Isingeniso

Ukuphishekela ukulingana kumane kungelinye lamandla ahlala njalo nashintsha kakhulu emlandweni wesintu. Lomzabalazo, ohlanganisa uhlanga, ubulili, ubulili, isimo sezomnotho, kanye nezinye izinhlobonhlobo, uye walungisa imithetho, amasiko, kanye nokubaluleka komuntu siqu emhlabeni wonke. Nakuba intuthuko enkulu iye yenziwa − kusukela ekuncishisweni kwenkululeko yokuvota. Uhambo oludala luhlala lungaphelele. Ukuqonda isikhathi esidlule, ukuhlanganyela nezinselele zamanje, nokudweba indlela yekusasa kudinga ukubheka kokubili ukunqoba nemingcele ephikelelayo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okukhunjululwayo kokulingana kwezokulingana, ukudweba ngomlando, amandla osuku olukhona, nokubheka phambili.

Umlando Wenhlangano Yokulingana

Isisekelo Sasendulo NesangeNkathi Ephakathi

Izimbewu zokulingana zingatholakala ezinhlanganweni zempucuko zakudala ezaziwayo, nakuba lo mqondo ngokwawo wawuwuncane. E-Athene yasendulo, idemokrasi yanikeza ukuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe kuphela ekukhululeni izakhamuzi zabesilisa, ngaphandle kwabesifazane, izigqila, nabantu bakwamanye amazwe. Okwamanje, amasiko efilosofi − njengawobuStoyiku, afundisa ukubaluleka kwazo zonke izingqondo, − ezinikeza izimpikiswano zokuqala ngokumelene nama-haiarchism aqinile. Izinhlangano zenkolo, nazo, zafeza indima ethile: amaBuddha alahla ukuhlukanisa ngokwezigaba, nobuKristu bagcizelela ukulingana okungokomoya phambi kukaNkulunkulu. Nokho, lemibono ayivamile ehunyuselwa ekuguqulweni okungokomthetho noma komphakathi.

Ukukhanyiselwa Namagagasi Okuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Phakathi nekhulu le-17 nele-18, ongqondongqondo abakhanyiselweyo njengoJohn Locke, uJean-Jacques Rousseau, no-Immanuel Kant basho ngokucacile izimiso zamalungelo angokwemvelo nesithunzi sobuntu. Imibono yabo yayikhuthaza ngokuqondile iMelika Declaration of Independence (1776) neSimemezelo saMalungelo oMntu (789), eyamemezela inkululeko nokulingana njengangaphandle. Kodwa lamaphepha asebenza ngokuyinhloko emadodeni amhlophe anezinga. Abesifazane abanjengo-Olympepe Gouges noMary Wollcraftfts babekela lokhu kukhishwa kwemigomo, ukusakaza izisekelo kusebenza [[FLT] njenge [FLD: 0] Inkululeko kaWomen [FLD [F:1] kanye ne[FU.]

Abashisekeli Bobugwala Nezinhlangano Zabesifazane Ezilwayo

Ikhulu le-19 leminyaka laba nemikhankaso ehleliwe yokulwa nobugqila namalungelo abesifazane. Umzabalazo wokunqanda izikhali wahlelwa eUnited States. Impumelelo yabangelwa yiSiphendulo sekhulu le - 13 (1865), uHarriet Tubman, noWilliam Lloyd Garrison, basebenzisa ithonya lokuziphatha, ukunxusa kwezombangazwe, futhi baqondisa ukunqanda ukuhweba ngezigqila nge-atlantic, futhi ekugcineni, ubugqila obungokomthetho e-United States. Ukunqoba kwavela ngeSimultum nenguquko efanayo kwezinye izizwe, kodwa ifa lesimiso sobandlululo lwaqhubeka. USimultapundelcer, ngokuphaka, izinhlangano zabesifazane zaqala ukumiswa ngo-Senecan Falls Convention (1848) kanye nabaholi abaholi abanjengoKazabeth Stan B. UAnthony (1893), i-Finland, (1920), kanye namanye amazwe amaningi.

Izenzakalo Ezibalulekile Emzabalazweni Wokulingana

Izimemezelo Neziphakamiso Zembulunga Yonke

Imiphumela yeMpi Yezwe II yakhuthaza inkathi entsha yezindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke. ISimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu (1948), esamukelwa yiZizwe Ezihlangene, samisa isisekelo esivamile senkululeko − kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuphila, inkululeko, nokulondeka (ingenalubala lohlanga, ubulili, noma inkolo). Lencwadi iye yathonya izivumelwano zezizwe ezingenakubalwa zemithetho-mthetho-sisekelo nezivumelwano zomhlaba. Isivumelwano samuva sinjengesivumelwano se International Convention on the Inssion of All Inspectivation of All Crimication (1965) ne-Convention of Conventination of All Inspectiveal of Arections of Areation of Arentivation of Women (1979), esinikeza izilungiselelo ezingokomthetho zokulandisa icala.

Imithetho Yesizwe Ewuphawu

Emazweni ngamanye, imithetho ethile iye yaphawula izimpawu ezithi shuphe. Umthetho we-Civil Rights wase-U.S. ka-1946 owenqatshelwa ukucwasa ngenxa yobuhlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma imvelaphi yesizwe emsebenzini nasezindaweni zomphakathi. ISivumelo samaZwe Amalungelo sango-1965 saphinde savuleka imingcele yokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe kubantu baseMelika. E-South Africa, ukuphela kobandlululo − okwaphawulwa yi-95 ka-95 ngokukhetha kukaNelson Mandelah/(rewe-re emelele ukunqoba isigaba sombuso sobuhlanga esiphakamele. Ngokufanayo, ukumiswa kwamalungelo angokomthetho afana ne-Canada (2005), i-South Africa (2006), kanye ne-United States (2015) kwaboniswa ukuguqulwa kwe-Obergfell v. Hodges)

Indima Yeminyakazo Ye - Grassmpande

Ukubekwa komthetho kukodwa akunakuvikela ukulingana. Izinhlangano zeGrassroots ziye zadingeka ekushintsheni kwempucuko. Ngo-1963 eWashington, izibhelu ze-Stonewall zango-1969, imikhankaso yokunqanda ukuhlahlela imikhumbi, kanye noMkhandlu wamuva wabesifazane wonke uveza indlela ukucindezela komphakathi okungaqinisa ngayo, okungabangela ukumelana nobudlova. Lezinhlangano ngokuvamile zisebenzisa ukumelana nomthetho, ukungalaleli komphakathi, kanye nokukhulumisana okuhleliwe ukuze zibeke inselele ukwahlulela okungenabulungisa.

Impikiswano Yesikhathi Esizayo Emzabalazweni Wokulingana

Ukungabi Nabulungisa Kohlanga Nobandlululo Oluhleliwe

Naphezu kwezinguquko ezingokomthetho, ubandlululo lwezimiso lusalokhu luyindaba enzima emhlabeni wonke. E-United States, umza we-Black Live Matter wasungulwa ngo-2013 ngemva kokulahlwa kukaGeorge Zimmerman (_wabonisa ukunaka ubudlova bamaphoyisa, ukuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, nokuhlukana kwezomnotho okuthinta imiphakathi yabaNsundu. Imikhankaso efanayo ikhona eBrazil, eUnited Kingdom, naseFrance, lapho amaqembu abomdabu nawamancane ebhekene khona nobandlululo ezindlini, emsebenzini, kanye nobulungisa obungekho emthethweni. Imininingwane ibonisa njalo ukuthi izinhlanga ezinhlalo zibhekana nokwehla kwesilinganiso sokuphila, izilinganiso eziphakeme, futhi zinciphisa izinga lemfundo. Ukuxhumana nalezi zinguquko ezingoko akudingi kuphela izinguquko ezingoko ngokomthetho kodwa futhi nezakhiwo ezijulile ezindaweni zokulawula izakhiwo, izindlu, nezokukhathalela kwempilo.

Ukungalingani Okungokohlanga Nokungahlali

Ukucwasa okusekelwe ku- Gender kuyaqhubeka cishe kuyo yonke imiphakathi. Inhlangano ye-# MeToo, eyathola ukuhlaselwa kwembulunga yonke ngo-2017, yadalula ukudlondlobala kokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili, ikakhulukazi ezimbonini zemisebenzi nasezokuzijabulisa. Okwamanje, ubulili besilisa buhlala bubanzi: ngokwesazi se-World Economic Economic Forum’s Global Generbate Report, ngokwezinga lamanje, kuyothatha iminyaka engaphezu kwe 130 ukuvala igebe elikhona emhlabeni wonke. Abesifazane namantombazane futhi babhekene nezithiyo ezingenakulinganiswa nemfundo, ukumelelwa kwezombangazwe, nethuba elibanzi lokuthola ithuba. Ngokusholo okungena emacaleni okusetshenziswa kwesazi esingokomthetho uKimberque Crecrecrecques ngendlela ebanzi (um. g.cond, isigaba, ubulilidiam, ubulili, ubulilidia). Ukulingana okuhlangene kumele kubhekane nalezi ziphakaniso zezindlela ezithi ezithi ezithiyo ezithiyo ezithi, ezithiyo ezithiyo ezithiyo ezithiyo.

Ukungafani Kwezomnotho Nokungalingani Kwezigaba

Igebe elandayo lengcebo lisongela ukuhlangana kwezenhlalo futhi lilulaza ukulingana kwezinye izifunda. Kusukela ngawo 1970, ukungalingani kweholo kuye kwenyuka kakhulu emazweni amaningi athuthukile, njengoba ipesenti eliphezulu lithatha ingxenye enkulu yenzuzo yezomnotho. Imiphakathi ehlukene kakhulu — ikakhulukazi abantu abanemibala, abesifazane, nabafuduki ("bamele) phakathi kwezisebenzi eziphansi nabangenamali. I-COVID-19 yazihlukanisa kakhulu lezi zigebengu, njengoba ukulahlekelwa umsebenzi kanye nezingampilo kuthinta izingozi ezilula kakhulu. Imiza enjenge Occyup Wall Street ne - Crest yemali engenisa uR150 (iR1) iye yabizwa ngeholo eliphilayo, ukukhathalela impilo yomhlaba wonke, nokungakhokhiswa kwentela ekhululekile. Ngaphandle kokulungisa intuthuko kwezomnotho, intuthuko kwezomnotho, iyaqhubeka incithamba encike kakhulu.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo nokwamukela

Nakuba ukulingana komshado kuye kwafinyelelwa emazweni amaningi, iLGBTQ+ abantu abasebhekene nobandlululo, ubudlova, noshushiso olungokomthetho. Emazweni angaphezu kuka-60, ubudlelwane obufanayo bobulili busaphazanyiswa. Ilungelo lobushelelezi, ikakhulukazi, liye laba yindawo ephambili: izimpikiswano zokungena endlini yangasese, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nokuhlanganyela kwezemidlalo ngokuvamile zibonisa ukujula okukhulu kwe-trampphobia. Izinhlangano zobushiqela zisebenza ukuvikela izikhali ezingadiscrini, ukulwa nobugebengu benzondo, nokukhuthaza ukusekela kwempilo yengqondo ye-LGBTQ + ubusha. Ukulwela ukulingana okuphelele kudlulela ngalé kokungena ngokomthetho ekutholeni inguquko engokwesiko nasekubonakaleni.

Amalungelo Okuwohloka Nokutholakala Kwawo

Abantu abalinganiselwa ezigidini eziyinkulungwane ezingu-3,3 emhlabeni wonke baphila nohlobo oluthile lokukhubazeka. I-United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons Friges (2006) yamisa uhlelo lokufakwa, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwemishini. Izithiyo ziyaqhubeka ezisekelweni ezingokomzimba, ekusebenziseni amanani, emsebenzini, nasekunakekeleni impilo. Ubulungisa obudidayo bugcizelela ukuthi umphakathi kumelwe uzivumelanise nokuhlalisa yonke imizimba nezingqondo, kunokuba uphathe ukukhubazeka njengokuntula.

Amalungelo Ezakhamuzi Nobukhosi Bezwe

Abantu besizwe sakhona bayaqhubeka belwela ukuqashelwa kwamazwe okhokho babo, ukusinda kwempucuko, nokuzinqumela ngokwabo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Siment Rock Sioux ziphikisa i-Dakota Access Pirline (2069817) e-United States, futhi i-Idle No More Reaces eCanada, iye yaqokomisa ukubuthwa kwezindawo zamakoloni ngokuqhubekayo. Imiphakathi eminingi yomdabu ibhekene nenani eliphakeme lobumpofu, ukuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile, nobudlova. ISimemezelo seZizwe Ezihlangene elungelaniswe Namalungelo Abantu (2007) siqinisekisa amalungelo ayo ezwe, imithombo yengcebo, nokuzisebenzela ngokwayo, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuye kwaba okungalingani.

Indima Yemfundo Ekuthuthukiseni Ukulingana

Inkulumo Nemifanekiso

Izimiso zemfundo zingaqinisa ukungalingani noma zikubeke inselele. Uma isikole singazinaki izigigaba ezikweleyisiweyo − ngokwesibonelo, ngokususa iminikelo yabamnyama, abadabuka, noma abesifazane − zikhuthaza i-drestrective. Ngokuphambene, izifundo ezihlanganisa izinhlelo ezifundisa imibono ehlukene zingakhuthaza uzwela nokucabanga okugxeka. Izinhlelo ezinjenge Zinn Education Project eUnited States zinikeza imithombo yokufundisa ngezinhlangano zomphakathi nokungalingani kokwakheka komzimba. Emazweni anemithetho yezimiso yezimiso zezinhlanga ezingokomthetho, njengeCanada, izikole zihlanganisa ulwazi lwendabuko kanye nezilimi.

Indawo Ephephile Nengenabo Ubandlululo Esikoleni

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo sesikole ngokwaso sibalulekile. Abafundi ababhekene nokuqinelwa, ukucwaswa, noma ukuntuleka kwezimpawu abanakuphumelela kakhulu ngokwemfundo. Ukulwa nobandlululo nokulwa nokungalawuleki, kanye nokuqeqeshelwa othisha nezisebenzi, kuyasiza ekwakheni izindawo eziphephile. Ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuqinisa idolo emavumeni .Njengokho, imikhankaso enjalo ihlala iphikisana futhi ibekelwe inselele ezinkantolo.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nezibopho

Izikole zingasebenza njengezindawo zokuhlela nokwenza imfundo yomphakathi. Imisebenzi yezemfundo yamaqembu ezwe eliphethe inikeza abafundi amathuba okuhlanganyela ngokoqobo ezindabeni zobulungisa bezenhlalo. Imisebenzi yenkonzo, amaklabhu ahamba-hamba abafundi, nokulingisa amahholo edolobha wonke akha amakhono adingekayo ukuze ube isakhamuzi esikhuthele. Uma imfundo ihlanganisa ukufunda okuhlangenwe nakho, inika abafundi amathuba okuba babe abameleli benguquko.

Ubuchwepheshe, Imithombo Yezindaba Nemithetho Yobuchwepheshe

Amazwi Ahlaba Umxhwele

Ukuvela kwezenhlalo zezokuxhumana kuye kwaguqula ukulingana. Ama-Platform anjenge-Twitter, i-Instagram, ne-Tik Tok avumela abantu ngabanye namaqembu ukuba bahlanganyele izindaba, bahlele, futhi badlulise abagcini bamasango abavamile. AmaHashtags anjenge [# BlackMatter [, [FLT], ]## uMeo, [[FLT] u-TRAN [[FLT]] u-TRAN ufaka izigidi emhlabeni wonke. Ubufakazi bonya lwamaphoyisa benziwayithuluzi elinozwela izikhulu. Ize futhi yenza amathuluzi esemthethweni, izekwenyuswa ezokwelapha, futhi asiza umphakathi, umphakathi, futhi asiza umphakathi womphakathi womphakathi womphakathi.

Izingozi Nokulinganiselwa

Nokho, i-mistricim incikene kakhulu. Ubandlululo lwe-algoric lungaqinisa izibalo noma lucindezele okuqukethwe emiphakathini encishiswe ngokweziphakamiso. Imikhankaso yokungavumelani kwe-mistry ingalulaza ukwethembana futhi ibangele ukuncishiswa kwempikiswano yomphakathi. Ukuhlukunyezwa kwe-Online naku-Online Stubed (izinhlupho) okuvame ukuhloselwe abesifazane, abantu bemibala, ne-LGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye . Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthembela ezikhungweni zenkampani ezisebenzelayo kuhlanganisa ukucushwa kwe-'inqunum noma ukuhlelwa kwe-algoricbanthi. Indlela elinganiselwe yokuxhumana i-injini i-interligicban. Ukuhlobana okuhlangene nokuhlelwa kwe-injini ehlangene nokuhlelwa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-intanethi.

Ikusasa Lobuchwepheshe Lokulingana

Ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisayo obufana nobuqambiwe buveza amathuba nezingozi. I-Al ingasetshenziselwa ukubala izindlela zokuqasha zokucwasa noma ukuthuthukisa ukutholakala ngokuqaphela inkulumo. Kodwa amanani axegayo angahlanganisa futhi ukungalingani, njengoba kubonakala emaphutha okuqaphela ubuso okungathandeki abantu abanombala. Abenzi bomthetho nobuchwepheshe kumelwe basebenzisane ukuqinisekisa ukuthi intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe isebenza ngokulingana. Ukuvula imithombo yamathuluzi, isivikelo sobuso, kanye nezinqubo zokuklama kudingekile.

Ikusasa Lenhlangano Yokulingana

Izingxenye Ezingahlangani Nezinhlangothi Zembulunga Yonke

Inhlangano yokulingana iqaphela kakhulu ukuthi izimpi ziyahlangana. Ngokwesibonelo, ubulungisa besimo sezulu, buthinta ngokungenakulinganiswa imiphakathi etholakele kancane nabantu abanemibala ephansi, ababhekene nokuchayeka kakhulu ekungcoleni futhi imithombo enciphile kakhulu ukuze ivumelane. Ngokufanayo, amalungelo ezisebenzi namalungelo abafuduki ahlangana nobulungisa bezinhlanga. Ukwakha izikhawu ezihlanganisa imingcele − nemingcele ehlanganisa imingcele. Izimiso zomhlaba, njenge-Global Justice Movement ne-World Social Forum, kusiza ukuhlangana kwezindlela nemithombo yezezimali.

Izinselele Ezingaphambili

Ukumelana nokulingana kusenamandla. Ubuzwe bePopulist, ohulumeni abakhokhisa umthetho, kanye nokumelana nenzuzo eqhubekayo kusongela amalungelo anzima. Kwamanye amazwe, izinkantolo zigodla amalungelo okuzala, futhi ukunakekelwa kwempilo okungalingani kwezentengiselwano kuyaphazanyiswa. Ukungalingani kwezomnotho kungaqhubeka kwandiswa ngenxa yemisebenzi yezezimali nemithetho yentela esekela izimali ngaphezu kokusebenza. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kunezela olunye ungwengwengwezi lokuphuthuma: ukufuduka kwabantu nokuswelwa kwempahla kungasusa izingxabano nekhethelo.

Izinyathelo Zokuthuthukisa Ngokuqinile

Ukuze basebenzise lezi zinselele, abameleli kumelwe basebenzise amasu ahlukene. Ukufuna umthetho − njengoMthetho we-Eunity e-United States [1] kuhlala kubalulekile. Kodwa futhi ukwakha amandla otshani ngokuhlela, ukusizana, nokuvota. Isenzo somthetho, njengokumangalela imithetho ngokumelene nezimiso zobugebengu, kungamisa izenzakalo. Ukushintsha kwempucuko kudinga ukulandisa, ubuciko, nemithombo yezindaba eyenza ukulingana. Ekugcineni, ukuzikhathalela nokuzivota kuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano zingaqhubeka zihamba isikhathi eside.

Isiphetho

Umzabalazo wokulingana awukho oqinisekile. Kudinga umzamo oqhubekayo, ukuzivumelanisa, nokuzihlela. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi intuthuko ilandela izikhathi zokuthatha isinyathelo esinzima nempumelelo engokomthetho, kodwa futhi leyo ntuthuko ingaphela lapho ukuqapha kuncipha. Ngokufunda ezinhlanganweni zesikhathi esidlule . Ukunqoba kwazo kanye nokushiyeka kwazo ngokuhileleka kumaqiniso ayinkimbinkimbi amanje, singakha ikusasa lapho isithunzi nethuba kungelona amalungelo kodwa amalungelo ezwe lonke. Umsebenzi uyaqhubeka, kodwa ngokuzimisela okunye, izwe elinobulungisa ngokwengeziwe lingenzeka.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngezenzakalo ezingokomlando okuxoxwa ngazo, hlola [[FLT:] Isimemezelo esihlangene samalungelo abantu [. Imininingwane yamanje emayelana nokungalingani kwabesilisa nabesifazane, Gender Devince Report ye-Economic Forum [ inikeza ukuqonda okunzulu. Ukuhlola ukuhlangana kobuchwepheshe nobulungisa bezenhlalo, umsebenzi [[FLT:] wezesayensi nenkululeko yomphakathi [[FLT:]]