu bangayishintsha leyomithetho.

Isiphetho

Isimiso se- esinezigaba ezimbili e-United States siwumphumela womlando, imithetho ehleliwe, nemingcele ehleliwe. Nakuba siye sanikeza izizinziso, sibuye sibeke imingcele futhi sikhethe. Izimiso ezihlukile .[1] ezifana nesigaba sokuvota noma ukumelela okulinganiselweyo.