Ukwahlukaniswa kwemibuso kuyisimiso esiyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi. Yipulani yokwakha evimbela noma iyiphi ingalo eyodwa kahulumeni ukuba iqoqe igunya elinganqandeki. Kuzakhamuzi ezihlala embusweni wentando yeningi, ukuqonda lesi simiso akuyona indinganiso yemfundo engokwemfundo, kodwa kuyisidingo somphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda ukuthi amandla ahlukene futhi alinganiswe kanjani, zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuba zigcine uhulumeni unomthwalo wazo wokuziphendulela, zivikele amalungelo azo, futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo enqubweni yezombangazwe.

Kuyini Ukuhlukana Kwamandla?

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kungamagatsha ahlukene: ukuhlukaniswa kwemithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni: ukubekwa kwemithetho, umphathi, nokwahlulela. Igatsha ngalinye linikezwa iqoqo lalo lamandla nemithwalo yemfanelo, futhi ngalinye liklanyelwe ukusebenza ngokwalo ngaphandle kwezinye. Lokhu kwakhiwa kuhloselwe ukuvimbela ukubekwa kwamandla kunoma yiliphi igatsha, futhi kamuva umlando uye wabonisa ubushiqela. Isimiso sachazwa kakhulu isazi sefilosofi saseFrance uMontesquieu emsebenzini waso wonyaka ka 1748 [[FL:0]] uMoya woMthetho , futhi kamuva waba yi-srined eUnited States Constitution futhi ezinye izincwadi zentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke.

Engxenyeni yayo eyinhloko, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kumisa isimiso segunya likahulumeni elinye. Alikho igatsha elingathatha isinyathelo sodwa ekwenzeni, ukuphoqelela, nokuchaza imithetho.Esikhundleni salokho, igatsha ngalinye kumelwe lithembele kwezinye ukuze lifeze imisebenzi yalo, kwakha amandla okuncika nokuqondisana.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni

Ukuze zikuqonda ngokugcwele ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, izakhamuzi kumelwe ziqonde izindima nemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile yegatsha ngalinye.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Igatsha lemithetho linomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imithetho. Kuyintando yeningi yentando yeningi, leligatsha lithatha uhlobo lwephalamende, ingqungquthela, noma ingqungquthela yesizwe. Amalungu alo akhethwa ngokuvamile abantu futhi asebenzele ukumelela izithakazelo zabantu. Izimpikiswano zegatsha lemithetho, amadrafti, namavoti emithethweni ehlongozwayo. Liphethe futhi igunya lesikhwama semali (8) igunya lokuvumela ukuchithwa nokukhokhwa kwentela. Ezimisweni eziningi, isiphakamiso sinamandla okumemezela impi, izivumelwano ze-ravity, nokuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwezikhulu zezezentengiselwano.

Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa nokuqondisa imithetho edluliswa yisishaya-mthetho. Liqondiswa umongameli, undunankulu, noma ikhathektha. Igatsha eliphethe lisebenzisa izinqubo zikahulumeni, lilawula ukusebenza kosuku lonke, liqhube ubuhlobo bangaphandle, futhi liyale amabutho ahlomile. Isikhulu futhi sinamandla okukhipha iziyalezo zezikhulu, imithetho, neziqondiso ezichaza futhi zisebenzise imithetho ekhona. Kwezinye izimiso, umphathi angase abe negunya lokukhipha umthetho odluliswa yi-partiod.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela linomthwalo wemfanelo wokuchaza imithetho nokuqinisekisa ukuthi isebenza kahle. Lihlanganisa isimiso sezinkantolo, nenkantolo ephakeme kakhulu (njengenkantolo ephakeme) ekhonza njengomkhandi wokugcina wezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho. Ikomiti ihlola imithetho nezenzo zezikhulu zokunquma ukuthi ziyaphikisana yini nomthetho-sisekelo. Lamandla okuhlola abalulekile kokubili amagatsha omthetho nomphathi. Ijaji libuye lixazulule izingxabano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, phakathi kukahulumeni, naphakathi kwamazinga ahlukene ohulumeni.

Ukubaluleka Kokuhlukana Kwamandla

Ukuqonda ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kunika izakhamuzi amandla ngezindlela eziningana ezibucayi.

Izivimbele Ukusetshenziswa Kabi Kwamandla

Injongo eyinhloko yokuhlukanisa iwukuqapha ubushiqela. Ngokusakaza igunya, lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elingaphoqelela intando yalo ngaphandle kwemvume. Ngokwesibonelo, isishayamthetho ngeke sidlulise umthetho ocindezelayo ngaphandle kokuba umphathi omkhulu awuhlasele noma ahluleli awuhlasele phansi. Lendlela yokuvikela yenza kube nzima kakhulu nganoma imuphi umuntu noma iqembu ukuba lithathe amandla aphelele.

Ikhuthaza Ukulandisa

Igatsha ngalinye lingaba nesibopho sokulandisa abanye ngezinqubo ezihlukahlukene. Indlu yomthetho ingazinikeza izikhulu eziphethe noma izisuse; isikhulu singakhipha izindleko zomthetho; futhi ijaji lingamemezela imithetho noma izenzo zokuphatha ngaphandle komthetho. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukubonakala futhi kushukumisela igatsha ngalinye ukuba lithethelele izenzo zalo. Izakhamuzi zizuza kulokhu kulandisa ngoba zingabona ukuthi igatsha elinecala ngesinqumo esinikiwe futhi zingasebenzisa ukucindezela okuhambelanayo ngokuvota, izicelo, noma izinselele ezingokomthetho.

Ivikela Amalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Uma amandla ehlukene, amalungelo awenziwe alondeke kakhulu. Ukuhlukaniswa kwamagunya kusebenza njengesivikelo esimelene nesenzo sikahulumeni esizimele. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isishaya-mthetho sidlulisa umthetho ophula inkululeko yokukhuluma, ijaji lingawushaya phansi. Uma iziyalezo zezikhulu zisesha ngokungacabangeli, izinkantolo zingangenela. Lokhu kuxhomeke ekuzivikeleni okuzimele kwesimiso sokuhlukanisa amagunya.

Ukukhulisa Ukuhlanganyela Kwemicikilisho

Izakhamuzi eziqonda indlela amandla ahlukaniswa ngayo zisengozini kakhulu yokuhlanganyela nohulumeni wazo. Ziyazi ukuthi igatsha elinjani ezingathintana nalo ngendaba ethile: isishaya-mthetho esifuna izinguquko ezisemithethweni, umphathi wezomthetho, nomphathi wejaji ngenxa yokwephulwa kwamalungelo. Lolwazi luguqula izihloko ezingasebenzi zibe abahlanganyeli abakhuthele. Izakhamuzi ezifundile zingaba nemdlandla, zivukele, zivote, futhi zijahe ngisho nangokucaca ukuthi zingashintsha kanjani.

Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

Amasesha nezilinganiso yizinqubo ezisebenzayo ezenza ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kusebenze. Zivumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba linciphise amandla amanye, lakhe izinga elizinzile. Izibonelo ezilandelayo, ezithathwe ngokuyinhloko esimisweni sikahulumeni wase-U.S., zibonisa indlela lezi zihlola ezisebenza ngayo ekubuseni kwangempela.

Iziphetho Zemithetho

Isishaya-mthetho singayidlulisa imithetho, kodwa umphathi angayigunyaza leyo mithetho. E-United States, uMkhandlu ungadlula i-veto ngobukhulu obuphindwe kathathu obuyiningi kuzo zombili izindlu (indlela enzima kodwa engenzeka. Indlu yomthetho ilawula uhlelo lwemali, inike izintambo eziphambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa kwezivumelwano zesikhulu futhi sigunyaze izivumelwano, sinikeza ukuhlola izisebenzi zesikhulu kanye nezinqumo zezimiso zakwamanye amazwe.

Umphathi - sisekelo Uyahlola

Umongameli futhi unamandla okumisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, agunyazwe iSishaya - mthetho. Ngeziyalezo zezikhulu, umongameli angaqondisa indlela imithetho ephoqelelwa ngayo, inqubo yokulungisa ngaphandle komthetho omusha. Umqondisi futhi angathethelela abantu ababoshelwe emandleni omthetho kahulumeni, isixwayiso sokugweba kwejaji.

Ama - archy Okwahlulela

Ijaji linamandla okuhlola kokwahlulela: lingamemezela imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho nezenzo ezithathwa umphathi njengeze-sigebengu. Lokhu mhlawumbe kungukuhlolwa okunamandla kakhulu ngoba lingaqeda umsebenzi wamanye amagatsha. Ngokwesibonelo, ku Marbury v. Madison [1803], iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. yamisa igunya layo lokushaya imithetho ephula umthetho.

Izibonelo zezwe langempela zokuhlolwa nokulinganiswa ziningi. I-Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [[FLT:] [1914] [1945] lapho uMkhandlu wezwe wenqaba ukuxhasa umngcele womngcele kamongameli, uholela ekususweni isikhathi eside. Ngokufanayo, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Brown v. I-But of Education [1954] [imithetho kazwe] elawula ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga, ebonisa amandla ejajini lokuhlola kokubili isifundazwe nezenzo zombuso. Lezi zenzakalo ziqokomisa ukuthi ukwahlukana kwemibuso akukuthintangakho nje ukuphila kwezakhamuzi.

Umlando

Umqondo wokuhlukanisa imibuso kahulumeni usekelwe kakhulu emlandweni.

Ithonya LikaMontesquieu

Umoya woMthetho , uMontesquieu waphikisa ngokuthi inkululeko yezombangazwe ifuna ukuba amandla ahlukaniswe phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene. Waqaphela ukuthi uma amandla omthetho nezikhulu zihlanganiswa kumuntu oyedwa noma emzimbeni, inkululeko iyalahleka ngoba umbusi angawenza imithetho yobushiqela futhi awaphoqelele. Ngokufanayo, uma amandla okwahlulela ehlangene namanye amabili, umahluleli uba ummisi noma umbusi ononya. UMontesquieu uthonya ngokuqondile izifemu zeU.S. Umthetho-Constitution, owayefuna ngokuqondile ukugwema ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla eBrithani.

Ukusungulwa Kwe - United States

James Madison, Umdwebi onguNo. 47, wavikela ngokudume kakhulu ukwahlukana kwemibuso njengokubalulekile ekulondolozeni inkululeko. Wabhala, “Ukuhlanganiswa kwawo wonke amandla, umthetho, umphathi, nomthetho ophethe, ezandleni ezifanayo... kungabizwa ngokufanele incazelo yobushiqela.” UMthetho-sisekelo uhlukanisa uhulumeni wamazwe ube amagatsha amathathu, ngalinye libe nemibuso ehlukene, futhi unezela isimiso esinemikhakhakha ebanzi sokuhlola nokulinganisa. Lesibonelo siye samukelwa, kanye nokushintshashintshana, kwamanye amazwe amaningi.

Ukwanda Kwabantwana Abatholwa Emhlabeni Wonke

Namuhla, imithetho yentando yeningi eminingi ihlanganisa uhlobo oluthile lokuhlukanisa amagunya. Ngokwesibonelo, iSisekelo soMthetho waseJalimane simisa i-Bundestag (i-legislation), i-Federal Government (ukubulala), nezinkantolo ezizimele. Umthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya uhlukanisa amagunya phakathi kwePhalamende, uMongameli noMkhandlu Wezikhonzi, kanye nejaji. Nokho, izinga lokuhlukanisa liyahlukahluka; izimiso zephalamende ngokuvamile zihlangana negunya lezikhulu nezomthetho, nesikhulu esiphethe kanye nesikhulu esithathwe kumthetho. Ngisho nasezimisweni ezinjalo, ijadicariary ihlala izimele, inikeza ukuhlola okunzima.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ngemvelaphi engokomlando, hlola ukungeniswa kwe-Britannica ekuhlukanisweni kwemibuso nengxoxo ye-Constitution Anotedion yezokuhlukanisa imibuso[.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nokugxeka

Nakuba ukwahlukana kwemibuso kuseyisisekelo sentando yeningi, kubhekene nezinselele ezinkulu ekhulwini lama - 21.

Ukufinyelela Isikhundla Esingaphezu Kwesibindi

Emazweni amaningi, izikhulu ziye zandisa amandla azo ngokulahlekelwa yisishaya-mthetho nesinqumo. Lokhu kungenzeka ngokusetshenziswa kakhulu kweziqondiso zezikhulu, imibuso ephuthumayo, kanye nezenzo ezingekho ezilandelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, abaphathi be-odepatintintine base-U.S. baye bakhipha iziyalo zezokufuduka, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, nokulondeka kwesizwe okuthi ngokungenakungalawuleki kuthathelwe indawo yeSishaya-mthetho. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi lokhu kululaza indima yegatsha lezemithetho. Izenzo ezifanayo ziyabonakala nakweminye idemocracy, lapho izikhulu zezempathili zisebenzisa khona amandla enkampani yezikhulu.

Ukuthatha Icala Ngokwahlulela Kumelene Nemingcele

Ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zibekwa icala lokweqa indima yazo ngokwenza izinqumo zemithetho kunokuba zichaze umthetho. Uma inkantolo ishaya umthetho owenziwe ngedemokrasi, kungabhekwa njengokumiswa kwejaji ngesihlalo. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kuyadingeka ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo amancane nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kucindezeleka kungokwemvelo esimisweni; izakhamuzi kumelwe ziqonde ukuthi izinqumo zokwahlulela zingaba nemiphumela efinyelela kude.

Inkiya Yemithetho Engenawo Amacala

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kungaholela futhi ekukhubazekeni lapho amagatsha elawulwa amaqembu aphikisanayo. E-United States, uhulumeni ohlukene uye wabangela ukuma kwemali, ukuqiniswa kwemali, nokuhluleka ukuxazulula izinkinga ezicindezelayo njengokushintsha kwenguquko yokufuduka noma isimo sezulu. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi isimiso saklanyelwe ukuba sithathe ijubane, sibheke phambili ekuhlelekeni kwekhono. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwemishini kungaqeda ukwethemba umphakathi kuhulumeni futhi kuholele izakhamuzi ekusekeleni izixazululo zobuphosa.

I - partisan Polaryation

Lapho amaqembu ezombangazwe ehlukana kakhulu, amasheke nezilinganiso ezihloselwe ukukhuthaza ukubambisana zingasetshenziswa. Ngokwesibonelo, abasekeli bangavimbela abaphathi bezokwahlulela ngokusekelwe kuphela ekujoyineni kweqembu, noma umphathi angase enqabe ukuphoqelela imithetho edluliswa umzabalazo ophikisayo. Lokhu kuwohloka kwezimiso kusongela ukulingana okubucayi kwamandla. Ukuqonda lamandla kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele uma ukwehlukana kwemibuso kungaphansi kobunzima.

Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe ezinkingeni zamanje, bheka [[FLT: 0] lesi sihloko se-American Bar Association.

Isizathu Sokuba Izakhamuzi Ziqonde Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Umbuso uchuma kuphela lapho izakhamuzi zitshelwa futhi zithembisene umshado. Ulwazi ngokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso luyisici esiyinhloko sokufunda ukufunda nokwenza umphakathi.

Ukuqaphela Amalungelo Nemingcele

Ngokwesibonelo, uma isikhulu somthetho sihlola ngokungemthetho, izakhamuzi kufanele zazi ukuthi ijaji lingabukhipha ubufakazi nokuthi igatsha eliphethe linecala lokuziphatha kwamaphoyisa.

Ukusakaza Imikhiqizo Eyingcweti

Lapho izakhamuzi ziqonda ukuthi umongameli umisa amajaji, ukuthi uKhongolo ulawula uhlelo lwemali, nokuthi izinkantolo zichaza imithetho, zinganquma kangcono ukuthi yini efanelekile. zingahlola abazovota abazobhapathizwa hhayi nje kuphela ngobuntu noma ngeqembu kodwa nangokuthi labo abazobhapathizwa bayowasebenzisa kanjani amandla egatsha labo.

Ukuzitika Nokuthatha Isenzo Okuphumelelayo

Izisebenzi ezikuqondayo ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso zingahlasela imizamo yazo ngokuqonde kakhulu. Zifuna ukushintsha imithetho yezibhamu? Lobby. Zifuna ukuvala umthetho oyingozi? Zivimbele enkantolo. Zifuna ukusheshisa usizo lwenhlekelele, ukucindezela umphathi. Lolu lwazi lwemisebenzi lunciphisa ithonya lesenzo somphakathi.

Ukuvikelwa Kobugunya

Umlando ubonisa ukuthi ukuwohloka kwezindinganiso zentando yeningi ngokuvamile kuqala ngokuhlasela ukuhlukana kwemibuso. Uma umholi efuna ukuba izinkantolo zilalele imithetho yenjoloba noma ukuthi imithetho yendlu yomthetho-mthetho yenjoloba ibeke ithamba isisekelo sedemokrasi. Izakhamuzi eziqaphela lezimpawu ezixwayisayo zingahlomela ukuvikela izakhiwo zomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akukona ukuzilawula; kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kungaphezu kwesimiso somthetho-sisekelo esingaqinile, [1] kuyisivikelo esiphilayo senkululeko. Ngasinye isakhamuzi sinesigxobo ekulondolozweni kwaso. Ngokuqonda izindima ezihlukene zamagatsha omthetho, abaphathi, nahluleli, abantu bangahamba kangcono kuhulumeni wabo, bawubeke endongeni, futhi bavikele amalungelo abo siqu. Ezweni lapho izinhlangano zentando yeningi zibhekene nezinsongo ezikhulayo, ulwazi lwesizwe luwuhlobo lokuvikela. Zithathele isikhathi ukufunda ukuthi amagatsha kahulumeni wakho asebenza kanjani, uqaphe ukungalingani, futhi uthathe ingxenye enqubweni yentando yeningi. Impilo yentando yeningi ixhomeke kulo.