Table of Contents

Izinguquko zomthetho zimelela okungaphezu kakhulu kwemiqondo engokomthetho efingqiwe noma umbhalo waphansi ongokomlando. Zikhona, ziphefumula, izingxenye zesimiso somthetho esilawula indlela yokuphila kwansuku zonke ngendlela ezijulile nezivame ukungaziwa. Ukukhetha ukuthi ubani omelela wena eKhongosweni ukuze usebenzelane nesimiso sobulungisa, ngisho nokunye okulula njengokuya esikoleni. Ilungelo elinikezwa yithonya lazo zonke lezizinto futhi ngaphezulu. Ukuqonda indlela lezi zinguquko ezisebenza ngayo futhi zisiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele isivikelo nemithwalo yemfanelo ezinayo ekulondolozeni umphakathi wedemokhrasi.

Ukuqonda Izinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo: Isisekelo Sohulumeni Ozivumelanisa Nezimo

Umthetho-sisekelo umisa uhlelo lwezwe oluyisisekelo: indlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo, amandla anawo, kanye namalungelo abantu abanawo. Kodwa akukho mbhalo osungulayo ongalindela inselele ngayinye ezakuletha ikusasa. Yingakho izimiso eziningi zomthetho-sisekelo zihlanganisa inqubo yokulungisa, / / Izinguquko ezivumela umthetho-sisekelo ukuba ukhule, ucacise, futhi uzivumelanise ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Izinguquko zomthetho zisebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwezimiso ezihlala njalo nezidingo zamanje. Zisiza imiphakathi ukuba ilinganisele imigomo emibili ebalulekile: ukulondoloza izimiso zesisekelo nokuhlala uvumelana ngokwanele ukuba ubhekane namaqiniso amasha, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo uhlala usebenza ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Lokhu kulinganisela okuntekenteke kuvimbela isimiso somthetho ukuba singabi esiqinile noma esingaqinile kakhulu.

Izinqumo zisebaluleke kakhulu namuhla njengoba izinhlangano zanamuhla zibhekene nezinselele izizukulwane zangaphambili ezazingenakuzicabanga, kusukela ekusongweni kokungalondeki kwe - Internet kuya ezincazelweni zomuntu siqu nokulingana, okusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isivikelo esingokomthetho sihambisana nalezi zenzakalo. Le nqubo yokulungisa inikeza indlela ehlelwe kahle yokuvuselela izincwadi zesisekelo ngaphandle kokuhlehla.

Injongo Nendima Yezinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Izinqumo zigcwalisa imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi enqubweni yentando yeningi yomthetho-sisekelo. Zinikeza indlela engokomthetho yokulungisa abaphathi, isivikelo esandiswayo, nokusabela ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo. Kunokuba kudinge ukuba kubhalwe kabusha umthetho - sisekelo ngokuphelele, ukulungisa okuhloselwe kunikeza indlela yokwenza ushintsho oluqhubekayo nolulawulwayo, ukulondoloza ukuqhubeka kuyilapho kuvumela intuthuko ebonisa izidingo zalesi sikhathi.

Ukwandisa Nokuvikela Amalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Enye yemiphumela ephawuleka kakhulu yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo ukunwetshwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, nokuqedwa kokugqilazwa nokuvuselelwa kwemigqomo yabesifazane okubonakala kubaluleke ekuqhubeni umphakathi ulinganisene kakhulu. Lezinguquko aziwushintshi nje kuphela umbhalo ongokomthetho . Ngokuyisisekelo zibuye zibulungise ubuhlobo phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni wazo.

Izinguquko ezinjalo zivame ukuguqula izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi nezincazelo ezingokomthetho amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Imiphumela ebangelwa ukuncishiswa kwamalungelo ayanda idlulela ngalé kokusetshenziswa kwazo ngokushesha, ithonya izinhlangano zezenhlalo, izinqumo zokwahlulela, kanye nezimiso zamasiko ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukwakhiwa Kukahulumeni Nokusebenza Kwawo

Akuzona zonke izinguquko ezigxile emalungelweni omuntu ngamunye. Ezinye izinguquko zithinta indlela uhulumeni asebenza ngayo, ziqinisekisa ukuthi lowo hulumeni uyaqhubeka ephumelela futhi elandisa. Lokhu kulungisa izinqubo zokuvota, izinqubo zokuvota, imingcele yesikhathi, kanye nokusakazwa kwemibuso emagatsheni kahulumeni.

Ezinye izinguquko zicacisa indlela umthetho - sisekelo okufanele usetshenziswe ngayo noma uchazwe ngayo, zisize ekunciphiseni ukungaqondani futhi zithuthukise ukuvumelana ezinqumweni zomthetho.

Ukubonisa Izindinganiso Zomphakathi Ezishintshayo

Ukulungisa ngakunye kusebenza njengesibonakaliso sezindinganiso eziguqula umphakathi kanye nokuqonda kokuziphatha. Njengoba kuvela izinqubo zamasiko nokushintsha kwezimiso ezintsha zezimiso zokuziphatha, izinguquko zinikeza indlela yomthetho-sisekelo yokuhlanganisa lezinguquko emthethweni wesizwe oyisisekelo. Lezi zinguquko zibonisa indlela umthetho-mthetho ongazivumelanisa ngayo nezinto eziza kuqala emphakathini.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo: Ukushintsha Ngokungagwegwesi

Inqubo yokulungisa inqubo ebucayi ekuvumelaninini uMthetho-sisekelo nezidingo ezishintshayo zomphakathi, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinguquko zibonisa ukusekela okukhulu nokucabangela okucophelelayo. Lenqubo enqumayo ivimbela izinguquko ezisheshayo kuyilapho ivumela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okudingekile.

Izindlela Ezisikiselayo

Ukulungisa uMthetho - sisekelo kungahlongozwa ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko:

  • [[[NT:0] Isivumelwano sombuso: Inani eliphindwe kathathu eGabheni labameleli naseSigeqeni kumelwe sivume ukubuyiselwa.
  • Umhlangano wezwe: Izishaya-mthetho zombuso ezimbili-ntathu zingabiza umhlangano wesizwe ukuze kuhlongozwe ukulungisa.

Zombili lezi zindlela zidinga ukuvumelana okuphawulekayo, okubonisa izindinganiso nezinkolelo zabantu abahlukahlukene.

Izimfuneko Zokuhlunga

Ngemva kokuhlongozwa, izinguquko kumelwe zigunyazwe ngenye yalezi zindlela:

  • Isimo se-Legislatures: Ama-38-sine (38 kuya ku-50) ama-pactimen kazwelonke kumelwe avumele ukubuyiselwa.
  • Imihlangano yeSizwe:[ I-Ratiation ingenzeka ngemihlangano ezindaweni ezintathu kwezine, ivumela ukufakwa okuqondile kwezakhamuzi ezimweni ezithile.

Uma sezihlangatshezwani zonke izinyathelo zokuvumelana, ushintsho luba ingxenye yomthetho - sisekelo futhi luzuze amandla angokomthetho afanayo nawombhalo wokuqala. Lenqubo enzima iqinisekisa ukuvumelana kwesizwe kwangempela kunokuba kube izikhulu zesikhashana zezombangazwe.

Ukulinganisela Ukuqina Nokuvumelana Nesimo

Inqubo enamandla yokulungisa isiza ekulondolozeni ukuqina ngokuvimbela ukubukezwa okuqhubekayo noma okusheshayo kuyilapho inikeza indlela yokushintsha okunengqondo — a okubalulekile njengoba ukuqina kakhulu kungaholela ezimisweni eziphelelwe isikhathi, kuyilapho ukuvumelana nezimo ngokweqile kunganciphisa izimiso eziyisisekelo.

IBhili yamaLungelo: Iziphetho Zokuqala Eziyishumi zeMelika

IBill of Rights, eyagunyazwa ngo - 1791, ihlanganisa izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi kuMthetho-sisekelo, ezivela esidingweni sesivikelo esicacile kuhulumeni ophanjwe ubuqili. Lezi zinguquko zesisekelo zamisa uhlelo lwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye amaMelika avame ukuthatha kalula namuhla.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: I - Cornerstone Yomfanekiso Wentando Yeningi

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siqinisekisa inkululeko ngokuphathelene nenkolo, inkulumo, umhlangano nelungelo lokunxusa, ukwenqabela uMkhandlu ukuba uthuthukise inkolo eyodwa phezu kwezinye futhi uvimbele imikhuba yomuntu engokwenkolo, nokuqinisekisa inkululeko yokukhuluma ngokuvimbela uMkhandlu ekuvimbeleni amalungelo abantu okukhuluma ngokukhululekile.

Incazelo yeSichibiyelo Sokuqala ixhomeke ekuvumeleni izakhamuzi ukuba ziveze imibono yazo ngaphandle kokwesaba isijeziso sikahulumeni, zithuthukise izigcawu zemibono ehlukahlukene lapho kungaxoxwa khona obala.

Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela ilungelo lakho lokugxeka izikhulu zikahulumeni, ukwenza inkolo yakho oyikhethile (noma ayikho nhlobo), ukuya ekuphikiseni okunokuthula, futhi uhlanganyele imibono yakho kwezezenhlalo zezokuxhumana. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yafeza indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni ubukhulu beSichibiyelo Sokuqala emacaleni aphawulekayo anjengeNew York Times Co. v. Sullivan noTinker. Des Moindependent Community School District.

Ezikhathini zanamuhla, imithombo yezindaba inezincazelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zenkululeko yokukhuluma, njengoba iziteshi kuyi - Internet ziba izinkundla zenkulumo yeningi futhi ziphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nokulinganisela amazwi akhululekile nemithetho emelene nenkulumo yenzondo nokungaqondi lutho oluqondile.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokuphatha Izikhali

IsiHlanzi sesibili sivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuba nezibhamu, siqinisekisa inkululeko ebalulekile eqokonyiswa oFata Abasunguli, sithi: “IMilitia elawulwa kahle, njengoba idingekile ekuvikeleni uHulumeni okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha nokuphatha izibhamu, ngeke iphazanyiswe."

Ezikhathini zanamuhla, iSichibiyelo Sesibili siwumgogodla wempikiswano ngokulawulwa kwezibhamu nokulondeka komuntu siqu, njengoba abasekeli bephikisa ngokuthi sivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuba nezikhali zokuzihloma, ukuzingela, nokuzilibazisa, kuyilapho abaphikisi befuna imithetho yokunciphisa ubudlova bezibhamu, begcizelela ukuphepha komphakathi.

Icala leLandpoint State Court liye laguqula incazelo yamanje, neSithili saseColumbia v. Heller uqinisekisa ilungelo lomuntu lokuba nezibhamu ngezinjongo ezingokomthetho ezifana ne-defense, kuyilapho uMcDonald v. City of Chicago wandisa lesivikelo kumazwe. Lezi zinqumo zibonisa indlela ukuchaza komthetho-mthetho okulawula ngayo ukusebenza kwemiyalo esemthethweni.

Izinqumiso Zesithathu Nezesine: Ukuvikela Impahla Nokungafihli

ISichibiyelo sesithathu senqabela ukuthatha ikota yamasosha emizini yabantu ngaphandle kwemvume. Nakuba kungavamile ukucelwa namuhla, lesisilungisi sibonisa isibopho somsunguli sokuvikela ubungcwele bekhaya ekuphazanyisweni nguhulumeni.

ISichibiyelo Sesine sivikela ekuphenyisweni okungenangqondo nasekuqubukeni, okudinga ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kube nesizathu sokuhlola.

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela amaMelika ekuhlolweni "ukungacabangeli nokuquleka" nguhulumeni, nakuba ukuchaza kweNkantolo Ephakeme "okungenangqondo" kuye kwahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngokusesha okufuna imvume kodwa okungadingeki kwabanye, futhi ngokuvamile kuvikela umuntu nempahla yakhe ekuhlolweni uhulumeni noma kuphi lapho kukhona khona "ukulindela okunengqondo ukuthi umuntu uyimfihlo."

Ngo - 2014, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States yanquma ngazwi linye eRiley v. California ukuthi ukuphenywa nokuthuthwa kwezingcingo ezisezingcingweni zocingo phakathi nokuboshwa akunazo izingcingo ezivumelana nesinqumo. Lesi sinqumo sibonisa ukuthi ukulungisa izimo ezishintshayo kushintsha ubuchwepheshe.

Okwesihlanu Ezinzisweni Zeshumi: Ezinye Izivikelo

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqinisekisa inqubo efanele futhi sivikele ekuzichaseni. Lesivikelo sithinta ukuthethwa kobugebengu, amalungelo empahla, nohulumeni. IsiHlanzi sesihlanu sithi umuntu angase angaphucwa impahla nguhulumeni ngaphandle "kwenqubo esele yomthetho," noma izinqubo ezilungile, futhi sibeke imingcele ezindaweni eziphezulu, ifuna ukuba ukuthatha okunjalo kube "ukusetshenziswa emphakathini" futhi idinge "imbuyiselo nje" entengweni yempahla ethathweyo.

Izinguquko ezisele eBill of Rights zikhuluma ngenqubo yobugebengu, ukuqulwa kwecala, ibheyili ephakeme, nemibuso egciniwe. Ndawonye, lezi zinguquko zokuqala zamisa izimiso eziyisisekelo zentando yeningi yaseMelika, zithonya izinguquko ezalandela kuwo wonke umlando.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwelungelo Lokuba Wedwa: Ukuziphendukela Komthetho - sisekelo

Ilungelo lokuzifihla liyisisekelo ekuqondeni kwethu inkululeko, kodwa akukho ndawo lapho uMthetho-sisekelo ukhuluma ngakho. Kunalokho, izinkantolo ziye zathola izivikelo zobuso zomuntu siqu ezihlelwe kuzo zonke izinguquko ezihlukahlukene, zakha lokho izazi ezingokomthetho ezikubiza ngokuthi "ukusebenzisa" noma "ukwembula" ilungelo lokuba wedwa.

Isinqumo Esidala Nezindawo Zokufihla Izindaba

Ukusingatha kweNkantolo Ephakeme ekusithekeni kwaqala ngobuqotho ngecala eliyingqophamlando uGriswold v. Connecticut ngo-1965, lapho iNkantolo yasungula khona isivikelo semfihlo esisuka kwipenumbras zokuqala, eyesithathu, eyesine, eyesihlanu, neyokuNinth, ngokubhala uMahluleli uWilliam Douglas ukuthi lezi zinguquko, uma zicatshangelwa, zidala izindawo zomuntu siqu ezilinganisela amandla kahulumeni.

LeNkantolo yasebenzisa isivikelo somuntu siqu esishiwo ngokucacile kweyokuqala, eyesithathu, eyesine, eyesihlanu, neyesi-Ninth ukuze ithole ukuthi kunelungelo eliqondiswe ekubeni wedwa eMthethweni. Ukulungiswa ngakunye kusiza ekuvikeleni okuhlukile okuhlanganisayo okuvimbela ukugxambukela kukahulumeni ezindabeni zomuntu siqu.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Nenqubo Efanele

Umbono ovumelanayo kaMahluleli Harlan eGriswold wathatha indlela ehlukile, wathola izivikelo zomuntu siqu eSigwegweni se-Gristold se-Gileyath Claus(ukuveza ithonya ezicaleni zamuva), njengoba izinkantolo zaziya zithembela kakhulu eSimisweni se-14 kunokuba zithembele emfundisweni we-pelumbra ukuze kwandiswe amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu.

Ilungelo lokungafihliwe livame ukucashunwa kuyi - Stute Procession Claus eSichibiyelweni se - 14, esithi: Akukho mthetho oyomisa noma ukuphoqelela noma yimuphi umthetho ozovimbela amalungelo noma ukugoma kwezakhamuzi zase - United States; futhi noma yimuphi umbuso ngeke uphuce noma imuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele yomthetho.

Ukwandisa Amalungelo Ezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu aqhubeka ekhula ngezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezalandela, i - Eisensstadt neBaird (1971) idlulisela amalungelo okuvimbela inzalo kubantu abangashadile, futhi ngokuphawulekayo, iNkantolo ithi amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu angawabantu ngabanye, hhayi imibhangqwana eshadile kuphela.

Lezincazelo ezishintshayo zithinta izici eziningi zokuphila kwansuku zonke, kusukela ezinqumweni zezokwelapha kuya ekuhlelweni komkhaya, kusukela ekuvikelweni kokwaziswa kuya ekuzilawuleni komuntu siqu. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha, imithetho ephathelene nalokho okwamukelekayo ekuqoqeni nasekusebenziseni ukwaziswa komuntu siqu nayo iyashintsha.

Isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuchaza umthetho - sisekelo, isibonelo seNkantolo Ephakeme, nomthetho kahulumeni wonke uchaza amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu eMelika, iUnited States ithuthukisa isivikelo sezindaba zomuntu siqu ngokuqashelwa kokwahlulela okuhlukahlukene nangomthetho omisiwe osingatha izinkathazo ezithile, ngokungafani namazwe anesiqinisekiso esicacile esiyimfihlo somthetho - sisekelo.

Izenzakalo Eziyingqopha - mlando Zamalungelo Omphakathi: Iziphetho Ezaguqula IMelika

Ezinguqulweni ezisele zoMthetho - sisekelo ezidlulele ngalé kweSiphakamiso Samalungelo Abantu, zimbalwa kuphela eziye zaba nethonya eliphawulekayo ekuphileni kwaseMelika, ezihlobene kakhulu nezinqubo zokuvota, nokhetho, nezinye izindaba zokuqondisa kukahulumeni, nakuba ngokuphawulekayo ezimbalwa (eziwu - R38, iSichibiyelo Se - Impucuko Se - 14, neSichibiyelo Se - 195 samalungelo omphakathi) kuyingqopha - mlando.

ISichibiyelo Se - 13: Ubugqila Obuphoqelelayo

ISichibiyelo se - 13 mhlawumbe siwushintsho olubaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika, olwagunyazwa ngo - 1865 njengolokuqala kwesithathu esithi “Ukulungiswa Kwezinguquko ” esamukelwa ngokushesha ngemva kweMpi Yangaphakathi, futhi nakuba ukunqanyulwa kwenguquko kungasachazwa izinkantolo, umphumela waso emphakathini waseMelika awunakushaywa ngomlomo.

ISichibiyelo se 13 se-1865, USA) saqeda ubugqila nezigqila ezizimele e-United States, okwaba yisinyathelo esibalulekile ekutholeni amalungelo omphakathi nokulingana. Lokhu kuguqula umphakathi waseMelika ngokuyisisekelo, kuguqula izigidi zabantu abagqilaziwe zaba izakhamuzi ezikhululekile futhi kwaguqula isimo sezomnotho, sezenhlalo, nesezombangazwe.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane: Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nenqubo Efanele

Ngo - 1868, iSishaya - mthetho nezinkantolo ziye zasebenzisa iSiphendulo Sezinqumo se - 14 seSiphendulo Esilinganayo sika - Claus ezindaweni eziningi zokuphila komphakathi eminyakeni engu - 150 edlule, nesihloko esithi IX sibe isibonelo sendlela isiHlungiso se - 14 esiye sachazwa ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane siqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho, sivimbela imibuso ukuba iphikise izakhamuzi amalungelo azo omthetho - sisekelo. Imiphumela ihlanganisa amacala aphawulekayo anjengoBrown noBoard of Education, akhuluma ngokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni, ebonisa indlela lesivikelo esimisa ngayo imizamo yobulungisa bezenhlalo futhi sithuthukisa ukulingana phakathi kwezigaba ezihlukahlukene.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) waphawula isikhathi esibalulekile emlandweni waseMelika njengecala elivelele leNkantolo Ephakeme elalikhuluma ngokuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi, inkantolo yavumelana ngokuthi “ukuhlukanisa kodwa ulingana" izakhiwo zemfundo zaphula i - Actal Protection Claus eSigwegwegwe se - 144, futhi ngenxa yalokho, lesi sinqumo saqeda ukuhlukaniswa okungokomthetho, sathonya kakhulu izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi kulo lonke izwe.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo sifinyelela kude kakhulu kunemfundo. Isihloko I-IX, esithakazelisa ngokukhethekile entsheni, sivimbela izinhlangano ezithola izimali zikahulumeni ezisuka ekususeni abafundi ekuhlanganyeleni ezimisweni zemfundo nezokugijima ngesisekelo sobulili. Lokhu kubonisa indlela izinguquko eziqhubeka ngayo ziveza isivikelo esisha nezimiso ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu: Ukunikeza Amalungelo Kungakhathaliseki Uhlanga

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu sinikeza amalungelo okuvota kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlanga lunjani, okumelela isinyathelo esibalulekile sokufinyelela embusweni wentando yeningi ozimele.

I - Civil Rights Movement, eyayiholwa amanani anjengoDkt. Martin Luther King Jr., yabona intuthuko ephawulekayo eyayihloselwe ukuphoqelela izithembiso ezenziwa iSichibiyelo Se - 15, ngo - 1965 ikhuluma ngokuqondile ngemingcele evimbela ukuvota kwabaseMelika abaNsundu, ivimbela imikhuba yobandlululo nokuqondisa uhulumeni.

ISichibiyelo se - 15 sabeka isisekelo sentuthuko yamalungelo omphakathi esikhathini esizayo futhi kumelwe sivikelwe njalo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi zinezwi elilinganayo enqubweni yentando yeningi, kuguqule isimo esingokomthetho futhi kubeke inselele izwe ukuba liphile ngokuvumelana nezinhloso zalo eziphakeme kakhulu zokulingana nobulungisa.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nesishiyagalolunye: Impoqo Yabesifazane

ISichibiyelo sekhulu le-19 (1920, USA) sanikeza abesifazane ilungelo lokuvota, okumelela ukunqoba okuphawulekayo emzabalazweni wabesifazane futhi kukhuthaza ukulingana kwabesilisa ekuhlanganyeleni kwezombangazwe. Lokhu kulungisa kwaphinda kabili amandla aphezulu ezombangazwe zaseMelika.

Umzabalazo wamalungelo okuvota abesifazane wathatha amashumi eminyaka ezenzo, imiboniso, nokujezisa. Ukulungiswa kwemidanti kwamelela ushintsho olungokomthetho kodwa ushintsho lwempucuko ekuqapheleni abesifazane njengabahlanganyeli bezombangazwe abagcwele embusweni wentando yeningi.

ISichibiyelo Samashumi Amabili Nesithupha: Ukunciphisa Inkathi Yokudla

ISichibiyelo Se - 26 (1971, USA) sanciphisa iminyaka yokuvota yaba ngu - 18, savuma amalungelo ezakhamuzi ezisencane okuhlanganyela ekubuseni ngentando yeningi.

ISichibiyelo Se - 26 sagcizelela ukubaluleka kokuhlanganyela kwentsha ekubuseni ngentando yeningi, okwaphumela ekuthembiseni okwengeziwe phakathi kwezizukulwane ezisencane, ukushintsha kwezici ezishukumisayo eziwukhetho nokushukumisa izingxoxo eziphathelene nemfundo, umthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi, nokuzibandakanya kwezombangazwe.

Iziphendu Zokwakha Nezokuphatha

Nakuba ukuhlaziywa kwamalungelo omphakathi kudonsa ukunakekela komphakathi, izinguquko eziningi zikhuluma ngesimiso sikahulumeni nokuqondisa, okuthinta indlela ukubusa ngentando yeningi okusebenza ngayo ngaphandle kwezigcawu.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nesithupha: Intela Yentela Yentela

Impoqo yeSichibiyelo sekhulu le-16 kwakuyicala leNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. u-1894, i-Pollock v. Abalimi baLoan & Trust Co., eyayithi intela yemali esendaweni ilingana nentela eqondile futhi kanjalo yenqatshelwe ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso I, ingxenye 9 yoMthetho-sisekelo, futhi lapho lokhu kulungiswa kudluliswa yiKhomishane ngo-1909, kwabangela impikiswano, kwathatha iminyaka eminingana nezinguquko ezinkulu esimweni sezomnotho nezombangazwe sezwe ngaphambi kokuba ekugcineni kugunyazwe ngo-191313.

Lokhu kulungisa ngokuyisisekelo kwashintsha ngokwezimali kahulumeni, kwenza isifundazwe sezenhlalakahle sanamuhla, izakhiwo zesizwe zokuzivikela, nezinhlelo zikahulumeni ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke kusukela eSocial Security kuya eMedicaa, kuya ekwakhiweni komgwaqo omkhulu.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nambili: Ukukhethwa Okuqondile Kwabahlaziyi

Ngaphambi kokuba lokhu kuthathelwa ukwenziwa kwelungu lombuso uhhlwili ngo-1913, abameli bakhethwa izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, okwaholela ekukhohlakaleni okucatshangelwayo kwezombangazwe zikahulumeni nasemzabalazweni wokuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zikhethe abasizi bazo ngokuqondile. Lokhu shintsho lwandisa icala lentando yeningi futhi lwanika izakhamuzi ukubusa okuqondile phezu kombuso.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nesihlanu: I - Electoral College Procedares

Lenguquko ende, eyamukelwa ngo - 1804, yabukeza izinqubo zokusebenzisa iElectoral College ukuze ikhethe uMongameli noMholi uVice, kanye nethonya layo ngokuyinhloko lokuba ngowezombangazwe njengoba ithinta izimfanelo ezidingekayo zababezobumongameli nabesekela.

Indlela Izinqumiso Zomthetho - sisekelo Ezikuthinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke

Ukuqonda lokhu kuxhumana kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukubaluleka kwesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo, kodwa kuthonya imisebenzi eminingi yansuku zonke nokuxhumana.

Inkululeko Yokuvezwa Enkathini Yezinombolo

Uma ufaka izinhlelo zezokuxhumana, ugxeka isazi sezombangazwe, noma uxoxa ngezihloko zezindaba, usebenzisa amalungelo eSichibiyelo sokuqala. Lezi zivikelo zidlulela ezindaweni ze-intanethi, nakuba izinkantolo ziqhubeka zilwisana nendlela izimiso ezivamile zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ezisebenza ngayo kuma-tec, ukulinganisela nokuhlukunyezwa nge-intanethi.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela nelungelo lakho lokuqhuba inkolo yakho, ukuya ezinkonzweni zokukhulekela, noma ukukhetha ukungahlanganyeli emisebenzini engokwenkolo.

Ukuba Wedwa Ezindaweni Zomuntu Siqu Nezobuchwepheshe

ISichibiyelo sesine sithinta ukuxhumana nokugcinwa komthetho phakathi nokumiswa kwezimoto, ukuhlolwa kwezindiza, nophenya lwamaphoyisa. ISichibiyelo Sesine sivikela umuntu nempahla yakhe ekuhlolweni uhulumeni noma kuphi lapho kunokuthiwa “ukulindela okunengqondo ukuthi umuntu angabonwa. ”

Ngokuvamile imithetho egunyaza ukugcinwa kwemishini yakho noma ukuthungatha ama - email, nakuba ingekho lapho uhlola umngcele nezimo ezithile eziphuthumayo.

Kulenkathi ye-inthanethi, lapho ukwaziswa okuningi kakhulu kwabantu kuhlangatshezwana khona ngezokuxhumana njenge-Facebook and Twitter, abanye abantu baphikisa ngokuthi ukuzifihla kuye kwaba inganekwane, futhi ngemva kokuhlasela okungu-9 kuya ku - 11, uKhongoloshe washaya imithetho eyenza kube lula ngohulumeni ukusebenzisa ukwaziswa okunjalo lapho ehlola ubuphekula. Ukungezwani phakathi kwokulondeka nokungafihliwe kuyaqhubeka kuguqula izimpikiswano zezimiso.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Emfundweni Nasemsebenzini

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSiphendu se-Unimetic Protection Claus e-Italite Claus ithinta amathuba emfundo, imisebenzi, nokuthola izinkonzo zomphakathi. Sinqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe kwezinhlanga, futhi izinkantolo ziye zandisa isivikelo sazo kwezinye izigaba.

Isihloko i-IX, esisekelwe ezimisweni zeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, sithinta izinhlelo zemidlalo, amathuba emfundo, nezimiso zesikole ngokuphathelene nokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili nokuhlaselwa. ISishaya - mthetho samisa iSihloko seSichibiyelo semfundo sango 1972, esifuna ukuba kungabi namuntu okhishwa inyumba ekuhlanganyeleni, ophiwe izinzuzo, noma ocwaswe ngocalulo ngenxa yobulili ngaphansi "kunoma yisiphi isimiso semfundo noma umsebenzi wezemfundo noma ukwamukela usizo lwezezimali lweFederal. ”

Ukufuna Amalungelo Nokuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe

IziNkambiso zeshumi nanhlanu, zeshumi nanye nezingamashumi amabili nanhlanu ziqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi ezikhulile zingavota kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, ubulili, noma ubudala (ngenhla kuka - 18). Lezi zisivikelo zenza ukuba kube nokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi uhulumeni uhlala ulandisa kuzo zonke izakhamuzi, hhayi nje amaqembu anelungelo.

Ukugunyazwa kwamalungelo akuthinteli nje kuphela ukhetho lukahulumeni kodwa nemincintiswano yombuso neyomphakathi, kusukela emijahweni yesikole kuya okhethweni lwesikhulu sesikole kuya ezinhlanganweni zokuvota ezindabeni zendawo.

Inqubo Efanele Ekuqhubekeni Okungokomthetho

Isichibiyeli sesihlanu neseshumi nane esifanelekile siqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kobulungisa emacaleni angokomthetho. Uma umangalelwa ngobugebengu, unelungelo lokuthula, lokumelelwa ngokomthetho, lokuqulwa kwecala ngokulunga, nokumangalelwa kofakazi.

Lezi sivikelo ziyasebenza futhi nasendabeni yomphakathi, ziqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke akuncishe impahla noma inkululeko ngaphandle kwezinqubo ezingokomthetho.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Nezinqumo Zesikhathi Esizayo

Njengoba umphakathi ushintsha, kuba nezinselele ezintsha ezihlola izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ezikhona futhi ngezinye izikhathi zidinga izinguquko ezintsha.

Ubuchwepheshe Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Ikhulu lama - 20 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama - 211 liye labhekana nochungechunge lwezimpikiswano eziphathelene nokuphila isikhathi eside nekusasa leSichibiyelo Sesine, nohulumeni ohilelekile ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene ezazihlola izingcingo zomphakathi waseMelika, izimpawu zomsakazo, neposi phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, kanye nokuhlasela kwamaphekula kanye neMpi yamaphekula eyalandela ngokuqapha i - Terror aholela kwelinye igagasi lokuhlola, elidlulela ezakhamuzini nasemithwalweni yalo ezindizeni, ezindaweni ezizihambelayo, nasemkhakheni eyandayo yezokuxhumana kwembulunga yonke.

Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola banamuhla − kusukela ekuqapheleni ukumbiwa kwemininingwane embiwa ebusweni kuya endaweni ethile,(-) ukubuza ukuthi ingabe isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esikhona sivikela imfihlo yini. Izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zivumelanisa iSichibiyelo sesine sokulungisa inqubo yeSine sokulungisa inqubo yobuchwepheshe, kodwa abanye abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi kungase kudingeke ukulungisa okusha ukuze kuvikelwe ngokucacile izindaba zobuchwepheshe.

Ukuzama Imali Nenkulumo Yezombangazwe

Iziphetho zokuqala zeSichibiyelo sezombangazwe zihlobana nemali ezombangazwe. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zabheka iminikelo yomkhankaso njengenkulumo evikelekile, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kuvumela izithakazelo ezicebile ukuba zilawule inkulumo yezombangazwe. Abanye abashisekeli bemithetho baye bahlongoza izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo ukuze babhekane nezimali zomkhankaso, nakuba imizamo enjalo ibhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu.

Imisebenzi Yobuchwepheshe Exubile Nokuhlakanipha Okuklanywe

Ukuhlakanipha okuzenzekelayo, isayensi yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo nezinye izinto ezintsha ziphakamisa imibuzo ewubukhoma. Ubani onokwaziswa okukhiqizwa yizimiso ze-Al? Ingabe izinqumo ze-algorithism zezinhlangano zikahulumeni zidinga inqubo efanelekile? Ingabe ohulumeni bangalawula ushintsho lwezakhi zofuzo? Lemibuzo ingase idinge ukucaciswa komthetho-mthetho ngokulungisa noma ukuchaza.

Amalungelo Endawo Ezungezile

Abanye abasekeli baveza ukumiswa kwamalungelo endawo noma izibopho zikahulumeni zokulungisa isimo sezulu.

Indima Yokuchaza Ukwahlulela

Izinguquko zomthetho azizichazi. Izinkantolo, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, zifeza indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi izinguquko zisho ukuthini nokuthi zisebenza kanjani ezimweni ezithile.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Nencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zihlole ubukho bomthetho-mthetho wezenzo zomthetho-mthetho nomphathi, kanye namacala aphawulekayo kuhlanganise noMarbury v. Madison (1803), owamisa isimiso sokuhlola kokwahlulela, uqinisekisa igunya leNkantolo Ephakeme lokuqeda imithetho ephikisana noMthetho-sisekelo.

Ngokuhlolwa kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zinquma ukuthi imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni ziyavumelana yini nezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo.

Izincazelo Ezishintshayo

Ukuchazwa komthetho-mthetho kushintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba izinkantolo zisabela ezimweni ezintsha, ebuchweni, nasebuntwini. Imithetho ye-londmark efana ne-Tinker v. Des Moines iqinisekisa amalungelo abafundi okukhululeka ekukhulumeni ezikoleni. Izinqumo ezinjalo zidlulisela isivikelo somthetho-mthethweni emongweni abahleli be-fream abangawulindele.

Amafilosofi okwahlulela ahlukene − ukuqala, ukubhalwa kwemibhalo, ukugcinwa komthetho - sisekelo , − kuveza izincazelo ezihlukene zombhalo ofanayo womthetho-sisekelo. Lezimpikiswano ezichazayo zilawula indlela ukulungisa okuthinta ngayo ukuphila kwansuku zonke, njengoba abahluleli abanamafilosofi ahlukene bengase bafinyelele iziphetho ezihlukene ngokuphathelene nalokho okufunwa yisivikelo somthetho sisekelo.

Ithonya Lezandulela

Ukuhlola amacala komthetho-sisekelo kunikeza ukuqonda ngendlela izinqumo zokwahlulela ezimisa ngayo imithetho yezenhlalakahle futhi zivikele amalungelo abantu. Inqubo idala ukuzinza nokubikezela, ivumela izakhamuzi nezikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba ziqonde amalungelo nezibopho zazo.

Nokho, isibonelo singagumbuqelwa futhi lapho izinkantolo ziphetha ngokuthi izinqumo zangaphambili zanqunywa ngokungafanele noma azisazifezi izinjongo zomthetho - sisekelo.

Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Neziphendulo

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila ngokuyinhloko ekulungisweni komthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni, imithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni ihlanganisa nezinguquko ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke ngokuphawulekayo.

Izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo woMbuso zidingida izindaba zemfundo kusukela ekusekelweni kwemali kuya ekuvikelweni kwendawo ezungezile kuya ekushintshweni kwezomthetho wobugebengu. Ezizweni eziningi, izakhamuzi zingahlongoza ukulungisa ngokuthatha izinyathelo zokuvota, zinikeze uhlobo oluqondile loshintsho lomthetho - sisekelo kunokuba inqubo kahulumeni ikuvumela.

Isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo woMbuso singadlula isilinganiso esiphansi sikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, eminye imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni inikeza isivikelo esicacile esiyimfihlo esiqinile kunaleso esishiwo eMthethweni kahulumeni. Eminye iqinisekisa amalungelo emfundo, izinga lendawo ezungezile, noma ezinye izinzuzo ezingatholakali embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho Omthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqonda ushintsho kwenza abantu bahlanganyele kangcono ekuphileni komphakathi futhi baqaphele indlela izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ezithonya ngayo okuhlangenwe nakho kwansuku zonke.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuhlanganyela Kwesidumbu

Izakhamuzi zingathatha izinyathelo eziningana eziwusizo ukuze ziqonde futhi zivikele amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo:

  • Zifundise ngokwakho: Funda umthetho-sisekelo nezinqumo ezinkulu zeNkantolo. Imithombo eminingi yezomthetho-sisekelo we-inthanethi, kuhlanganise ne- yomthetho-sisekelo wesizwe [, inikeza izincazelo ezifinyele zezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo.
  • Yazi amalungelo akho:[ Uqonda ukuthi izivikelo zisebenza kuziphi izimo ezivamile njengezikhawu zezimoto, izingxabano emsebenzini, noma ukusebenzelana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni.
  • Paricipate ezimisweni zomphakathi:[ ivote okhethweni, iya emihlanganweni yasobala, ithintana nabameleli abakhethiwe, futhi yenza izivumelwano zokuthula ngenxa yezimbangela ozisekelayo.
  • Ikhuthaza ukufunda nokwenza umthetho-sisekelo: ukukhuthaza imfundo yomthetho-sisekelo ezikoleni nasemiphakathini ukuze kuqinisekiswe izizukulwane ezizayo ziqonde amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yazo.
  • Funa usizo lomthetho uma kudingeka: Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo aphuliwe, thintana nommeli ongakucebisa ngamakhambi akhona.

Imithombo Yemfundo Eqhubekayo

Izinhlangano nezimali eziningi zisiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde izinguquko ezibangelwa umthetho - sisekelo nemiphumela yazo engokoqobo:

  • Iwebhusayithi yezenkantolo yase-U.S. inikeza ingcebo yokufundisa ngomthetho wejaji kahulumeni nomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo
  • Imitholampilo yezomthetho ivame ukunikeza usizo lwamahhala olungokomthetho nemfundo engokomthetho
  • Izinhlangano zenkululeko yomphakathi njenge - ACLU zinikeza imithombo echaza amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene
  • Izinhlangano ze - bar yendawo ngokuvamile zisekela izimiso zemfundo zomthetho - sisekelo
  • Izinhlangano zezokufundisa zinikeza izifundo, izinkulumo nezincwadi eziphathelene nomthetho - sisekelo ezitholakala ezibukelini ezivamile

UMthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo: Ukulinganisela Ukuzimisela Nokushintsha

Izinguquko zomthetho zenza indima enamandla ekulolongeni ukuziphendukela kwemvelo komthetho, kugcwalisa izikhala, kuvikela amalungelo, ukucwenga izakhiwo zikahulumeni, nokubonisa ukushintsha kwezindinganiso zomphakathi, nangokunikeza indlela ehleliwe yokulungisa isisekelo sencwadi, ukulungisa kuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo uhlala uqinile futhi uvumelana nezimo.

Inqubo yokulungisa ihlanganisa ukuqina okuyisisekelo kwesimiso somthetho-sisekelo sokubusa ngentando yeningi: isidingo sezimiso eziqinile nezihlala njalo ezilinganiswe ngokumelene nesidingo sokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo. Ukuqina okukhulu kuveza izimiso eziphelelwe isikhathi ezihlulekayo ukuxazulula izinselele zamanje. Ukushintshashintsha okukhulu kululaza ukuzinza nokubikezela okufunwa umthetho ngokomthetho.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ifa elihlala njalo lokulungisa komthetho-sisekelo, njengoba zingasebenzi nje njengezikhonkwane ezingokomthetho kuphela kodwa futhi njengeziphawulo zentuthuko yezenhlalo, nenkulumo eqhubekayo ehlobene nokulungisa iqhubeke ilolonga unembeza wesizwe nomphakathi.

Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho zimelela okungaphezu kwemisebenzi engokomthetho − zihlanganisa izifiso eziphakeme kakhulu zezwe nezibopho eziyisisekelo kakhulu. Ukuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma nokuqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo, kusukela ekuqedweni kwezigqila kuya ekunwebeni amalungelo okuvota, ukubuyiselwa kuye kwandisa ngokuphindaphindiwe inkululeko nokulingana.

Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokuba Izinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo Zibaluleke

Umthetho woMthetho - sisekelo uwumgogodla wentando yeningi, uqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingayisebenzisa inkululeko yazo kuyilapho zilondoloza ukuhleleka. Izigwebo zoMthetho - sisekelo zimelela indlela engokomthetho lo mgogodla ongokomthetho ozivumelanisa ngayo nezinselele ezintsha kuyilapho ulondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo.

Imiphumela engokoqobo yezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo igcwele ekuphileni kwansuku zonke ngokusobala nangendlela efihlekile. Ivikela ikhono lakho lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile, ukukhulekela ngokuvumelana nonembeza wakho, futhi ihlanganyele ekubuseni kwentando yeningi. Ivikela isikhathi sakho somuntu siqu ekungeneni kukahulumeni okungenangqondo futhi iqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokufanele ezimpindanweni ezingokomthetho.

Ukuqonda indlela ukulungisa okusebenza ngayo, futhi ukuthi kungani kubaluleke, kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngendlela imiphakathi evikela ngayo amalungelo, ilondoloze ukuzinza, futhi ibhekane nezinselele ezintsha. Lokhu kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo ezicini zentando yeningi, kuqinisa amalungelo azo uma kudingeka, futhi kuneqhaza ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo ngokubaluleka komthetho-mthetho kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo.

Umthetho womthetho awuqondi kuphela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kodwa futhi uchaza imibuso kahulumeni, ngesibonelo ngasinye ebonisa indlela lemithetho ethinta ngayo ukuphila kwansuku zonke, iqinisa ukuqonda isivikelo esingokomthetho esikhona emphakathini. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha, imingcele yezenhlalo, nezinselele ezintsha, izinguquko zomthetho sisekelo ziyoqhubeka zisebenza njengendlela eyinhloko yokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho oyisisekelo uhlala ubalulekile, unobulungisa, futhi uvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Indaba yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo ekugcineni iyindaba yentando yeningi ngokwayo, − inqubo eqhubekayo yokulwela ukufinyelela ubulungisa obuphelele, ukuhlanganiswa okubanzi, nesivikelo esikhulu senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ngokuqonda lenqubo kanye nokulungisa okuye kwaveza, izakhamuzi zingawaqonda kangcono amalungelo eziwajabulelayo, ziqaphele lapho lawomalungelo esongelwa, futhi zihlanganyele emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokubusa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.