Umshado, njengenhlangano eyisisekelo yezenhlalo, ngokomlando uye wasebenza njengophawu lwezimiso zomphakathi nendawo yokulwela amalungelo omphakathi. Ukuqaphela imishado yezinhlanga ngezinhlanga(ukuqashelwa kwemishado yezinhlanga) phakathi kwabantu bezizinda ezihlukene zezinhlanga noma zobuzwe) kufana nophawu olunamandla lokuthi imiphakathi iye yahamba ibanga elide kangakanani ihlelwe ngokusemthethweni ngezimiso ezingokomthetho zokulingana nenkululeko yomuntu siqu. Nakuba izinqumo zenkantolo ezingokomthetho kanye nezinguquko zemithetho manje zivikela ilungelo lokushada phakathi kwezinhlanga eziningi, uhambo luye lwaphikiswana isikhathi eside, futhi luhlala lungenamkhawulo ngokokwamukelwa okugcwele umphakathi. Ukuqonda ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamalungelo emisha ngemibhangqwana yezinhlanga kufuna ukuba kungahlolwa nje kuphela izenzakalo ezingokomthetho kodwa izinselele eziqhubekayo zempucuko nezingokwesiko eziqhubekayo eziqhubeka zikhona.

Umlando Wemithetho Yomshado

Umsuka Wemithetho Emelene Nempi

Ukwenqatshelwa komshado wezinhlanga ezihlukene kugxile kakhulu emakoloni alandelanayo nangemva kwezimiso zesigaba sabefundisi bobuzwe. E-United States, umthetho wokuqala omelene nomthetho we-ascegen wamiswa e-Maryland ngo-1661, ngokukhethekile kuhloselwe imishado phakathi kwabesifazane abamhlophe namadoda amamnyama. Emakhulwini amathathu alandelayo, imithetho efanayo yanda kakhulu eMelika e-South futhi ekugcineni yafinyelela emazweni amaningi ase-Nyakatho ne-Wentshona. Lemithetho yayingamane nje ingeyokugcina ubumsulwa bezinhlanga, yayiyimigoqo yokuvikela imfutho yempahla, futhi iqinisa ukuphakama kwezomnotho nomphakathi ongeyo emhlophe. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ama-30 ayenendlela engokomthetho emelene nezinyunyana ezingokomthetho, kanye neminye imigoqoshosho enzima ebekelwe amaBla amhlophe. Imithetho ehlangene kanye neyamanye amazwe angaphansi kwe-Afrika, kuhlanganise ne-Aftmovence [FFoct: [Fod Treations)], kanye neyamagean, ezinye iziges ezigest, ezinye izi

Ubumsulwa Nolawulo Lomphakathi

Ngalé kwemithetho engokomthetho, ukuvinjelwa kokumelana nomshado wezinhlanga kwakuphoqelelwa ngokukhishwa inyumbazane ngokwezenhlalo, izijeziso zezomnotho, nobudlova obungaphezulu. E-United States, "umthetho we-dollar"" ($] umqondo wokuthi noma imuphi umkhondo wozalo lwaseAfrika wenza ukuba umuntu abe Mnyama obekelwe imingcele yobuzwelane nemishado engenazinzuzo eyayingase ifihle lezo zinhlu. Izingane zezinhlanga zazivame ukuncishwa ifa, ubuzwe, noma ngisho nokuqashelwa ngokomthetho kobuhlobo babazali bazo. Ukulahlekelwa kwengqondo kwakunzima: imibhangqwana eyayingakunaki ukuboshwa, izinkomba, nokuhlukana okuphoqelelwe. Emazweni amaningi, izinhlangano zenkolo zaqinisa lokhu kwemikhosi, ukwenqaba ukwenza imikhosi ehlukene ehlukene noma amalungu ashade ezinhlangani. Lenhlanganiseni engokomthetho, ingcipheko engokwenhlanganweni, nenkolo eklanywe ukuba inqande imishala ukuhlanganisa imisha emisha.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Namacala Avelele

Umgwaqo oya [[QL:0] ukuphuma v. Virginia

Izinselele zemithetho emelene nomshado zaqala ukuvela phambili ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kodwa kwakuyindaba yecala lokuphuma v. Virginia (1967)) eyaba inkathi eshaqekile e-mshadweni waseMelika. Richard Long, indoda emhlophe, noMildred Jeter, owesifazane oMdabu noMonandal American, babeshade eWashington, D. C., ngo-195 , ukuvala i-Virginio's I-I-Intect Act. Lapho bebuyela eVirginia, baboshwa phakathi kobusuku babo futhi babekwa icala lokuhlala ngokungemthetho ongekho emthethweni. Ukunxusa kwabo okude kwadingeka ukuba bashiye isimo iminyaka engu-25. [kuyi-Fose.Nquluqulumo olukhulu lomthetho we-unist:] i-E.[4] Isinqumo esingu-Fosem.[3] i-Fosedus] i-futle: UFose organ orgod, njengoba i-se `Irle

Izingcezu Zembulunga Yonke Zamalungelo Omshado Aphakathi Kwabantu

Nakuba ingumthetho odumile [umthetho] owenqabela kakhulu, amanye amazwe abhekana nezimpi ezingokomthetho eziyinhloko. E-Afrika, ukuphela kobandlululo kwaletha ubandlululo noGuqulo lweMixventions Conformation Act [1985] [u-85]) owavimbela ukuvinjelwa, kodwa ngokusemthethweni kwafika kuphela ngomthetho wentando yentando yeningi ngo 1994. E-United Kingdom, i-volution, i-voludians Brencyism ayizange iqhubeke ngokomthetho, kodwa ingxabano ye-incintineze ikhona; i-1960 no-1970 ibone ukunyuka kwezinhlanga ngokumelene nemishadoba exube phakathi nemithetho ehlukene ye-I.[1964] Imvume engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho kahulumeni wonke, i-1964, inikeza imvume engokomthetho oqinileyodwa kakhulu kwezenyukayokuhlosenyuko: [kuhlosenyusenyusenyuse , i-19] emisha,

Ukuhlangana Nemithetho Yokufuduka Neyokuba Izakhamuzi

Ukuqashelwa okungokomthetho kwemishado yezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene nakho kuye kwahlanganiswa nenqubo yokufuduka. E-United States, i-Immugration kanye noMthetho we-National ka-1965 wasusa izibalo zobuhlanga, kodwa imibhangqwana ehlangene ngezinhlanga iphinde yabhekana nezithiyo ezinzima ekuqinisekiseni ukufaneleka kwemishado yayo ngenxa yezinjongo zokufuduka. [[FLT:]] [i-Defensensete] ye-Act [196] [19696] ivumele iziphakamiso zokwenqaba ukuqaphela imishado efanayo yezenkolo eyodwa, kodwa futhi kwabangela izinkinga zemibhangqwana yezinhlanga ezindaweni ezithile. Muva nje, iziphathimandla zokufuduka ziye zabuza ukufaneleka kwemishadoba lapho izigele zezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene, ukumangalelwa kwemiba izingxoxo zezinhlanga ezihlukene eYurophu, lapho kunezisulu ezihlukene zezelelwane.

Ukuqashelwa Kwemishado Ehlukahlukene Namuhla

Isimo Esingokomthetho Emhlabeni Wonke

Njengoba kunjalo kuma-2020, amazwe amaningi aqaphela ngokomthetho ilungelo lokushada kungakhathaliseki uhlanga noma ubuzwe. Amathuluzi ezizwe zonke amalungelo abantu, kuhlanganise ne UDeclaration of Human Rights (Iziphakamiso 16) kanye [[[FLT:]] ne[FLT]] iSivumelwano [[2] seSivumelwano Samalungelo Omphakathi Nawezombangazwe [] [inani lezinhlangano zenkolo], iqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo okushada nokuthola umkhaya ngeke kuvinjelwe ezisekelweni zohlanga. [[OFT] izinqabe umthetho wesizwe emazweni anjenge-South Africa, i-Brazil, i-Expresson, futhi i-eace .[10] Izinhlangano izinhlangano zezinhlangano zezinhlangano zenkolo yombangokwabantu, imibuso ehlukene, imibuso ehlukene yenye imibuso emisha emisha (e, imibuso) emisha, izifunda kanye neyandisa imibuso yemibuso.[19][19][19] imibuso emisha, imibuso

Ukuthambekela Kokuphila Nokuvunyelwa Izenhlalo

Inani lemishado yezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene liye landa ngokuphawulekayo kusukela phakathi kwekhulu lama-20. E-United States, isilinganiso semishado emisha esukela ku-3% ngo-1967, kuya ku-17% ngo- 2015, ngokwe-[ Pew Research Center[[. E-Brazil, lapho ukuxubanisa izinhlanga bekulokhu kuyinto engokoqobo emakhulwini amaningi, abantu abahlukahlukani ngokusuka ku-40% ezakhamuzi. Isizukulwane esincane sabona ukuhlangana kwemizwana kwezinhlanga kuya phambili kwemiphakathi kwezizwe. I-United Kingdom yabona ukukhula kwemizwa engcono kusuka ku-1% yemibani ngo-1 ngo-199% kuya ku-201 kuphela ngo-201. Lemiqondo ayibonisi kuphela ushintsho olungokomthetho kodwa futhi oluqhubekayo kwezenhlalo yezemfundo, ukuhlangana kwemfundo ezindaweni ezinde kakhulu. [2]

Izinselele Zezenhlalo Nezomdabu

Ukuphikelela Kobandlululo

Naphezu kokulingana ngokomthetho, imibhangqwana yezinhlanga eziningi iyaqhubeka ibhekene nokumelana nomphakathi. Izindawo eziningi zibhekene nobunzima obungathi shazw'ingqondo, imibuzo edidayo mayelana nohlobo lomntwana, kanye nokucabangela ukuthi ubudlelwane bunjani, futhi kuyinto evamile. Imibhangqwana ingaphambana ngokuzihlukanisa, ukulwa kwengqondo, ngisho nokuhlukana. Ucwaningo lwamashumi amabili lukhishwe kunyakaze kumngane womshado. Kwezinye izindawo, ukuphikisa komkhaya kuhlala kungumthombo oyinhloko wokucindezeleka, ngezinye izikhathi abazali bephika izingane ezishade ngaphandle kohlanga noma kweqembu lohlanga. Lokhu kungaholela ekuzihlukaniseni, ekuphileni kwengqondo, nasekuxazulukeni kobuhlobo. Ucwaningo lwa 2019 lunyatheliswe ku-[FLT:] [FLD:]

Izinselele Ezihlobene Nezimo

Okuhlangenwe nakho komshado wezinhlanga azifani; kuhlangana nenkolo, isigaba, nendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, abesifazane abamnyama e-United States babhekene nemibono ehlukile kanye namazinga aphansi emishadweni yabo uma kuqhathaniswa namadoda amaBlack, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yezindinganiso zobulili bezinhlanga. Imibhangqwana ephakathi lapho ingumfazi onemibala ehlukene, ihlangana nesigaba somzimba, ikakhulukazi uma isebenzelana nomuntu omhlophe. Imibhangqwana efuna ukuhlangana nesinye ivame ukubhekana nezithiyo ezengeziwe izifunda: ukuhlukahlukana kwemindeni yomkhaya, imingcele yolimi, nezingalo ezingokomthetho. Kuleyo emiphakathini ephansi engenisa imali, ukucwasana, ukusekela, ukusekelana, ukusekelana, ukusekelana, ukusekelanabelana kwezenhlalo, ukusekelana. Izinhlangano zenkolo zihlala ziyinqaba kakhulu izinhlangano zezindawo ezihlukene: izinhlangano zemikhaya ezihlukene, kanti neminye izinhlangano zemikhaya, noma ezinye izibophothi ezivimbela ukuvumelana kwemithetho.

Izingane Zemishado Ehlukahlukene

Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi izingane zezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene ezinabazali abasekelanayo nezindawo ezihlukahlukene ngokuvamile ziqala ukukwazi ukumelana nezindlela eziqinile kanye nezimiso zezinhlanga, njengokubona ukuthi zingabahlukanisa kanjani abantu ngokwezinhlanga, ukuthi zingasabela kanjani ezindaweni ezihlukene, nokuthi zingaba kanjani nokuxhumana nazo zombili izinhlangothi zefa lazo. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi izingane ezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ezinezici ezisekela abazali nezikwazi ukungena emiphakathini ehlukene ngokuvamile ziyakwazi ukukwazi ukumelana nekhono eliqinile nekhono lokuhlukanisa izinhlanga. Nokho, zisengozini enkulu kakhulu yokubhekana nobandlululo, futhi ezinye zilwa nomuzwa "ongenakubanganele" nanoma yisiphi isici sazo. Izikole, ukumelela kwezezindaba, nomphakathi kuyaqaphela isidingo sokusekela ukuthuthuka kwemindebeko ehlukahlukene, kodwa izimiso eziningi zisekhona ezisebenza ekwakheni lohlobo olunhlobo oluhlukene olukwazi ukuhlukanisa abantu abahlukahlukene.

Izindaba Eziqhubekayo Nezeqili

Izigebengu Ezingokomthetho Nezimpikiswano

Nakuba isimiso sokungahlukanisi ngokohlanga emshadweni samukelwa kabanzi, izikhala ezingokomthetho zisekhona. Emazweni anomthetho obuthakathaka noma ngaphandle kwesivikelo esicacile somthetho-mthetho, izikhulu zendawo zingayenqaba ukufeza noma ukubhalisa imishado yezinhlanga, ziphoqelela imibhangqwana ukuba iye kwezinye izifunda. Ngisho nasemazweni anezikhungo eziqinile, ukuphoqelela angakwazi ukulingana. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, amanye amazwe aye azama ukudlulisa "inkululeko engokwenkolo" imithetho evumela izisebenzi zikahulumeni noma amabhizinisi ukuba zenqabe izinkonzo zezinhlanga ezihlukene ezisekelwe ekuphikiswaneni zenkolo, . /a icebo lokumelana phambili kokushada okungalawuleki. Immigration ingaqhubeka idala imithwalo: imibhangqwana ngokuvamile ifuna ukufakazela ukuma kwemvelo phakathi kwemisebenzi yayo emikhulu, futhi izingxoxo ezinhlobanayo.

Ukukhuthala Nemfundo

Izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi, njenge ACLU kanye no[FLT]Human Rights Campaig [, ziyaqhubeka zisekela ukuvikelwa kwayo yonke imishado emelene nohlanga kanye nokucwaswa kolunye uhlobo. Izikole zifaka izifundo eziqondene nezinhlangano zezelungelo lomphakathi, kuhlanganise nokulwela amalungelo omshado e-Indiya. Imikhankanti yezezentengo yezentengiselwano, ukuhlanganisa amafilimu okusiza izinhlangano zezenhlalo. Ukucwaninga nezinhlangano ezinjalo zisebenza obala ukuze zifundise obala umlando womshado wezinhlanga eziningi nokugubhalisa izinhlanga. [FExpress:]

Indlela Engaphambili

Ukuqashelwa kwemishado yezinhlanga eziningi kuwukunqoba kwamalungelo abantu kanye nesikhumbuzo sendlela okungasebenza ngayo. Icebo elisuka ekuphathweni kwezinhlanga liqhubeke ligujwa ngokunamandla.

Isiphetho

Umlando wamalungelo omshado nokuqashelwa kwemishado yezinhlanga eziningi kuyindaba yesibindi, ukuqina, nokuphishekela ubulungisa okungapheli. Kusukela emithethoni emelene nokwehlukana yezindawo kuya esinqumweni sokuvumelana u-Livev v. Virginia, futhi kusukela ekusakazekeni kwezentengiselwano zomthetho wemithetho esemthethweni emhlabeni wonke ezizweni zonke namuhla, ukumiswa kwemikhaya yezinhlanga namuhla, ukumiswa kwalo lonke igobe imvume yokulingana. Kodwa ukwamukelwa ngokuphelele kuhlala kungumsebenzi oqhubekayo. Isithunzi sezenhlalakahle, imingcele engapheli yemibono yobuhlanga iyaqhubeka ithinta imibhangqwana exubene nezingane zayo. Umsebenzi oqhubekayo ukuguqula ukuhlonishwa okungokomthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umkhaya wonke uhlonishwa, futhi wonke amalungu owesizwe ahlala ekhululekile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ahlala emndenini, noma esizweni, imishadweni ewuphawu oluqinile.