Emphakathini wentando yeningi, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela yisikhothamo esivimbela noma yiliphi igatsha likahulumeni ukuba liqoqe amandla angavinjelwa. Kubantu, ukuqonda lesi simiso akuyona into ezikhethelayo, kudingekile ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, ukuqinisekisa ukulandisa, nokuhlanganyela ngokunenzuzo ekubuseni. Uma izakhamuzi ziyazi ukuthi amandla anikezwa kanjani futhi acindezelwa, zingaba nommeli ongcono wamalungelo azo, zibambe abaholi abalandisayo, futhi zimelane nempatho empoqo. Lesihloko sihlola umsuka, omakheni, kanye nokusebenza kwangempela kwezwe kokuhlola nokulinganisela, futhi sichaza ukuthi kungani umuntu ngamunye kufanele ashelele kulesivikelo somthetho.

Isisekelo Samasheke Nokulinganisela

Amasheke namalinganiselo akuyona into esungulwe namuhla. Umqondo ubhekisa emuva kongqondongqondo abakhanyiselwe njengoMontesquieu, onamandla oMthetho waphikisa ngokuthi inkululeko ilondolozwa kangcono uma amagunya kahulumeni ehlukaniswa futhi enziwa ukuba ahlole enye. Abaqali baseMelika baqondise lefilosofi eMthethweni womthetho, bakha isimiso lapho igatsha ngalinye linamandla ahlukene nekhono lokuvimbela amanye. James Madison, ubhale ku-FLT u-Nolist.[FLT:], basho ngodumo: “I-Ambrosomgano funeka lenziwe ukuba lilwe." Lomklamo uvuma ukuthi umuntu unamandla okuvikela."" Lo mklano uvuma ukuthi ukwakheka kobuntu .[FLT.[FLT]

Isimiso asikona ukuthatha indawo ye-prigbon ngenxa yenzuzo yaso; kunalokho, siphoqelela ukucabangisisa, ukuhlehliswa, nokucatshangelwa ngokucophelela. Sivikela ekuthatheni isinyathelo esisheshayo, esinganqandekiyo ngeqembu elilodwa futhi sinikeza izakhamuzi izimpawu eziningi zokubekela inselele uhulumeni ophambayo inselele.

Amagatsha Amathathu Nemibuso Yawo

Ukuze uqonde ukuhlola nokulinganisela, kumelwe uqale uqonde imithwalo yemfanelo eyinhloko yegatsha ngalinye.UMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. unikeza inqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwamagunya phakathi kwamagatsha ashaya umthetho, aqondisayo, nawakwahlulela, kodwa futhi wakha igunya elihambisanayo elidinga ukubambisana (nelisiza ukumelana nokwenqaba.)

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

ISiphakamiso I sawo wonke amagunya omthetho eSishaya-mthetho eSishaya - mthetho: iNdlu Yezimemezelo neSishayamthetho. Isishaya-mthetho siyabhala, izimpikiswano, futhi sidlulise imithetho. Kodwa amandla ayo adlulela kude kakhulu ngaphandle komthetho wemithetho. ISishaya-mthetho (isikhwama) sokulawula isikhwama semali). I-Congress ingathathwa ku-Facebook ngaphandle komthetho wokushaya umthetho. Imemezela impi, iphakamisa amabutho, ilawula nemithetho yezohwebo-sizwe. ISishaya-Nkathiwe iqinisekisa ukumiswa kukamongameli futhi ivumela izivumelwano ngevoti ezimbili-3. Ingqungquthelana inamandla okuhlola imisebenzi yegatsha eliphetheyo ngezindlebe nange-supenas, nokususa izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nomongameli, ngenxa “yobugebengu obukhulu kanye nomthetho onyazi.”

Kubantu abahlala khona, ukuqonda iSishaya-mthetho kusho ukwazi ukuthi ubani omelela zona nokuthi labo bameleli bavote kanjani ezindabeni eziyinhloko. Igatsha lomthetho liyigatsha eliseduze kakhulu nabantu ."Ugesi wenzeka njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili esendlini(-j), ngakho luyi-amukela ngokushesha kakhulu umbono womphakathi. Kodwa futhi lungathatha kancane futhi lungakhathazeki ngokuklanywa, okubangela ukuba kuvumelane kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke izinguquko ezinkulu.

Igatsha Eliphethe

ISiphakamiso II sikha igatsha eliphethe, eliqondiswa umongameli, okhipha futhi abeke imithetho emiswa yiSishaya - mthetho. Umongameli uyayala ukuba isosha lilwe, enze inkambiso yangaphandle, akhiphe umthetho wezwe, futhi akhiphe ukuthethelelwa. Umongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, onomabhalane, namanxusa, ukuba bagunyazwe iSishayamthetho. Ngomthetho wezikhulu nangokubekwa kweziphathimandla, umongameli angamisa indlela imithetho emiswa ngayo.

Lemibuso ibalulekile, kodwa iyahlolwa. UKhongolo-mthetho lungadlula i-veto nge-header enkulu kakhulu. ISigele singanqaba ukuqinisekisa i-minea. Ijaji lingahlasela izenzo zezikhulu njengezingavumelani nomthetho. Futhi i-Congress ingamlahla futhi isuse umongameli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umongameli ngeke angasho ukuthi impi noma izakhamuzi zentela zingaba yikho.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

ISiphakamiso III simisa i-judiary kahulumeni, eholwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme. Ijaji lichaza imithetho noMthetho-sisekelo, futhi lisebenzisa ukubukeza . Amandla okumemezela izenzo ze-Gaqokomiso noma isikhulu esiphethe. Lamandla asungulwa ecaleni elivelele Marbury v. Madison [183]. UMajaji we-Fel ukhonza izibopho zokusebenza ukuphila konke, ezivikelayo ekucinezelweni kwezombangazwe. Bangesuswa ngaphandle kokungagunyazi.

Izinkantolo zihlola amanye amagatsha ngokuphula imithetho ephula amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo noma edlula igunya lombuso. Ngokwesibonelo, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [ yahlasela izikole ezidukiswe ngokohlanga, ezilawula kokubili umbuso nombuso ongenzi lutho. Muva nje, iNkantolo ibukeze iziyalezo zezikhulu zokufuduka, izimiso zendawo ezungezile, nezokuphatha impilo yomphakathi.

Ikomiti yamajaji ngokwayo iyahlolwa: Izingqungquthela zinquma ubukhulu nokubusa kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni, futhi umongameli umisa amajaji ngesiqinisekiso seSigele.

Indlela Isimiso Esisebenza Ngayo

Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zilandele izimpikiswano zezombangazwe futhi ziqaphele lapho kudlula igatsha elilodwa.

Veto Futhi Uyadelela

Umongameli angakhipha isikweleti esidluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, asivimbele ukuba sibe umthetho ngaphandle kokuba uMkhandlu uqoqa amavoti ayizi-3 emagumbini amabili ukunqanda. Lokhu kuphoqa izingxoxo phakathi kwamagatsha omthetho nezikhulu. Umongameli angasongela i-veto ukuba ikhiphe imvume, kuyilapho uMkhandlu ungadlulisa izikweleti nezikweletu ezivimbele i-veto uma ukusekela komphakathi kuqinile.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zichaza uMthetho-sisekelo futhi zingaqeda imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu eziphikisana nawo. Lombuso uyinhlolo - vo enamandla ekucupheni kwemithetho nakubaphathi abaphethe, kodwa kulinganiselwe ngemfuneko yokuthi icala noma impikiswano kumelwe ibe khona, `izindawo azinakukhipha imibono ephikisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhulu ezikhethiwe ngezinye izikhathi zingalinganisela imithetho yenkantolo ngemithetho ebhaliwe noma ngemithetho elinganiselwe.

Ukulwela Nokususa

Indlu yabameleli inamandla okuphela kokungasheshi (iletha amacala kuziphathimandla zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nomongameli, isekela likamongameli, kanye namajaji. Khona - ke iSigele siyalizama icala, futhi kudingeka amavoti amabili-mithathu ukuze athole ukuqulwa nokususwa. I-Impeating ithuluzi elingacaciwe [1] elisetshenziswayo, kodwa njalo likhona. Emlandweni waseMelika, amakhosi amathathu aye atshelwa: Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, noDonald Trump (Trice). Akukho okulahlwayo, kodwa inqubo yadalula ukuziphatha okubi nombono womphakathi.

Iseluleko Nokuvumelana

ISigele seluleka futhi sivume ukumiswa komongameli (amalungu e-cabinet, amajaji kahulumeni, amanxusa) nezivumelwano. Lokhu kunikeza ithonya elikhulu ekwakheni kwamagatsha aphethe nahluleli. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli angase angakwazi ukugcwalisa indawo yeNkantolo Ephakeme uma iSigele senqaba ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwe-consinet, njengoba kwenzeka ngo-2016 ngokumiswa kwe-Merick Garland.

Amandla Empi Nokulawula Uhlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Nakuba umongameli eyisikhulu, iKhongolokazi kuphela elingamemezela impi. I-War Powers Resolution ka-1973 ifuna umongameli ukuba azise uMkhandlu phakathi namahora angu-48 enze amabutho ahlomile kwelinye izwe futhi aphume ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-60 ngaphandle kokuba uKhongolo-khampathi lugunyaze ukuqhubekeka kwesenzo. Ngokufanayo, uKhongolo lulawula uhlelo lwemali; izinhlangano eziphethe abaphathi ngeke zisebenzise imali ngaphandle kokushaya izicelo. Lamandla angasetshenziswa ekuvimbeleni noma ekulinganiseleni inyathelo lomongameli.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Nezanamuhla

Izenzakalo zezwe zangempela zibonisa amandla okuhlola nokulinganisela. Nazi izikhathi eziningana ezibalulekile.

IWatergate Scampal (1972-1974) iyisibonelo sencwadi efundwayo. Lapho uMongameli Richard Nixon ezama ukufihla ikhawulo endlunkulu yeKhotamende leDemocratic National Committee, i-jadiary ne-Congress yasunduzwa emuva. INkantolo Ephakeme yaphoqelela uNixon ukuba akhiphe amakhasethi amhlophe House, neKomiti ye House Jaudiary ukuba imvotele. Igunyaza imvume ethile eSikhungweni se-Nicon. Isimiso sasebenza: isikhulu sabekwa icala ngesenzo sokwahlulela nesekomiti.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) yabonisa ukuphoqelela kwemithetho yemithetho negatsha eliphetheyo ukusingatha ukwahlukana kwezinhlanga. INkantolo yamemezela imithetho ehlukanisa izikole engavumelani nemithetho, elawulayo emazweni amaningi nokuphoqelela ukugcinwa kwemithetho yezemfundo. Lesinqumo ekugcineni saholela eSivumelweni samaLungelo sango-1964 kanye naseSivumelweni samaLungelo sika-1965, kanye ne-Voting Rights Act ka-1965,legislation eyachaza umphakathi waseMelika.

Clinton Impeachment (1998-19999). UMongameli uBill Clinton wafundiswa iNdlu yecala nokuvinjelwa kobulungisa okuhlobene nehlazo likaMonica Lewinsky. ISigeqe samkhulula. Nakuba umphumela waqokomisa imigqa ehlukanisayo, lenqubo yabonisa ukuthi akukho mongameli ongaphezulu komthetho (wekhulu kuya kwabaningi) ongaphenywa futhi avinjelwe.

I-Impeachments (209, 2021). UMongameli uDonald Trump wadedelwa kabili: okokuqala ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla nokuvinjelwa kwe-Congress (impikiswano yama-Ukraine), futhi okwesibili ngenxa yokugqugquzela ukuvukela ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-Capitol ka-2021. ISigele sakhulula ngazo zombili izikhathi, kodwa izenzo zendlu kanye nokuzwa kwalandela kwatshelwa umphakathi futhi sabekwa isibonelo salokho okungahambisani nokuziphatha okungahambisani.

[[FLT: 0]] Inkantolo Ephakeme yamuva ikhipha izinqumo. Eminyakeni yamuva, iNkantolo iye yahlola kokubili uKhongolo nomphathi. NFIB v. Sebelius [2020], yasekela umthetho we-Afford Care Care Act kodwa amandla eSishayamthetho we-Congressting Claus. [[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] Imfumo yezenterry v.[FLT:] (20:9]), iNkantolo yeNkathi yeNkathi ye-Trump) egunyazwe ukuzama ukuveza imibuzo yesizwe, ukuthola ububanzi obulinganiselweyo. [[FLD][F][5][5]

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi izinhlolo - vo nokulinganisela akumi ndawonye — zenza izinto zisebenze, zibe nenhlekelele, futhi zithembisene umphakathi.

Okwenza Lokhu Kubaluleke Kuzo Zonke Izakhamuzi

Ukuqonda izinhlolo nezilinganiso kuthinta ukuphila kwakho ngokuqondile. Uma igatsha elikhulu linikeza uhlelo oluphikiswayo, wazi ukuthi inkantolo ingawuqeda futhi ihlulele, futhi i-Congress ingasekela noma iqede ukusebenza kwayo. /Isizakala ekuhloleni izigxobo zezombangazwe. Uma uMkhandlu ubheka umthetho ophula inkululeko yokukhuluma, ungaqaphela ukuthi izinkantolo ekugcineni ziyoba nezwi. Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme iqeda inqubo, uyaqonda ukuthi lesi sinqumo singashintshwa yizi izigqebhene zeNkalanga zesikhathi esizayo noma ukubuyiselwa komthetho-mthetho-mthetho.

Nazi izizathu eziqondile ezenza ukuba isakhamuzi ngasinye sizazi kahle lezi zindaba:

  • Ukwazi ukuthi ugeleza kanjani amandla kukunika amandla. Uyazi ukuthi ubani ozothintana nomthetho / ummeleli wombuso wakho, ummeleli we-conotional, umsizi we-White House ophendulayo. Ungabona futhi ukuthi igatsha liyaphamba futhi lihlele ukwenqaba.
  • Ukuvikelwa Kwamalungelo: Amalungelo amaningi omthetho-sisekelo , inqubo efanele, amalungelo okuvota / ixhomeke ekuhloleni nasekulinganiseni kokugcinwa kwemithetho. Uma uMkhandlu udlulisa umthetho ovimbela inkulumo, izinkantolo zingawenza ube yize. Uma umongameli enqaba ukuphoqelela umthetho, uMkhandlu ungamangalela noma ugodle izimali. Isakhamuzi esiqonda lezi zindlela singawavikela ngokuphumelelayo amalungelo awo.
  • Ukukhetha okungenisiwe: kwe-presidente, i-Congress, futhi ngisho nombuso womthetho kuhlela ukulinganisela kwamandla. Ukwazi ukuthi igatsha ngalinye lihlola amanye linisiza kanjani ukuba ninqume ukuthi obani abazofuna ukulondoloza ukulinganisela. Ngokwesibonelo, umvoti okhathazekile ngempango yesikhulu ophambaniswe angase akhethe iKhongolo ezimisele ukumisa indima yayo.
  • Ukuphikisa impikiswano: Abadlali bezombangazwe bavame ukusonta ukwahlukana kwemibuso ukuze kuzuze abashokobezi. Umongameli angase athi unegunya lokungayinaki i-subpoena; umsekeni angase athi ukubusa kwenkantolo “akuwona umthetho wezwe.” Izakhamuzi ezihlome ngolwazi oluqondile zingabona ngokusho kanjalo nangokufuna ukunamathela ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo.
  • Umthwalo wemfanelo we-pic: Irepublic enempilo idinga isakhamuzi esithembisene. Abasunguli bacabanga ukuthi abantu bayoba yi-ihlola lokugcina kuhulumeni //ngokhetho, izicelo, futhi, uma kudingekile, ukubhikisha. Awukwazi ukwenza njengesheke elithembekile uma ungaqondi isimiso ozama ukusivikela.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo

Ukuqonda kumane kuyisinyathelo sokuqala. Izakhamuzi zingaprakthiza ngokuzikhandla ukuhlola nokulinganisela ekuphileni kwazo. Nazi izenzo eziqinile:

  • Ukwazisa kunoma yiluphi ukhetho [1] ikakhulukazi phakathi nenkathi nokhetho lwendawo, okunquma ukwakhiwa kohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni abanezici ezihlukene zamandla.
  • Hlanganisa abameleli bakho ezindabeni zendaba. Biza amahhovisi abo, bhala izincwadi, hamba namahholo edolobha. Izikhulu eziphakanyisiwe zisabela ekucindezeleni kwezindawo, nezwi lakho liyisheke.
  • [[NTL:0] Landela izinkantolo. Tshabalalisa amacala amakhulu eNkantolo ePhakeme futhi uqonde ithonya lawo. Imithombo enjenge-SCOTUSblog noMthetho-sisekelo i-Anononetuded (Icala.gov) inikeza izifushaniso ezifinyelelweyo.
  • [ ukufundisa abanye[. Hlanganisa lolulwazi nomndeni, abangane, nomakhelwane. Imfundo yamaCUVIC iye yancipha, futhi ukufunda kontanga kuyikhambi eliphumelelayo.
  • Ukuhlanganisa nohulumeni wendawo. Imikhandlu yedolobha, amabhodi ezikole, nezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni nazo zinemibuso ehlukene. Ukuqonda indlela umsebenzi wendawo okwazi ngayo ukuhlola owenziwayo okwakha ngayo umkhuba wokunaka olingana nezilinganiso ezilingana nesilinganiso sikahulumeni.
  • Izinhlangano ezivikela ukubusa komthetho-sisekelo . Amaqembu anjenge-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), i-Brennan Center yeJaji, ne-Federalist Society inikeza ingcebo yemfundo ne-advocacy ngokomthetho.

Isiphetho

Amasheke namaza nokulinganisela akuyona inkolelo-mfashini engokomthetho-sisekelo, kodwa ayisimiso esiphilayo esivikela inkululeko yakho nsuku zonke. Kusukela kumongameli weveto ukuya ekubukezeni kokwahlulela ukuqondisa kwe-communication, lezi zinqubo ziqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu oyedwa noma inhlangano enegunya eliphelele. Ukuyiqonda kukuguqula kusukela entweni engekho ngokomthetho ewumsebenzi ube umlondolozi okhuthele wentando yeningi. Njengoba ukuhlola kwaseMelika kuqhubekela ekhulwini lesithathu leminyaka, isivikelo esikhulu kakhulu ekumelaneni nonyamezelo lwesizwe. Funda isimiso, impikiswano, futhi usebenzise izwi lakho ukuba ubambe igatsha ngalinye liphendule. Ekupheleni, ukuhlola okubaluleke kakhulu akubhaliwe eMthethweni womthetho-sisekelo.

Ukufunda ngokuphindaphindeneyo:[ I-Protudition Inconomogion: Ukwehlukana kwamandla . bulungi USA.gov: Amagatsha kaHulumeni[ . . . . . .[FLT] Izinqolobane zezwelo: .[[FLT]]