Ukuqashelwa kwamalungelo omshado kuye kwathonya kakhulu ezindleleni zokutholwa emhlabeni wonke eminyakeni yamuva. Njengoba amazwe endisa ukulingana komshado, ukuma okungokomthetho kwemikhaya yokutholwa kuya ngokuya ngokuya ngokuya ngokuya kuyo yonke indawo futhi kudlulela kuyo yonke imingcele. Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo akubonisi nje kuphela ukushintsha kwezindinganiso zomphakathi kodwa futhi kuthinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwezingane ezilindele amakhaya ahlala njalo nemikhaya efuna ukuwamukela. Ukuqonda indlela amalungelo omshado ahlangana ngayo nokutholwa kwamazwe ngamazwe ahlukahlukene kudinga ukuncishiselwa kakhulu ezimisweni ezingokomthetho, izimo ezingokomlando, nezinselele eziqhubekayo emhlabeni lapho zonke izizwe zingaqapheli khona ukusondelana noma ukuhlangana okungashadile.

Umlando Wamalungelo Omshado Nokutholwa Kwabantwana

Emashumini eminyaka, ukutholwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kwakubuswa ngokuyinhloko isimo somshado wabazali abalindele ukutholwa. Izimiso ezingokwesiko zokuthumela nokwamukela amazwe ngokufanayo zacabanga ukuthi umbhangqwana oshadile oshadile wanikeza ingane indawo enziwa kahle kakhulu. Abantu abangashadile noma imibhangqwana engashadile, kuhlanganise nabantu abangobodwa, babhekana nezithiyo eziwumgaqo noma ukukhishwa ngokuphelele. Umqondo wokuthi ukushada [1] ngokuqondeneyo phakathi kwendoda nowesifazane kuyimfuneko yokuthola umntwana kudala isimiso esiqinile ngokuvamile esabeka isibopho sabazali esingokomthetho phezu kwesithakazelo somntwana esingcono kakhulu.

Izithiyo Zangaphambi Kokuba Kube Nokulingana

Ngaphambi kokuba ukulingana komshado kuqale ekuqaleni kwawo- 2000, imibhangqwana efanayo engokobulili obufanayo cishe yayingenandlela yokuthola ubuhlobo bombhangqwana, obuvela emazweni amaningi. Ngisho nasemazweni lapho ukutholwa kwezingane zasekhaya kwakungenzeka khona nge-LGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye, izinqubo zezizwe ngezizwe zazivalwa kaningi. Isizathu esashiwo amazwe amaningi atholakele sasiwukuthi izwe lendabuko yezingane lalingase lingabuboni ubuhlobo bombhangqwana, obungabangela ukuba i-vsation, noma ukuqashelwa okungokomthetho. Lokhu kwadala imibhangqwana eyayingakwazi ukuthatha i-2: yayingenakukwazi ukwamukelwa ngenxa yokungaboni buhlobo bayo, kodwa ngokuvamile yayingenakuqashelwa ngenxa yokuthi yayingashadile ngaphansi komthetho wendawo. Eminye imibhangqwana engashadile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isigaba sobulili, ibhekenezinkinga ezifanayo uma ingakho.

Izinguquko Zokuqala Nezikhathi Eziphawulekayo

Inguquko yaba khona ngokuvunyelwa ngokomthetho kancane kancane komshado ongokwabantu abafana obulili obufanayo emazweni ahlukene. I-Netherlands yaba isizwe sokuqala ukubhalisa umshado ongokobulili obufanayo ngo-2001, kulandelwa i-Belgium, i-Canada, i-Spain, nezinye. Igunya ngalinye elisha elaqaphela ukulingana komshado lavula izinhlelo zalo ngokomthetho emhlabeni wonke zokutholwa kwemibhangqwana efanayo. Nokho, ukutholwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kuxhomeke ezivumelwaneni ezilandelanayo, hhayi nje umthetho wasekhaya. Ngisho nangemva kwamalungelo omshado anwetshwa, amazwe amaningi athumela amazwe e-ase-Asia, e-Afrika, nezingxenye ze-Latin America-ne, zenqaba ukuthatha izinhlelo zokutholwa kwemibhangqwana efanayo, ukuveza imithetho yayo siqu noma inqubo. I-Hague Convention on Intervation, eyaqala ukuhlanganisa, ihlose-19959, kodwa yaveza ukufaneleka, kodwa yangayidingisisi i-ka ngokuqondile, ngenxa ye-diyo.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Engokomthetho Ebusa Ukukhulisa Izingane Zasekhaya Emhlabeni Wonke

Ukutholwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kuyinkundla eyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa izingqimba eziningi zomthetho: i-Hague Convention, imithetho yasekhaya yezwe lengane elidabuka kulo, nemithetho yokufuduka kwezwe elamukelwayo. Amalungelo omshado athinta ungqimba ngalunye ngokwehlukile.

Umhlangano WaseHague Wokutholwa Kwabantwana Abangena Emakhaya

I-Hague Convention imisa ukuthi ukutholwa kwabantwana abashadile kufanele kube yinzuzo engcono kakhulu kumntwana nokuthi bonke abahilelekile kumelwe banikeze imvume efanelekile. Nakuba kungacaci izimfuneko eziqondene nemishado yabazali abatholwa, kuthatha ukuthi izwe ngalinye lizosebenzisa izindinganiso zalo siqu. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuqaphela kwezwe ukulingana komshado kuthinta ngokuqondile ukuthi imibhangqwana efanayo ye-externet ingamukeleka ngaphansi kwe-Convention. Imithetho ye-linye izwe ingawuqeda yini umshado oweqile, ibangele ukulibala noma ukuphiwa komshado oweqiniswa nemibhangqwana eshadile eshadile ehlukene neyo. [FFOct:] [1]

Imithetho Ehlukahlukene Yezwe Nezivumelwano Ezingokwesayensi

Ngisho nangaphandle kwe-Hague, ukutholwa kwezizwe ezimbili ezinezivumelwano zobufandaphi. Lezi zivumelwano zivame ukuveza izimfuneko zomshado zezwe elithunyelwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe anjenge-South Korea ne-Ethiopia ngokwesiko adinga ukuba abazali abalindeleke ukuba bashade isikhathi esincane kakhulu ngokwesikhathi esithile seminyaka futhi bangabi nawo umlando wesehlukaniso, kuyilapho bengenawo nhlobo umlando wezehlukaniso. Ngokungafani, i-Colombia ne-Brazil iye yaba nenkululeko enkulu kakhulu ngemva kokwenza umshado osemthethweni ongowesizwe esisodwa. Umphumela uyinkokhelo: umbhangqwana ongamukela kalula ezweni elilodwa ungavinjelwa ekutholeni isizwe esingumakhelwane.

Umphumela Wokulingana Komshado Ekukhuleni Kwabazali Abangenabo

Ukwanda kwamalungelo omshado kuye kwandisa ngokuqondile iqoqo labazali bokutholwa abafanelekayo.

Imibhangqwana efanayo ye-Sexmall

Imibhangqwana elinganayo efuna ubulili obufanayo, ukulingana kwemishado, izikhathi zokulinda kuyisici esisodwa esibaluleke kakhulu esingokomthetho sokunquma ukwamukela kwayo inzuzo yomhlaba wonke. Emazweni lapho imishado efana neyobulili obufanayo iqashelwa khona, lemibhangqwana manje ingasebenzisa khona ngezindlela ezifanayo neyabobulili obuhlukile, ingaphansi kwezifundo ezifanayo zasekhaya, ukuhlola kwezezimali, nokulinda. Imininingwane ephuma ku [FLT: 0] [FLT][1] Ilungelo lomuntu ibonisa ukuthi inani lemibhangqwana efanayo ethatha isibopho somhlaba wonke emukela imishado ngokusemthethweni, linyuke ngokusemthethweni emazweni avunyelwe ukubhalisa izibo. Nokho, ibhekenemingcele eyingqayizivele: kudinga ukugcinwa izivumelwano ezengeziwe, njengobufakazi obunje obuqaliwe ngomshado ngokwamukela kwezwe noma ukumiswa kwesivumelwano se-'ingane, noma ukukhushukudinga indawo emishaneni engokomthetho.

Imibhangqwana Engashadile

Amalungelo omshado athinta futhi imibhangqwana engashadile ehlukene. Emazweni amaningi, izinhlangano zokutholwa zifuna ukuba imibhangqwana ishade isikhathi esithile, cishe iminyaka emibili kuya kwemihlanu. (ukubonisa ukuqina. Ngokulingana komshado, amanye amazwe akhulula lezimfuneko zomshado zemibhangqwana ehlukene, eqaphela ukuthi ubuhlobo obubolekeni abuchazwanga kuphela ngesiqinisekiso somshado. Kodwa kwezinye izifunda, imibhangqwana engashadile (ingakakhulu isithiyo noma emelene ne-exxx) isabhekene nezithiyaluyaluyalu, ikakhulukazi uma ingenakushada ngenxa yemingcele engokomthetho noma yokuzikhethela komuntu siqu. Ukuhlanganisa amalungelo omshado nokutholwa kwamalungelo omshado nokutholwa kudlulela ngaleyo ndawo ngaphandle kweLGTQ nemikhaya engashadile.

Abazali Abangabodwa

Amalungelo omshado athinta ngokungaqondile abazali abangabodwa ngokufanayo. Emazweni lapho ukushada ngokobulili kungekho emthethweni, umuntu oyedwa oyisilisa angasamukeleka njengomuntu oyedwa, kodwa ngokuvamile abhekene nokuhlolwa okukhulu. Ngokuphambene, ezindaweni ezilinganayo zomshado, abazali abangabodwa abakhethayo ngokuvamile baphathwa ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi komthetho. Nokho, ukuthumela amazwe angaphoqelela izintando zawo siqu. Ezinye izizwe zithambekele kakhulu ekubekeni abantwana abanemibhangqwana eshadile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bamukela izindinganiso zezwe, ezinganciphisa amathuba okuthi abantu abacela izicelo zomshado.

Izinselele Nezithiyo

Naphezu kwentuthuko ephawulekayo, kusenezithiyo eziningi.

Amazwe Angaqashelwa Njengoba Ethumela Izizwe

Mhlawumbe isithiyo esikhulu kunazo zonke kulapho izwe lendabuko yengane lingakuqapheli nhlobo ukulingana komshado. Ngisho noma umbhangqwana ongowesilisa nobulili obufanayo ushade ngokomthetho ezweni lakubo, isizwe esithunyiwe singase senqabe isicelo saso ngokuqondile ngenxa yokuthi umshado waso awunakho ukuma okungokomthetho endaweni. Lokhu kuye kwenzeka emazweni anjengo Russia [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]], [imiphumela elimazayo], enqabela ukutholwa imibhangqwana efanayo esemthethweni, kuyilapho imikhaya enothando iguqulwa ngokuvumelana komthetho.

Ukungafani Kwempucuko Nenkolo

Ukutholwa akuyona into engenanjongo. Imithetho yesizwe nengokwenkolo ithonya kakhulu izimiso zesizwe. Emazweni amaningi amaSulumane noma amakholwa adla ngoludala, umshado ongowesilisa nobulili awuqashelwa nje kuphela kodwa futhi awunakuvinjelwa emphakathini. Iziphathimandla zokutholwa kwabantwana kulezi zizwe zingase zingazimisele ukubeka izingane ngemibhangqwana efanayo, ngisho noma imithetho yezwe evunyelwe. Ukunqoba lemifantu kudinga ukuxhumana, imfundo, futhi ngokuvamile ukuhileleka kwemikhakha yezizwe esekela isithakazelo somntwana esingcono kakhulu esisemshadweni wabazali.

Izinkimbinkimbi Ezingokomthetho Nezindinganiso Ezinhle

Ngisho nasemazweni athuthukayo, kungavela ukungavumelani. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifundazwe zase-U.S. zinemithetho evikela izinhlangano ezingokwenkolo zokutholwa ezinqaba ukusebenza nemibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo, nakuba umthetho kahulumeni uvumela ubandlululo olunjalo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umbhangqwana ofanayo ongowesilisayo ozweni olulodwa ungaba nendlela yokutholwa engenamcimbi, kuyilapho umbhangqwana kwenye isifunda ubhekene nokwenqaba kwezinhlangano eziningi. Ezigabeni zomhlaba lonke, kuvela nezindinganiso ezimbili: izwe lingase lamukele ukutholwa imibhangqwana ehlangene nenye ehlangene kodwa hhayi nenye, kuye ngezivumelwano zesivumelwano.

Ukuhlola Kwamacala: Indlela Amalungelo Omshado Athonya Ngayo Ukutholwa Kwabanye

Ukuhlola amazwe athile kuqokomisa ithonya elisobala lamalungelo omshado ekutholeni izingane zokutholwa emhlabeni wonke.

Izizwe Ezithuthukayo: ICanada NeNetherlands

ICanada, eyagunyazwa ngokomthetho ukuba ishade nobulili obufanayo ngo-2005, inenye yemithetho yokutholwa ebanzi kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Amanxusa okutholwa aseCanada ngokuvamile aphatha imibhangqwana eshadile engongqingili efanayo neminye imibhangqwana eshadile, futhi uhulumeni waseCanada usebenza ngokuthumela amazwe ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi ukuba izakhamuzi zabantwana abashadile azivinjelwe isimo somshado sabazali. iNetherlands, iphayona elikwisilinganiso somshado, linombhalo ofanayo. Izinhlangano zombili emazweni akanye nazo ziye zabambisana nezinhlangano zaseNingizimu Afrika, iPhilippines, neColombia ukuze ivumelanise ukutholwa kwemibhangqwana efanayo. [[FLT:] [FLT] [1] i-Counilc ku-Oraltions [FLT:] [FLD] [FFOLD] [F] [FOLT]

Amazwe Abekelwe Imingcele: IRussia NePoland

IRussia inikeza umehluko omkhulu. Ngemva kokumisa ukutholwa okusemthethweni ngokomthetho kwemikhaya efanayo emazweni athile aseNtshonalanga, iRussia yavimbela ukutholwa kwabantu abangongqingili abavela kunoma yiliphi izwe ngo-2013, iveza isifiso sokuvikela izingane ezindaweni ezihlukene zomkhaya. Lokhu kwaqeda ngokuphumelelayo ukutholwa kwezizwe zonke eRussia nge-LGBTQ+ futhi futhi nokutholwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwabantu abangashadile abangase babhekwe njenge-LBTQ. Ngokufanayo, iPoland, engaqapheli ukuthi imishadoba ngokufanayo, idinga abazali abathatha izingane zokutholwa okungenani iminyaka emibili emibili futhi ngokusobala abangayifaki ngaphandle kokucabangela. Ngenxa yalokho, izinhlangano zobupolish zisebenza kuphela nemibhangqwana eshadile eshadile eshadile, kanye neyamukela amazwe ahlukene emhlabeni wonke.

Amathemba Nezituso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Iqembu elisekela amalungelo omshado lisikisela ukwanda okuqhubekayo, kodwa intuthuko ekutholeni izingane zomkhaya emhlabeni wonke iyodinga umzamo wamabomu ovela kubamisi bemithetho, amaqembu okuphatha izikhundla zomphakathi, nezindikimba zomhlaba wonke.

Ukulimala Kwesimiso Nomhlangano WaseHague

Enye indlela ethembisayo ukuhlelwa kwe-Hague Convention ukuhlanganisa ngokuqondile ukuthambekela kobulili njengesisekelo esivikelekile ezinqumweni zokutholwa. Nakuba i-Convention njengamanje igxila "ethakazelweni elingcono kakhulu lengane," incazelo yokuthi isimo somshado kanye nendlela engokobulili akufanele kube yisithiyo esizenzekelayo singakhuthaza amazwe angamalungu ukuba ahlele imithetho yawo. Kakade, abanye ochwepheshe baye babiza isivumelwano esihlanganisa ubulili esifuna ukuba amazwe athathe wonke amaqembu ashadile acabange ngokulinganayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi angobalingiswani bombhangqwana. ] I-UNEF[FF] [FLT] [FLT]] [FF]] isekela ukuhlanganisa ukuthi imishado yenhlulo emishayo emishayo.

Ukuqamba Kwamanga Nezimvume Ezingokomthetho

Izinhlangano ezingazuzi nzuzo ziyaqhubeka zikhuthaza ushintsho ngokuzimela iVietnam nemfundo yomphakathi. Kwezinye izimo, imibhangqwana efanayo engokobulili obufanayo iye yabekela inselele imithetho evimbelayo yokutholwa kwabantwana abangemthetho ezinkantolo, iwina ilungelo lokuthola emazweni ayewaphikisa ngaphambili. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2017, umbhangqwana ofanayo ongowezentengiselwano ovela eFrance wathola ingane emukeleke ngokuphumelelayo ngemva kokuba inkantolo inqume ukuthi ukwenqaba kweVietnam ulwephula ilungelo lomntwana emkhayeni. Ukunqoba okunjalo kwamisa izenzakalo ezibalulekile. Amaqembu amaqembu awesivumelwano asebenza ngokuthumela amazwe ukuba aqokomise ukuntuleka kwemikhaya yokwamukelwa kanye nezinzuzo zokuvulelwa iminyango efanayo.

Indima Yemizimba Yomhlaba Wonke

Izinhlangano ezinjengeNkantolo yamalungelo abantu yase- yase-Europe ye- kanye ne- United Nations Rights Committee [ ikhiphe izinqumo ezisekela ngokungaqondile amalungelo okutholwa kwemibhangqwana efanayo ngokuqinisekisa ilungelo lokuphila komkhaya. Njengoba amazwe amaningi esekela amalungelo abantu ezizwe zonke, lemithetho ingacindezela izizwe ukuba ziqale ukubheka ukuvinjelwa kwazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imizamo yezokuxhumana yamuva ingahlanganisa izimemezelo ezidinga ukuqaphelana kwemishado ukuze imishado yokutholwa, ngendlela efanayo nendlela amazwe amaningi manje aqaphela ngayo imishado ngokuthutha.

Isiphetho

Ithonya lamalungelo omshado ezinhlelweni zokutholwa emhlabeni wonke likhulu futhi linezici eziningi. Ukuqashelwa okungokomthetho kwemishado efanayo engokobulili ngaphambili kuye kwavula iminyango exhilile, okwenza izinkulungwane zezingane zithole amakhaya anothando futhi zivumele imikhaya ukuba idlule emingceleni. Kodwa uhambo lukude kakhulu. Izithiyo zisekhona ekuthumeleni amazwe anamathela ezincazelweni ezingaphelele zomshado, nokumelana kwempucuko ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba ezibhekene nentuthuko. Njengoba ukulingana kwezingane zikhula kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, ithemba liwukuthi ukutholwa kwabazali emhlabeni wonke kuzoba nesudidi engenakuguqulwa, ukugeleza, ukuna kwezingane, futhi kuqhubekela phambili. Ekugcineni, ukukhula kwamalungelo omshado akuyona nje indlela engokomthetho; kuqinisekisa ukuthi umntwana ngamunye unethuba lokukhula emndenini, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kulungile, ukumiswa kwezimiso zomphakathi womphakathi womphakathi womphakathi womhlaba wonke, kudinga ukumiswa kwezinhlangano zezizwe, futhi kuqhubeke ukumiswa kweze ukumiswa kwezinhlangano ezihlangene.