Yini Amaketanga Nokulinganisela?

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sisekelwe ebushineni bomthetho-sisekelo. Sisakaza igunya likahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene − ngokulinganayo, isikhulu, i-propati, ne-message, ukuze igatsha ngalinye likwazi ukulinganisela amandla amanye. Lokhu kuhlukana akuyona nje indlela yokwakha engcono; kuklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma isiphi isici esisodwa ukuba singalawuli. Isimiso sisekelwe enkolelweni yokuthi amandla, uma ebekwa isodwa, aba yingozi. Ngokufuna ukubambisana nokwengamelana, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi kuthuthukise ukubusa okunesibopho sokuziphendulela.

E-United States, lesi simiso sifakwe eMthethweni. Abalawuli bezezombangazwe, bethonywe isazi sefilosofi sezombangazwe uMontesquieu kanye nesibonelo saseBrithani sikahulumeni oxubene, bakha uhlelo lapho igatsha lemithetho lemithetho limisa khona imithetho, igatsha eliphethe liyiphoqelela, futhi igatsha lokwahlulela liyayichaza. Igatsha ngalinye linemithetho ehlukene nemithwalo yemithwalo, kodwa nokho lihambisana ngezindlela ezivumela ukuqondisa. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli angawufaka umthetho odluliswa yiKhongolo, kuyilapho i-Congress ingayidlulisa leyo engekho i-crollress. Inkantolo ephakeme ingamemezela imithetho engayithathi i-stitugame, kodwa umongameli umongameli u-gallery, futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha alikho elenza ngokwahlukana.

Ukubaluleka Kokulinganisela Nokulinganisela

Amasheke nama - alceria akuyona imicabango engaqondakali; anemiphumela yangempela ezakhamuzini nsuku zonke.

  • Ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla: Ngokusakaza igunya, isimiso senza kube nzima nganoma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ukuba lithathe isinyathelo lingahloniphi. Umongameli akakwazi ukumisa imithetho yedwa; isishayamthetho ngeke siwabulale. Lokhu kudala amaphuzu amaningi okumelana nenginginya.
  • Izakhamuzi zizuza ekwakheni isisekelo esivumela ukubekela inselele izenzo zikahulumeni. Ijaji lingamisa imithetho ephula inkululeko engokomthetho, futhi isishayamthetho singahlola ukuziphatha okubi kombuso. Lokhu kunikeza isivikelo esingokomthetho kubantu abambalwa namazwi aphikisanayo.
  • Ukubekwa kwe-Ivolution: ngoba amagatsha ahlukene kumelwe azwane futhi avumelane, izinqubo zivame ukuhlohlwa kakhulu. Iziphakamiso ezihlongozwayo zibhekiswe ebusweni ngezindlela eziningi, ukunciphisa ingozi yokuthatha ijubane noma izenzo eziyingozi.
  • Ukukhokha-mali kanye nokubonisa ngaphaya: Igatsha ngalinye linamathuluzi okudalula nokulungisa amaphutha abanye. Izindlebe zomphakathi, imibiko yezindaba, nemithetho yokwahlulela iletha imisebenzi kahulumeni embukwaneni womphakathi, iphoqelela izikhulu ukuba zithethelele izinqumo zazo.

Indlela Obheka Ngayo Nokulinganisela Komsebenzi

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

I-Congress, njengegatsha lomthetho, iphethe amandla okumisa imithetho. Ihlola igatsha eliphethe ngezinqubo eziningana: lingase lithathe isikhundla somongameli, liqinisekise noma lilahle ukumiswa kwezikhulu nezivumelwano, futhi lisebenzise amandla alo okungagunyazi ukususa izikhulu zikahulumeni. Indlu yabameleli iqala ukuqulwa kwemithetho, futhi iqhube ukuqulwa kwecala. ISishaya-mthetho futhi ilawula uhlelo lwemali, ilunike izikhulu eziphambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakomiti angafaka ofakazi abangaphansi kwezikhulu kanye nezincwadi, athathela ukuhlola ezenzweni zezikhulu.

Igatsha Eliphethe

Umongameli, njengenhloko yegatsha eliphethe, angamisa umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, nakuba leveto ingaba yi-specio. Umongameli futhi unamandla okunikeza iziyalo eziqondisayo eziqondisa indlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo, kodwa lemiyalo ingabekelwa inselele enkantolo noma ilinganiselwe yi-Congress ngomthetho. Igatsha eliphethe limisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji aphakeme eNkanto, ngokuqinisekisa. Lo mbuso umisa ubumba igebe likaMphathi we-jajiji kwamashumi eminyaka. Umongameli futhi usebenza njengoMphathi we-Juliancélin.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zeFederal, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, zihlola ngokwahlulela − amandla okumemezela imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu ngokungekhona kwemithetho. Leligunya lamiswa Marbury v. Madison (103] [183]) futhi lihlala liyi-sekhohlo ebucayi kuwo womabili amagatsha omthetho wemithetho negunya. Izinkantolo zichaza imithetho futhi zingashaya imithetho ephula umthetho. Abahluleli bamiswa ukuze baphile, bavikeleke ekucindezelweni kwezombangazwe, kodwa izinqumo zabo zingagwenywa ngemithetho emishayo noma, ezimweni ezilinganiselwe, ngokushintsha ukubusa kwenkantolo.

Lokhu kuhlangana kwakha isimiso esishukumisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uMkhandlu udlulisa umthetho ovimbela ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile, igatsha eliphethe lingase likhethe ukungawuphoqeleli ngamandla, noma izinkantolo zingawubusa ngokungemthetho. Uma umongameli esebenzisa iziyalezo eziphethe ukuze adlulise amaKhomishane, izishayamthetho zingasusa izinhlelo ezithile noma zidlulise imithetho emisha elinganisela leyo mithetho. Izinyathelo zomthetho wokuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwamagatsha, ukuqinisekisa ukulinganisela komthetho-mthetho-mthetho kuyagcinwa.

Umlando Ophathelene Nezinhlokwana Nokulinganisela

Umqondo wokuhlukanisa imibuso umdala, uvela kohulumeni abaxubene beRoma nemibhalo ka-Aristotle. Nokho, ukwakheka kwanamuhla kubhekiswe ngokuqondile kuMontesquieu, osebenza ngo1748 Umoya woMthetho [[ waphikisa ukuthi inkululeko ivikeleka kangcono uma umthetho, umphathi, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela iboshelwe eziminyameni ezihlukene. Abasunguli baseMelika, abaphikisana kuma-1780, babezimisele ukugwema ukubusa ngonyazi. Babenzile ukulwa nomthetho weBrishishishini. Bakhankanyeza umthetho owenzile amandla alwa ngamabomu. UJames Madimete, ku-FLD [FF:] u-FLDist], umbhali odumile: "Adkm," u-uhlu lokuhlakanipha.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Eziphawulekayo

  • Marbury v. Madison (103): [ Lecala leNkantolo ePhakeme lamisa ukubukeza kokwahlulela. Lapho uMongameli Thomas Jefferson enqaba ukudlulisela ukuthunywa kukaWilliam Marbury njengomahluleli wokuthula, uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall wamemezela ukuthi umthetho ofuna ukunikezelwa okunjalo wawungagunyazi. Isinqumo sagcizelela igunya leNkantolo lokuchaza uMthetho-mthetho, wakha i-ke ehlolweni elihlala njalo kwamanye amagatsha.
  • I-Watergate Scampal (1972-1974): uMongameli uRichard Nixon ukusebenzisa kabi amandla [1] kuhlanganise nokunqanyulwa kwehhovisi leKomiti leDemocratic nesembozo esilandelayo 88up ngokuqulwa kwecala lengqungquthela. INkantolo Ephakeme yayala uNixon ukuba akhulule amakhasethi eWhite House, futhi wabhekana nokungagunyazi okuthile, wasula. Lesi senzakalo sabonisa indlela i-projectal negatsha ekwazi ngayo ukuhlola ngisho nesikhulu esinamandla.
  • Ukuhlobanisa koMongameli: Indlu iye yafunda amongameli abathathu: uAndrew Johnson (1868), uBill Clinton (1998), noDonald Trump (209 no-2021). ISigele sakhulula bonke abathathu, kodwa inqubo ngokwayo iphoqelela ukuhlola nokwahlulela obala. Ukungavumelani kukaJohnson noKhongolo lwemithetho encintiweyo; uClinton u-Clinton u-pury nonqanyulelwa; u-Trump u-sss's u-sess ekusebenziseni kakubi amandla nomthetho owe-Rhunyuselwayo. Icala ngalinye lavivinya imingcele yegunya ne-buphathi.
  • New Detal Era Judicial Conflict: Kuwo-1930, uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal izinhlelo zeNkantolo Ephakeme yabhekana nezinqumo eziphindaphindiwe ezashaya umthetho wesihluthulelo. Roosevelt yahlongoza “umthetho we-account , ukunwebisa inani lamajaji, ukunyakaza okubonwa kabanzi njengomzamo wokunciphisa ukuzibusa kokwahlulela. Nakuba lelicebo lahluleka, lashukumisela iNkantolo ukuba ibe nesibopho esikhulu semithetho yezezomnotho, ibonise amandla anamandla anamandla phakathi kwamagatsha.

Izithobo zanamuhla zamasheke nokulinganiswa

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kusasebenza ekubusweni kwamanje. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje kuye kwaba nezibonelo eziphawulekayo ezibonisa indlela amagatsha asebenza ngayo ngesikhathi sangempela:

  • I-Exective Orders and Judicial Review: Abameli bavame ukusebenzisa iziyalo eziphetheyo ukuze baqhubekisele phambili inqubo ngaphandle kweKhongolo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2017, uMongameli Trump wakhipha uMthetho ophethe ka-Ourtection 13769 (umthetho owenqabela ukudlula”), owavimbela ukungena kwamazwe amaningi. Izinkantolo zesifunda zakhipha iziyalo ngokushesha, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme ekugcineni yasekela inguqulo ebukeziwe. Lendlela yokuhlola inqubo yesikhulu ye-Prodiciary (“iviledrust travel”)
  • Igatsha lemithetho liye laqinisa ukusetshenziswa kwalo komthetho wokuhlola imisebenzi yegatsha eliphetheyo. I House eqesha uTrump ngo-2019 yathembela kakhulu ebufakazini nasezicelo zobufakazini. Muva nje, iKomiti Yokukhetha i House ihlola umhla kaJanuary 6, 201] Capitol ethwele ukuhlasela komphakathi okuveza ubufakazi bobubi obungenzeka, okuholela ekuhlolweni kwezenzo zobugebengu. Lezi zindaba zibonisa indlela iSishayamthetho esingahlola ngayo isikhulu ngisho nalapho iqembu elifanayo lilawula iNdluleki.
  • IVetoes nengalawuleki: Phakathi komongameli uGeorge W. Bush noJoe Biden, i-vetoes iye yasetshenziselwa ukuvimbela umthetho, kodwa i-Congress ayivamile ukuhlanganisa umehluko omkhulu odingeka ukuba uqedwe. Noma kunjalo, usongo lweveto luthinta izikweleti ezifinyelela edeskini likamongameli. Le ngxenye yekhulu iqinisekisa ukuthi ushintsho olukhulu ludinga ukuvumelana okukhulu.
  • Inqubo yokuqinisekisa amajaji kahulumeni iye yaya ngokuya iphikisana. Amandla eSigele okululeka nokuvuma ukugunyaza kokwahlulela asebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ikhono lomphathi lokubumba i-judiary. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwenqaba kweSigele ukucabangela uMongameli u-Obama uMerrick Garland ngo-2016, kanye nokuqinisekisa okusheshayo kukaMongameli u-Trump u-Aminee Amy Coney Barrett ngo-2020, kubonisa indlela amandla ka-General angathinta ngayo izinga lokulinganisela kwamandla.

Ukugxekwa Nokulinganiselwa

Naphezu kwamandla ayo, imishini yokuhlola nokulinganisela akuwona amaphutha.

  • Gridlock: Uma amagatsha ahlukene elawulwa amaqembu aphikisanayo, ukwenza izimiso kunganqamuka. Inqubo yokushaya umthetho idinga ukuvumelana, kodwa ukuhlanganisa izifundazwe kuyanciphisa ukuzimisela ukuxoxa. Le-gridbock ingashiya izinkinga ezibalulekile . [ezinjengenguquko yokufuduka noma uphahla lwezikweletu lukhula]
  • [ Ukufinyelela ngokweqile kobuJuda: Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo ziye zaba namandla kakhulu, zenza izinqumo zezimiso okufanele zishiyelwe abameleli abakhethiwe. Imithetho ye-Landmark ekukhipheni isisu, imishado efanayo exubile, futhi ukuhlolwa kwempilo kuye kwagxekwa njengesenzo sokwahlulela sobuProtomstment. Nakuba ukuhlola kokwahlulela kuvikela amalungelo, kungabonwa futhi njengokuphela ezimisweni zedemokhrasi.
  • Impumelelo yokufinyelela ngaphezulu: Ngezinye izikhathi abameli basebenzisa iziyalezo zezikhulu nezenzo ezingabhekisi phambili ukuze badlulise igunya labo kungaphezulu kwalokho okuhloswe nguMthetho-sisekelo. Ukwanda kombuso wokuphatha kunike igatsha elikhulu amandla okulawula, iSishaya-Mkhandlu esiye sazama ukulawula. Umngcele phakathi kokuphoqelela okungokomthetho nesenzo somthetho ungafiphaza.
  • Isigaba sezombangazwe sokuxhashazwa: amaqembu afunde ukusebenzisa amathuluzi omthetho-sisekelo ukuze kuzuze abashokobezi. Inqubo yokuzihloma, eyake yagcinelwa ukuxhashazwa kwamathuna, iye yasetshenziselwa izikhawu. Ngokufanayo, inqubo yokuqinisekisa yabahluleli iye yaba inkundla yempi, ngokubambezelelwa nangokuphazamisa okusetshenziselwa ukuvimbela amathuluzi omthetho-sisekelo ngenxa yokungavumelani kwemibono.

Lokhu kulinganiselwa kungokwemvelo esimisweni esiklanyelwe ukuba ngasebenzi. Abasunguli bamisa inkululeko ngesivinini. Inselele yezakhamuzi zanamuhla ukulinganisela isidingo sikahulumeni ophumelelayo nezivikelo ezinikezwayo. Izinguquko eziqhubekayo zenza imingcele yezimiso zezikhulu, ukumiswa kokwahlulela, nokuthuthukisa imithetho yokuqondisa ingqungquthela, kuphikisana njengezindlela zokusingatha lobu buthakathaka ngaphandle kokulahla umqondo oyisisekelo.

Indima Yezakhamuzi Ekulondolozeni Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Isimiso somthetho-sisekelo sisebenza kuphela lapho izakhamuzi zithembisene. Amasethi nezilinganiso azizisebenzisi ngokuzenzakalela; zithembela kukhetho olunolwazi oluthi igatsha ngalinye liyolandisa. Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngezindlela eziningi:

Ukukhuluma Kuzo Zonke Izinhlobo

Ukuvota kuyindlela eqondile yokuthonya ukulinganisela kwegunya. Umongameli, i-collination, isifundazwe, nokhetho lwendawo kunquma ukuthi ubani onegunya. Ngokuvota, izakhamuzi zingavuza noma zijezise izikhulu ezikhethiwe ngenxa yokusekela kwazo izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Uvoti ophansi uvota, ikakhulukazi phakathi nokhetho, anika isikhuthazo esincane sokuhlonipha ukuhlola nokulinganisela. Uma izakhamuzi zivota ngokungaguquguquki, ziphawula lezo zindaba zokwengamela.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekusebenziseni Izidakamizwa Nokuzilibazisa

Izakhamuzi zingahlangana namaqembu alawula izenzo zikahulumeni futhi asunduze ukuze zibone. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-American Civil Liberties Union ([[FLT: 0]] ACLU) kanye neBrennan Center for Justice ([ Brennan Center []) zisebenza ukuze zivikele inkululeko yomphakathi futhi zithuthukise ukubusa. Ukubhalela abameleli, ukuthatha imingcele yedolobha, nokuhlanganyela ekubhikisheni ngokuthula yizo zonke izinhlobo zezehlakanizo ezicindezela izikhulu ukuba zinamathele emikhawulweni yomthetho.

Ukuhlala Unolwazi Ngemithombo Enokwethenjelwa

Ukuqonda indlela ukuhlolwa nokulinganisela okusebenza ngayo kudinga ukufinyelela ulwazi oluqondile. Izakhamuzi kufanele zifune imithombo yemfundo engeyona i-]] yesizwe inikeza amathuluzi ahambisanayo nezihloko ezichaza isimo soMthetho-sisekelo. I-Library of Congress (] LIBRABTARY of Congress []) inikeza izincwadi eziyinhloko nenhlaziyo yomlando.

Ukuhlanganyela Kuhulumeni Wendawo

Amasesha nezilinganiso zikhona futhi esifundazweni nasemazingeni endawo. Imikhandlu yamadolobha, amabhodi esifundazwe, nezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zinokwehlukana okufanayo. Ukuba khona emihlanganweni kahulumeni, ukusebenza emabhodini omphakathi, noma ukufunda nje izimali zikamasipala kunikeza izakhamuzi umbono oqinile wendlela ubucukubhede obusebenza ngayo. Ukuthembisana kwendawo kwakha futhi imikhuba yokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi eguqula ukuqaphela kwesizwe.

Ukusekela Imfundo Yesibalo

Abantu abafundile bayakwazi ukuhlola ukucindezelwa. Izakhamuzi zingasekela izinhlangano ezifundisa umphakathi ezikoleni nasemiphakathi. Zizimisele ukunikeza izinkulumo ngoMthetho-sisekelo, ukunikela ezimisweni zemfundo, noma ukumane uxoxe ngezenzakalo zamanje nge-lens ye-checks kanye nokulinganisela komkhaya nabangane. Lapho abantu beqonda isimiso, kulapho kunzima khona nganoma iliphi igatsha ukudlula.

Isiphetho

Amasesha nama-aspectalial akuyona inkolelo-mthetho-sisekelo engekho; ayiqiniso elisebenza nsuku zonke elivikela izakhamuzi emandleni azimele. Ngokuhlukanisa igunya phakathi kwe-propatiss, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela, nangokunika ngalinye amandla okulinganisela ezinye, isimiso sidala uhlelo oluqinile lokubusa. Izibonelo ezingokomlando kusukela esikhathini sokuqalisa kuze kube sesikhathini sanamuhla zibonisa indlela lezi zinqubo eziye zavimbela ngayo ukuxhashazwa, ukusekela amalungelo, nokuphoqelelwa. Nokho, isimiso asiphelele.

Izakhamuzi zingabazuzisi abaphelele nabavikeli abagcinayo balesi simiso. Ngokuvota, ukuphakamisa, imfundo, nokuhlanganyela kwendawo, abantu bangaqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlola nokulinganisela kuyaqhubeka kusebenza. Umthetho-sisekelo awuxhomekile nje kuphela emagameni esikhumba, kodwa ekubopheni kwabantu okusebenzayo. Ukuqonda nokuvikela lesi sakhiwo kuwumthwalo wemfanelo owehlela izizukulwane zonke. Ezweni lapho izimiso zentando yeningi zingasehla, umkhuba wokuhlola nokulinganisa uxhomeke kakhulu [[FLT: 0] uxhomeke kumagama awesikhumba sesikhumba, kodwa nakuzibo bonke abantu abahilelekile. Ngokuhlala benolwazi futhi behilelekile, izakhamuzi ziqinisa isisekelo sentando yentando yeningi nenkululeko yazo.