Inkambiso ye-Australia yakwamanye amazwe eMpumalanga-ntshonalanga Asia iye yashintsha kakhulu phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Kubafundi nabahlaziyi bezindawo ezikude zamakoloni banesithakazelo kunxantathu wesimiso seCanberra esingokwendlela ehleliwe nezomnotho. Indawo, ehlala abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-650 kanye nezinye zezomnotho zomhlaba ezikhula ngokushesha kakhulu, manje ibaluleke kakhulu ekuchumeni nasekulondekeni kwe-Australia. Kubafundi nakubacwaningi bobudlelwane bezizwe zonke, ukulandelela le nkolelo-kuziphendukela kwemvelo kwembula indlela amandla aphakathi ahamba ngayo indawo eyinkimbinkimbi emenziwe ngemincintiswano emikhulu yeminya, i-decolon, ukuhlanganisa izomnotho, nokuvikela izinselele. Lesi sihloko sihlola inqubo engoko yomlando, ukushintsha kwezimiso, nokusebenza kwamuva okuchaza ukuhlangana kwe-Australia ne-Asia.

Ubuhlobo Bakuqala Nethonya Lamakoloni

I-Australia yakuqala ukusebenzelana ne-Southeast Asia yahlungwa ngelens yoMbuso waseBrithani. Ngekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwelama-20, amakoloni ase-Australia alondoloza ukuxhumana neSingapore, iBatavia (manje iJakarta), neManila, ngokuyinhloko ngemishini yezentengiselwano zaseBrithani. Ukutholakala kwegolide eVictoria eMayenia ngo-1850 kwadonsa amaShayina futhi kamuva abanye abafuduki baseNingizimu mpumalanga Asia, badala imiphakathi emincane kodwa ephawulekayo emadolobheni asemathekwini. Nokho, umzwe omkhulu wawungowesikhathazo ngo"athengizimu nyakathoba""",a wande kakhulu ukwesaba ukuhlaselwa noshintsho lwenani olusuka eWhite Australia Polity ngemva kwe-1950.

Phakathi nalenkathi, i-Australia yayingenazo izinduna zezokuxhumana ezizimele e-Southeast Asia. Iziphathimandla zaseBrithani zazilawula ubudlelwane bendawo kuWhitehall, futhi abamisi-mthetho base-Australia babengakufuni ukubeka inselele kombuso kuqala. Ukuba khona kweRoyal Navy eSingapore kwakubhekwa njengohlobo lokuqala lwe-Australia lokuvikela. Lokhu kuncikana kwamakoloni ne-Australia ne-Southeast Asia kwakusho ukuthi ukuhlangana ne-Australia ne-Asiya kwakuyinto engekho semthethweni futhi kwakuklanywe kakhulu ubandlululo lwesizwe kanye necebo lombuso kunawombono wesifunda.

Ukukhohliswa Nokuhlelwa Kwendawo

Umphumela weMpi Yezwe II waphawula ukuwa kweSingapore ngo-1942 kwaqeda inganekwane yokungavumelani kweBrithani futhi kwaphoqelela i-Australia ukuba ibhekane neqiniso layo lezwe. Njengoba i-Indonesia yamemezela ukukhululeka ngo- 1945 futhi amanye amazwe aseNingizimu - mpumalanga Asia alandela, i-Australia yabhekana nesifunda esithuthelekayo. Umzabalazo we-Indonesia wokuzimela ngokumelene namaDashi wabangela uvivinyo lokuqala: i-Australia, ngoMphathiswa we-Orthorinto we-H.V. Evatt, wasekela izifiso zesizwe zase-Indonesia kwiZizwe Ezihlangene, okwabonisa ukuvuma okukhulu ukusuka ezindaweni zamakoloni aseYurophu.

Ngawo-1950 nango-1960 kwavela i-Australia ilwa nemfucumfucu eyingozi eyashiywa yiBrithani. I-Malayan Emergency (1948-1960) yadonsela amabutho ase-Australia ekulwisaneni namabutho aseBrithani nawase-Malay, imisa isibonelo sokubambisana kwezempi nezifunda zaseNingizimu mpumalanga Asia. Okwamanje, ukwakhiwa kwe-ASSEANCE ngo-1967 kwanikezwa ukunakekela okuqaphileyo eCanberra. I-Australia ayizange imenywe ukuba ijoyine, kodwa izimiso ezisungulwe zenhlangano zokungahlangani nemfuno yesifunda ezingahambisani nezifiso ze-Australia zezindawo ezihlala ndawonye ngaphandle kombuso wangaphandle.

Ukupheliswa kwaletha futhi inselele ye-Indonesia’s Bripesion (Konstrasi) ngokumelene neMalaysia (1963-19666). I-Australia yamisa amabutho ukuze avikele iMalaysia, ebonisa ukuthi iCanberra yayizothatha isinyathelo sobudlelwano ukuze ilondoloze ukuqina kwesifunda ngokumelene nobudlova obucatshangelwayo. Lenkathi yaqala ukumiswa kwesimiso esizimele kakhulu sase-Australia, nakuba enye isahlangene kakhulu nezithakazelo zenhlangano yaseNtshonalanga.

Ngemva KweMpi Yezwe II

IMpi Yomshoshaphansi yahlela kabusha indlela ye-Australia yokusondela e-Southeast Asia. Isivumelwano se-ANZUS (1951) ne-United States ne-New Zealand sanikeza i-Australia isiqinisekiso, kodwa futhi safaka uCanberra emncintiswaneni wemibono ngokumelene nobukhomanisi. i-Asiya eseNingizimu - mpumalanga yaba yindawo eyisihluthulelo, i-Australia ibheke indawo nge-lens yenkolelo yama-domino .

IMpi yaseVietnam yayiyisibonakaliso esichazayo salokhu kuqonda. I-Australia yabangela amabutho asebenza ngo-1965, ekugcineni athumela izisebenzi ezingaphezu kuka-60 000. Isinqumo saqhutshwa ukubambisana ne-United States kanye nokuqiniseka ukuthi ukwanda kwamakhomanisi e-Australia eNingizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Asia kwakusongela ngokuqondile. Impi yahlukanisa kakhulu umphakathi wase-Australia futhi yabangela ukuphinda izibalo zamazwe angaphandle. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, uhulumeni we-Whitam Labor wahlehlela emabuthweni ase-Australia futhi washukumiseleka ukuqaphela i-Interrand Republic of China, okubonisa ukuqonda okucacile kwezifunda.

Omunye ushintsho olubucayi lwangemva kwempi kwaba ukushintsha kwesimo se-Australia ekubuseni amakoloni. Uhulumeni we-Whitlam (1972-1975) washeshisa uzibuse we-Papua New Guinea futhi wathatha isikhundla esibucayi kakhulu ekubuseni kwamaPutukezi eTimor-Leste. Lenkathi futhi yabona i-Australia ivumelana nomthetho neChina ngo-1972 futhi yahlanganyela ngentshiseko no-ACEAN, okwathi ngaleso sikhathi kwase kuvela njengenhlangano yezohwebo ezingoko.

Ukuwohloka Kwezomnotho Nokuntengantenga Kwezohwebo

Ukuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi kwavula amathuba amasha okuhlanganisa kwezomnotho. Ukuvela ngokushesha kwezezimboni zaseNingizimu mpumalanga Asia .Impondo zaseMelika (ekuqaleni) eSingapore, kwabe sekuthi eMalaysia, eThailand, e-Indonesia, futhi kamuva eVietnam) kwaveza ukudonsa okukhulu kwezomnotho e-Australia. Ukwanda kwe-ASEAN njengendawo yezentengiselwano yamahhala nezakhiwo zezentengiselwano ezibanzi zase-Asia zanikeza izisekelo zezindawo ezisezingeni eliphezulu.

Ukuzibopha kwezomnotho kwe-Australia kwanda kakhulu ngawo-1990 ngaphansi kohulumeni baseHawke nase-Kagat, abasekela i-Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. APEC, eyaqala ngo- 1989 ngokufakwa okunamandla kwe-Australia, yaba imoto yokuhwebelana kwezwe lonke. I-Australia yabona ikusasa layo lihlangene ngokunenzuzo nokukhula kwe-Asia, kanye ne-Southeast Asia iyisibonakaliso esifinyeleleka kakhulu salelithuba.

I-ASEAN-Australia-Australia Free Trade Areas (AAANZFTA), eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-2010, iyitshe letshe lezakhiwo zezohwebo zase-Australia nendawo. Isusa izigwegwe ezingamaphesenti angu-9 ezinto zase-Australia ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ezomnotho ze-ASTEAN futhi iye yathuthukisa ukuhwebelana ngezindlela ezimbili ngaphezu kwe-AU $10,000 000 000 000 000 ngonyaka. I-Australia futhi yalandela i-biteral FTAs enamalungu ahlukene e-ASEAN-*SAProse, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, neVietnamh.

Ibhizinisi lezenkonzo liye lakhula kakhulu. Imfundo yase-Australia ithunyelwa e-Southeast Asia nge-AU yedlula ama-AU ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-10 ngonyaka, nabafundi abangaphezu kwe- 150 000 abafunda e-Australia ngo-2023. I-Tourism, izinkonzo zezezimali, nokuhlola kobuchwepheshe nakho kuye kwakhula, okwenza ukuba i-Australia entshonalanga ye-Australia ibe indawo yezohwebo ephambili ye-Australia ngemva kwe-China.

Umklamo Wokulondeka Nokubambisana Kwamasosha

Mayelana nokuhlanganiswa kwezomnotho, i-Australia yakha izakhiwo ezibanzi zokuvikela kanye nabantu abasebenza nabo e-Southeast Asia. I-Five Power Defence Programme (ekanye ne-Malaysia, i-Singapore, i-New Zealand, ne-United Kingdom) isasebenza, ehlanganisa ukuqeqeshwa kwasikhathi sonke kwezempi kanye ne-Anter - Areat Defence System. I-Australia futhi ihlanganyela eMphathiswayo ye-ASEBENC (ADM-Plus), i-um yokubambisana okuhlanganisa amalungu onke e-ASIAAAAN, kanye nezingxoxo eziyisishiyagalombili.

Ukubambisana kwezezezezehlakalo kwakhula ngemva kokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu ngo-2002 kwaba iBali, okwabulala abantu abangu - 202 kuhlanganise nabantu base-Australia abangu - 88. I-Australia yathatha isinyathelo esiqinile sokulwa nekhono lobuphekula lase-Indonesia futhi yasungula izindlela zokulawula iziqu zesifunda. IJakarta Centre for Law Enforcement Cooperation, eyasungulwa ngo - 2004, iye yaqeqesha izinkulungwane zezikhulu zaseNingizimu - mpumalanga Asia ekulweni nobuphekulani nobugebengu obungahlanga.

Ukulondeka kwesikhathi se-Maritime sekuye kwaba yindawo eyinhloko egxile, eqhutshwa yizimpi zaseNingizimu ye-South China nokwanda komncintiswano wamandla amakhulu. I-Australia iqhuba amaphoyisa ahlangene aqasha i-Indonesia, i-Malaysia, iPhilippines, iVietnam, neBrunei. I-Pacific Maritime Security Program, nakuba igxile ePacific Islands, inezinyathelo ezivumelanayo eNingizimu-A. I-Australia isekela futhi i-ASEANOMEN Outlook e-Indo-Paciece, egcizelela ukuvumelana nokunamathela komthetho wezizwe zonke.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Nezinyathelo Zokuqala

Izindlela eziningi zangaleso sikhathi zibonisa ukuthembisana okujulile kwe-Australia:

  • Ingxenye ye-Revice servey:[ yaqala ngo-2020 no-ASEAN, lesi sinyathelo sathatha i-AU yizigidi ezingu-470 ukuze sisekele ukululama kobhadane, ukulondeka kwempilo, nokuzinziswa kwezomnotho kulo lonke elaseNingizimu-Mpumalanga Asia.
  • Iqhinga le-Economic Asia laseNingizimu Asia ukuya ku-2040: ikhululwe ngo-2023, lelicebo liveza izingxenye eziza kuqala zezomnotho(izinhlangano zezemali, amandla aluhlaza, izakhiwo, izakhiwo, nezolimo) ngokunwetshwa kwentengo nokutshala imali, futhi kuphindeke kabili ngo-2040.
  • Aus4AS ASCKS Ilula:[ Uhlelo lwe AU(aR1) ayizigidi ezingu-35 lokuthuthukisa imfundo yemisebenzi namakhono entuthuko e-ASAN, ukusingatha amagebe emisebenzi nokuthuthukisa ukunyakaza.
  • ASEAN-Australia Digital Trade Direfect Initive: Umzamo obambisanayo wokuhlanganisa imithetho yokuhwebelana, ukubusa kokwaziswa, nokwakheka kolwembu lwe-inthaneti, ukuhlose ukunciphisa izithiyo zefemu zobuchwepheshe base-Australia kulendawo.
  • Isimiso sokubambisana se-Australia: inikeza ngaphezu kwe AU yizigidi eziyikhulu ngonyaka ukuze kuvikelwe abangane baseNingizimu mpumalanga Asia, kuhlanganise nokuqapha i-intshi ye-intshi, ukuqeqesha ukuthula, nokusekela ubuphekula.

Abantu-ku-abantu bayaxhumanisa futhi banamandla amancane

Ngaphandle kobudlelwane bukahulumeni nohulumeni, i-Australia iye yafaka imali eningi ekuxhumaneni nabantu. IColombo Plan, eyamiswa ngo-1951, yaletha izinkulungwane zabafundi baseNingizimu mpumalanga Asia emayunivesithi ase-Australia, yakha izibopho ezihlala njalo nezimiso ze-almni. Umenzi wayo wanamuhla, i-NewColombo Plan, uye wathumela izithakazeli ezingaphezu kuka-80 000 ze-Australia ezingaphansi kwe-Australia ukuba ziyofunda futhi zithathe imikhumbi eqenjini kusukela ngo-2014, kuhlanganise nase-Indonesia, eThailand, eVietnam, e-Singapore, naseMalaysia.

Ukufuduka futhi kwakha ama-indinganiso ajulile. Kusukela ngo-2023, izakhamuzi zase-Australia ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-2, zazalwa emazweni aseNingizimu mpumalanga ntshonalanga ye-Asia, futhi abantu baseVietnam, abasePhilippines, nase-Indonesia baphakathi kwamaqembu akhula ngokushesha kakhulu e-Australia. Lemiphakathi inikela ngokomnotho nangokwesiko, isebenza njengamabhuloho ngokwethukela phakathi kwemiphakathi yase-Australia ne-Southeast Asia.

Izingxoxo zempucuko, nakuba zingagcizelelwa kakhulu, ziye zakhula ngezinhlangano ezinjenge ASEAN-Australia Centre, zaqala ngo-2020, ezikhuthaza ubuciko, imfundo, nokuhwebelana kwezempucuko. I-Australia-Indonia Institute, yasungulwa ngo- 1989, imisebenzi yokubambisana kwezimali emithonjeni yezindaba, ezobuciko, nasemphakathini womphakathi. La mathuluzi anamandla athambile asiza ekwakheni ukuthembana nokuqondana okusekela ubudlelwane obusemthethweni bezohwebelana.

Izinselele Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Naphezu kokuqinisa izibopho, i-Australia ibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu enkambisweni yayo yaseNingizimu mpumalanga Asia. Izingxabano ze-South China Sea zihlala ziwumthombo oqhubekayo wengxabano. I-Australia ilokhu ifuna ukuba kwenziwe isinqumo sokuthula ngokuvumelana nomthetho wezwe lonke, kuhlanganise nokubusa kwe-arbitral ka-2016, kodwa kumelwe ilinganisele ukuma kwayo mayelana nobuhlobo bayo bezomnotho neChina [1] I-Southern East Asia ingumngane omkhulu wezohwebo nenkomzameli we-intellia. Ukulawula le-tria kudinga ukuphikisana okucophelelayo.

Inkinga yeMyanmar, ngemva kokugumbuqelwa kwebutho lamasosha angu-2021, iye yahlola ukuhlangana kuka-ATEAN kanye nokusabela kwe-Australia. I-Australia iye yabeka izijeziso zomgomo kubaholi bezempi baseMyanmar futhi yanikeza usizo olunikeza usizo olusizayo, kodwa inezinga elilinganiselwe lokuthonya izenzakalo. Ukuhluleka kuka-ATHEN ukugcwalisa i-Censharlar, okubheka ukuthembeka kuka-ACEA njengokubalulekile ekuhleleni izifunda.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuphakamisa izinselele ezidinga ukuhlanganiswa kwezizwe. I-Southeast Asia isengozini enkulu yokukhuphuka kolwandle, isimo sezulu esibi, nokungalondeki kokudla. I-Australia ithembise i-U $1,2 000 000 000 (izigidi zezigidi) ukuze ikwazi ukunyakazisa isimo sezulu e-Asia eNingizimu-ntshonalanga ngaphansi kwecebo layo lezentengiselwano zezwe jikelele, kuhlanganise nokusekela ukuvuselelwa kwamandla amakhemikhali kanye nokuvusenda komoya. Nokho, ukudayisa imfucumfucu e-ondleni yamazwe aseMelika efuna ukunqanda izomnotho zawo.

Ukuvikelwa kwezezinombolo nezokusebenza nge-web site kumelela umngcele ovelayo. I-Australia ne-ASEA ziye zazimisele ukuthuthukisa ukubambisana ekwakheni amandla obuchwepheshe, ukulwa nokungahlangani kwe-inthanethi, nokuvikela izakhiwo eziyingozi. I-ASEAN-Australia Cyber Cooperation I iyaqala ngo-2021, izinhlelo zokuqeqeshelwa imali nezimiso zokusongela. Njengoba ukuhwebelana ngemishini kukhula, kuqinisekisa ukuba indawo ye-inthaneti elondekile nesebenza ngokubambisana kuyoba yinto eza kuqala.

Umncintiswano omkhulu wamandla phakathi kwe-United States ne-China ubangela ukuba zonke izici zenkambiso yendawo ye-Australia. Amazwe aseNingizimu mpumalanga ye-Asia ngokuvamile afuna ukugwema ukuphoqelelwa ukuba akhethe uhlangothi, isikhundla esihloniphekile sase-Australia kodwa alwela ukuhlalisa. Ukuminyana kwe-AUKUS kwe-Australia kanye nokukhula kwayo e-U.S. enyakathoba kwe-Australia kuye kwabangela ukukhathazeka kwezinye izinhloko - dolobha zaseNingizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Asia ezibangela ukuhlasela iBeijing. I-Canberra kumelwe iqinisekise abangane bayo ukuthi izivumelwano zayo zithuthukisa ukuqina kwezifunda kunokuba zikwenze kube yizekele phansi.

I-Australia

I-2023 Defence Strategic Review yachaza i-2023 Defected Extectry Review e-Australia ngokuthi "indawo esendaweni ehleleke kakhulu eseduze kakhulu," ibeka indawo eyisisekelo sokuhlela ukuzivikela. Ukubukeza kwagcizelela isidingo sokuqapha okuphambili kwemikhumbi, ukubambisana kwemishini, nokuqeqeshwa okuhlangene nabantu abakanye e-Southeast Asia. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthambekela okuthatha isikhathi eside: i-Southeast Asia ayiseyona inkathazo ye-ofelerba kodwa ayiyona inkundla ye-Australia.

Uma ubheka phambili, isimiso sangaphandle se-Australia ngaseNingizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Asia cishe sigxile ezinsikeni ezintathu: ukujulisa ukuncika kwezomnotho ngokushintsha kwemishini nokuluhlaza; ukuqinisa ukubambisana kokuphepha okuhlonipha i-ASTEAN; nokutshala imali enhloko - dolobha yomuntu ngemfundo namakhono. I-ATEAN-Australia Comprehensive Tregitegic Pricentialshipshinship, eyasungulwa ngo-2021, inikeza uhlelo olungcono kakhulu lwalemizamo.

I-Australia futhi kumelwe ivumelane nendawo ephikiswa kakhulu. Ithonya elikhulayo leChina e-Southeast Asia . ngokutshala izakhiwo, ukubusa kwezentengiselwano, nokufinyelela kwe-athon (ukulawula) ) kunikeza kokubili amathuba nezinselele zezomnotho zamaShayina kodwa inganikeza ezinye izindlela eziphezulu zokulingana: izimali zezezimali, izisekelo zezezimali ezisekelwe ekulawuleni kwemithetho. Inselele kubenzi bemithetho yase-Australia ukuhlala bethembekile futhi bebalulekile esifundeni esingenawo amandla anye.

Kubafundi bobuhlobo bomhlaba wonke, okuhlangenwe nakho kwe-Australia kunikeza izifundo ezibalulekile mayelana nokuxhumana kwemibuso ephakathi. I-Australia iye yasuka ekuncikeni kwezindawo ezinamakoloni yayakhela ukuhlangana kwezindawo ezihlangene, ubudlelwane obusekelwe ekufuneni inzuzo eyodwa nenzuzo eyodwa. Lolu hambo aluphelele, futhi izingxabano ziyaqhubeka, kodwa isiqondiso sicacile: ikusasa le-Australia lihlobene ngokungefani nokuzinza, ukuchuma, nokuhlangana.