Ukuminyana kwezimoto kusenye yezinselele ezingapheli nezibiza kakhulu ezibhekene nemizila ebanzi e-London enqamula i-United Kingdom. Kusukela emizini egcwele ama-arterial e-London kuya ezindaweni ezinamaphithizelayo eManchester nase Birmingham, i-glock ayichithi nje kuphela isikhathi kodwa futhi ilulaza izinga lomoya, ikhuphula icarbon, futhi ifaka izigidi zezigidi zamakhilogremu ekulahlekelweni kwezomnotho unyaka ngamunye. Izimiso zeMayoral ziye zavela njengethuluzi elibucayi lokunqanda lenkinga, inika abaholi bendawo igunya lokusebenzisa isibindi, ibeke amasuntwebo okunga angenza abantu baphinde bahambe ngendlela ezindaweni ezizungezile zasedolobheni. Lesi sihloko sihlola ithonya lokuncipheka kweminya, ukuhlola izinhlelo eziyinhloko, imiphumela yabo, nezithingosi ezisele.

Ukuwohloka Kwezimoto Emadolobhaneni Ase - UK

Ukuminyana kwezimoto akuyona inkinga entsha, kodwa ukunyuka kwayo kuye kwakhula ngenxa yokwanda kwenani labantu, ukukhuphuka kwemoto, nokwanda kwezimoto emadolobheni. Ngokwe-2023 Global Traffic Scecard, iLondon ibhekwa njengedolobha lesibili eligcwele kakhulu eYurophu, abashayeli belahlekelwa isilinganiso samahora angu-156 ngonyaka emigwaqweni. IBirmingham, iManchester, i-Edinburg, neLeeds zishoshoshone kakhulu ezikhundleni. Intengo yezomnotho intengiselwano yezentengiselwano ne-Churchings ilinganisela ukuthi ukuncutheka okuhambisana nokweqikelelwa kokubiza umnotho we-UK £7.9, izigidi eziyizinkulungwane zenani eliphela ngonyaka ngenxa yomkhiqizo, ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha ekhuphukile, nokuguliswa kwezimoto futhi ibhilile.

Ngaphandle kwezomnotho, ukuminyana kuthinta impilo yomphakathi ngokuqondile. Izimoto ezinyakazisayo zikhipha ukugcwala okukhulu kwe-nitrogen dioxide kanye nento ebangela ukufa okungalawuleki, okunengxenye ezifweni zokuphefumula nasekufeni ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Umbiko ka-2022 we-Royal College of Physicians wahlobanisa ukungcola komoya okuhlobene nezingozi zomoya ezingaphezu kuka-36 000 ngonyaka e-UK. Ukuminyana okubomvu akuyona nje indaba yenzuzo, ngakho akuyona nje into edinga impilo yomphakathi efuna ukuthatha isinyathelo esinqumayo.

Amandla KaMayoral Nama - Lever

Ukuguqulwa kwamandla ezokuthutha ezindaweni zemetro eNgilandi kuye kwaba isici esichazayo sokubusa kwamadolobha phakathi namashumi amabili eminyaka adlule. Amameya eziphathimandla ezihlangene njenge-Greater Manchester, iNtshona Midlands, ne-Liverpool City Regiate ayakwazi ukulawula izimali zokuthutha eziyinhloko, ukuhlela okuhleliwe, nekhono lokuletha izikhangiso ezintsha noma izisusa. Umphathi wedolobha waseLondon unegunya elikhulu, kuhlanganise nokwengamela ukuthutha eLondon (TFL) namandla okusebenzisa izinhlelo zokuhlanganisa umgwaqo. La mazwe avumela omphathi wedolobha ukuba aklame ukuba aklame, amasuntwe ngemigomo ebanzi ehlanganisa ukuphakama kwemigomo enziwe ngenethi-zero nomphakathi.

Uchungechunge lwamathuluzi ezimiso akhona luhlanganisa ukuminyana, izindawo ezihamba kancane, izindleko zokupaka, izisekelo zezethutho zomphakathi, amabhayisekili anikezelwe kanye nemizila ehambayo, nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso zokulawula izimoto ezihlakaniphile. Akukho nqubo eyodwa esebenzayo ehlukanisayo; amameya aphumelelayo athanda ukuhlanganisa ukungenela okuningi ephaketheni elihlangene.

Ukukhokhwa Kwabantu

Isimiso sokuminyana kwemifanekiso eminingi eUK i-Congestion Vigle yaseLondon, eyaqalwa nguMayor Ken Livingstone ngo- 2003. Icebo lithi abashayeli ba- $15 ngosuku (kusukela ngo-2024) bangene enkabeni ye-lomfa phakathi kwe-London phakathi kuka-07:00 no-1800 ngezinsuku zaphakathi kwezinsuku zaphakathi nezinsuku. Imiphumela yokuqala yashaya ngamandla: ukudlula kwezwe ngezikhathi ze-30%, uhambo lwehle ngezikhathi ezilinganiselwa ku-30%, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwebhasi kwanda kakhulu. Phakathi neminyaka, ukukhokhwana kwezimoto kuthuthukiswe ngezimoto, izindleko zezimoto, izindleko zezimoto ezikhuphukayo. Impumelelo yeminye i-Congetion Relectivestion icabangela ezinye izakhiwo ezifuzene, nakuba kungekho nenye inkathi yokufinyelela kwazo.

Nokho, isimiso siye sabhekana nokugxekwa. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi lelicala lithinta kakhulu abashayeli abathola imali ephansi abangakwazi ukukhokhela imali noma ukuntuleka kwezindlela zokuthutha zomphakathi. Abanye bakhomba isehlakalo “semiphumela ebolile,” lapho izimoto ziphambuka khona nje endaweni ekhombayo, ukuminyana okuya kukhula emgwaqweni wendandandabuko. Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, i-Congesion Glance ilokhu iyisibonelo esivelele sokuthi i-Congectioning ingazisusa kanjani uhambo lwemoto olungadingwa nezikhungo zezokuthutha umphakathi. Inzuzo eveliswayo (amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-20022) iphinde iphinde ifakwe ngokuqondile emikhankanjeni ye TL.

Ukutshala Izimali Endleleni Yomphakathi

Ukunwebeka nokuthuthukisa izithuthi zomphakathi kuyitshe letshe letshe lezindlela zokuminyana kwemeya. Isimiso se-Metrolink tram eKhulu seManchester siyimpumelelo. Kusukela lapho sithunyelwa ngo- 1992 futhi sanwetshwa futhi sanwetshwa ngemva kukaMayor Andy Burnham, i-nethiwekhi manje ihlanganisa amamayela angaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu futhi ithwele abagibeli abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-40 ngonyaka. Isimiso se-tramming siye sancomeka ngokunciphisa ukuncika kwemoto emaphasejini aso kanye nokusekela ukukhula kwayo okuhamba, ukuphakama kwemoto. Ngokufanayo, i-Midlands Metrods, eyandisiwe nguMayory Andry Street, ifake imigqa exwelltoom exhide ngezindawo ezizungezile, ukunikeza okunokwethenjelwa ezindaweni eziseminyene.

Ama - mayter aye aqhubekisela phambili futhi ukuthuthukisa izinkonzo zamabhasi .Indlela evame kakhulu yokuthutha umphakathi. NgoMay 2024, uMayor Burnham wasungula uhlelo lokuqala lweziteshi zamabhasi olunemibhoshongo ngaphandle kweLondon ngaphansi kweBee Network, uletha amabhasi amaGreater Manchester ngaphansi kokulawulwa umphakathi okokuqala emashumini eminyaka. Umgomo ukuhlanganisa ibhasi, isitimela, kanye nezinkonzo zesitimela kungene esimisweni esisodwa, esingenamthungo. I-Intective namathikithi okukhokha okungathintwa, manje okulingana nesilinganiso eLondon futhi kuqedwe kwamanye amadolobha, yenza ukuthutha umphakathi kube lula futhi kukhange.

Nokho, ukutshala imali yezokuthutha umphakathi kubhekene nesithiyo esiphawulekayo sezimali. Ukunqanyulwa kwemisebenzi yezinqola ezinkulu, njenge-HS2 esempumalanga ye-H. kuye kwashiya amadolobha asenyakatho ngaphandle kwekhono alidinga kakhulu. Abashicileli baye baphendukela kakhulu kwezinye izindlela zezimali zihlanganisa izindleko zokupaka izimoto emsebenzini kanye nentela yokuvakasha, kodwa lokhu kuphakamisa izinselele zabo zezombangazwe.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukugibela Ibhayisekili Nokuhamba Ngezinyawo

Ukuhamba okunenzuzo kungesinye sezindlela ezibiza kakhulu zokunciphisa ukuminyana, ukuthuthukisa izinga lomoya, nokuthuthukisa impilo yomphakathi. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVOID-19, abameya abaningi be-UK bakha ngokushesha imizila yesikhashana ngaphansi kwe-Emergency Mobilety Travel Fund kahulumeni. Ezinye zazo ziye zabangela ukwanda okuphawulekayo. Ukuthutha iLondon, ngaphansi kukaMayor Sadiq Khan, wengamele ukudalwa kwenethwekhi lomjikelezo wama-mille, kuhlanganise ne-Frandhamky SuperHighways kanye nemizila entsha ka “Quietway". Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekwandeni emhla nemuva ebhayiseni: TfL data ibonisa ukuthi uhambo lwamabhayisikili luye lwaphindeka kabili kusukela ngo-2016.

IBirmingham ilandela inqubo efanayo, ifaka u-$26 wayizigidi ezingu-26 ezisekelweni zebhayisekili njengengxenye yeNguquko ye-Birmingham. Leli dolobha manje linamakhilomitha angaphezu kwayikhulu emizileni yamabhayisekili, kuhlanganise nemigwaqo ehlukaniswe ngokwemibono emigwaqweni emikhulu njenge-A38. Izinhlelo zokuguqula i-Paradise Circus kaBirmingham, njengokuguqula i-City Crientre nendalo yezindawo zomphakathi, kuye kwenza idolobha laba amasiteji elihamba futhi laba mnandi. Ngokufanayo, ipulani ka-Edinburg’s “City Centre Transformation” inemigwaqo emincane, imigwaqweqwe, futhi ive ijubane le-mph engu-20 ukuze ikhuthaze ukuhamba nokuhamba.

Naphezu kwalemizamo, inqubo yokuphepha ayilingani.

Ukwandisa Izingxenye Eziphansi Zezulu

Ihlangene nokwehla kokuminyana, iLow Euggict Zone (LEZs) ne-Ultra Low Eugserct Zones (ULEZ) zihlasela izimoto ezingcolisa kakhulu. I-ULEZ yase-London, eyaqala ngo-2019 futhi yanwetshwa edolobheni ngo-2023, idinga i-petrol ne-diesel ehambayo endala ukuze ikhokhe i-CULLL (R12.50). Inqubo iye yaphumelela kakhulu ekunciphiseni ukungcoliswa komoya: I-TFL ibika ukuthi ukufakwa kwe-oxygen dioxide engxenyeni ephakathi ye-4, kanye ne-21% endaweni enwebe. I-ULEZ futhi ihlanganisa i-Congestion ngokunqanda kakhulu izimoto eziyingozi ekungeneni ezindaweni eziphezulu.

Amanye amadolobha alandela umthofu weLondon. iBirmingham yaqala i-Ceoc Moyer Zone ngo-June 2021, ifuna izimoto ezihambayo eziphezulu £8 ngosuku ukungena enkabeni yedolobha. Imininingwane evela eBirmingham City Council ibonisa ukuthi amazinga okuthotshelwa kwenani elingaphezu kuka-90%, futhi amazinga esikhutha se-nitrogen aye ehla phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho. I-Bradford, i-Portsmouth, ne-Glasgow nayo yaqala ukusebenzisa i-LEZs, kanti i-Bristol Cle Dioccure Mower Money, ehlanganisa izimoto ezilula nezimoto ezindala, zaqala ngasekupheleni kwe-2022.

Nokho, lezi zindawo ziye zabangela impikiswano enkulu. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi bafaka umthwalo ongafanele ngokwezimali kwabashayeli abaholayo abaphansi abangakwazi ukuthuthukisa izimoto zabo. Ukuphendula, abanye abameya baye basungula izinhlelo zokulungisa izimoto zezemisebenzi yezesikhashana .Imeya yaseLondon yabela izigidi ezingu-R350 ukusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zithathe izimoto ezindala. Noma kunjalo, i-panet yezombangazwe ingaba nolaka, njengoba kuboniswa okhethweni lwasendaweni lapho u-ULEZ lwandisa khona impikiswano. Ukulinganisela imigomo yendawo ezungezile nezimiso zezenhlalo kuhlala kungumsebenzi obucayi kunoma yimuphi umphathi wedolobha.

Izobuchwepheshe neDimensions

Izimiso ze-Mayoral zisekelwe kakhulu ngobuchwepheshe obuhlakaniphile kanye nokwaziswa kwangempela. Izimiso zokulawula izimoto ezihlakaniphile zisebenzisa izinzwa, amakhamera, ne-Al ukuze zikwazi ukuhambisa kahle izimoto, zilungise isikhathi sokushaya izimpawu, futhi zibikezele ukuthi zinezinhlayiya ezishisayo. Ukuthutha kwe-SCOOT system ye-SC (Split Moffalifiction Emplifiniction Technique) bekusebenza amashumi amaningi eminyaka futhi kuyaqhubeka kuguquka, kunciphisa ukulibala ngezindlela eziyinhloko zobuciko.

Ama-croadt asiza abantu ukuba benze ukukhetha kohambo ngolwazi. Amasampula afana no-Doronamapper, i-Google Mabalase, ne-TfL’s Journey Plannener anikeza ukwaziswa kwangempela okuphathelene nomgwaqo, ezokuhamba, nezindlela zokujikeleza. Amanye amadolobha azama ukuhloba “ukuzihambela njengenkonzo” (MaaS) izimo ezihlanganisa amafomu amaningi ukuze athole umrhumo owodwa. Ngokwesibonelo, umshayeli waseNtshonalanga Midlands uvumela abasebenzisi ukuba bakhokhe imali yenyanga zonke yebhasi, i-trammater, nebhayisekili-lobon.

Omunye ubuchwepheshe obuthembisayo buxhunyaniswe futhi izimoto ezizimele. Nakuba kusasele iminyaka eminingi ukutholwa kwabantu, amameya alungisa izimiso zokuqondisa nesisekelo esidingekayo ukuze kuhlaliswe izintambo ze-CAV. Ngo-2023, uhulumeni we-UK wamemezela ukutshala i-$100 000 000 000 000 e-CAV ezindaweni zokuhlola, kuhlanganise nezindlela ezihambayo eNtshonalanga yeMidlands naseManchester. Uma zisetshenziswa ngokwesilinganiso, i-CAVs inganciphisa ukuminyana ngezindlela ezihambayo ezishelelayo, i-pratooling, i-praeting, nokusetshenziswa kahle kwemigwaqo. Nokho, bafaka imoto eyandayo uma besebenzisa izinto ezibonakalayo.

Ukuhlanganyela ukwaziswa phakathi kweziphathimandla ezihlukene kuseyinselele. Amadolobha amaningi awakwazi ukuhlanganisa ukwaziswa okungokoqobo phakathi kwabasebenzi abaningi bezokuthutha. Abathuthi bazama ukuthungatha imiyalelo kahulumeni onamandla kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkampani ezihamba ngemoto ezihambayo (njenge-Uber ne Bolt) zihlanganyela imininingwane yokuhamba, engasiza ekunikezeni izinqumo.

Izinselele Nezifundo Okufundwayo

Naphezu kwempumelelo ephawulekayo, izimiso zemeya zokunciphisa ukuminyana zibhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu. Izimali mhlawumbe ziwukucindezelwa okuphikelela kakhulu. Amaqhinga amaningi ezothutho axhomeke ezinkokhelweni zikahulumeni ophakathi, ezingase zingabikezeleki futhi zinganele. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqedwa komlenze weHS2 enyakatho, kushiye umgodi owenziwe i-$36 000 000 000 (izigidi zezigidi) emandla enjanje ehleliwe. Ababoli baye babiza i-flagein engaphezulu, kuhlanganise nekhono lokuboleka ngenkululeko futhi balondoloza amazinga ebhizinisi, kodwa intuthuko iye yahamba kancane.

Ukwenqaba komphakathi kungesinye isithiyo esikhulu. Noma isiphi isimiso esifuna abashayeli noma isilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwemoto sibucayi ngokwezombangazwe. Isehlulelo sokulwa nokwanda kwe-ULEZ yaseLondon ngo-2023 sabonisa indlela izinyathelo zokuncishiswa kwemisebe ngokushesha ezingaba yinkinga eyingozi ngayo. Ukukhulumisana okuphumelelayo kudingekile, okunenzuzo kumelwe kucacise impilo nezinzuzo zezomnotho, kunikeze ukusekela okwanele kwamaqembu athintekile, futhi kubonisa ukuthi imali incishisiwe ngokulinganayo.

Ukuvumelana phakathi kweziphathimandla zomakhelwane nakho kuyinselele. Ukuhlangana akuyihloniphi imingcele yokulawula. Isimiso esisunduza izimoto zisuka kwenye indawo ziye kwenye singamane sisuse inkinga. Imeya yemeya ingasiza ngokukhuthaza ukubambisana kwezifunda, kodwa abanagunya kuziphathimandla zendawo zemigwaqo emikhulu. Ukungabikho kwegunya elilodwa lokulawula ukuminyana kwemigede ezindaweni eziningi kungaholela ekuxazululeni okucekelwe phansi.

Ekugcineni, impumelelo ibangela izinselele zayo. Ukuncishiswa kokuminyana kungabangela ukufunwa okungasheshi: njengoba imigwaqo ikhululeka, abantu abaningi bekhetha ukushayela, ekugcineni begcwalisa isilinganiso esikhona − isenzakalo esaziwa ngokuthi “ukuncishiswa kwesidingo.” Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuncishiswa kokuminyana kuyimpi eqhubekayo kunokuba kube yisixazululo esisodwa. i-Policies kumelwe iqhubeke icwengisiswa futhi iqiniswa ngamathuluzi anamandla okulawula izimoto, njengasepakishini nasemsebenzini.

Ukuhlola Okuqhathanisayo Izindawo Eziya Edolobheni Lase - UK

Nakuba iLondon ihola ngemali yayo ebanzi yentela, ezokuthutha zomphakathi, kanye nokutshala izimali zokuhamba, amanye amadolobha e-UK alungisa izindlela zawo siqu. IManchester, ngaphansi kukaMayor Burnham, iye yafaka kuqala inguquko yezokuthutha nohambo lomphakathi olumatasa, ingagcizelelwa kakhulu inqubo yokulawula imigwaqo. Amabhasi aweBee Network akhulisiwe futhi anwebe ukuzimisela ukunikeza indlela enhle yokushayela engenza kube yindlela engcono kakhulu. Ukwaziswa kwakuqala kubonisa ukuthutha izimoto ngesilinganiso esiphansi, kodwa amazinga okuminyana enkabeni yedolobha ahlala ephakeme kakhulu.

IBirmingham neNtshonalanga Midlands ziye zathatha indlela exubile: i-Ceaty Moneray Coney ihlangene nemisebenzi emikhulu yezesisekelo enjengesiteshi seHS2 sokushintsha i-Internation (nakuba manje sesibekwe emuva) kanye ne-Metro enwetshiwe. Idolobha futhi liye lasebenzisa ibhayisekili kakhulu, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwezimoto kusalokhu kubusa, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi isimiso sezokuthutha komphakathi sezwe asibanzi kakhulu kuneLondon.

Edinburgh yamukele incwadi yokudlala ehlukile, igxile ezimisweni zokupaka ezihlala nasedolobheni, izifunda ezingamashumi amabili ezimphini, kanye nokuhamba ngezinyawo. I-tram yedolobha, nakuba iphikisana nokwakhiwa, iye yathwala izinombolo ezandayo zabagibeli futhi inwetshwa yaya eLeith. Nokho, inhlokodolobha yase-Scotland isalwa nokuminyana kwezindlela zayo zokuhamba, kanye nokuntula komzila womphakathi ojikelezayo wokuhamba.

IBristol iphawuleka ngenxa yamasu ayo anamandla okuhlanganisa i-Ceoc Moyer ne-levy yomsebenzi, efana neyase-Nottingham ngokuphumelelayo kusukela ngo-2012. I-pevy ka-Nottingham, esola abaqashi ngo-$422 ngonyaka endaweni yokupaka imoto (njengoba ngo-2024), iye yanyusa izigidi ezingaphezu kuka-060 zezindawo zokuthutha zomphakathi futhi yanciphisa inani lokuhamba ngemoto. Isicelo sika-Bristol, lilitshalwe yizinselele ezingokomthetho, kulindeleke ukuba lisebenze ngo-2025 futhi lingasebenza njengesibonelo kwamanye amadolobha.

Umbono Wesikhathi Esizayo: Ukusondela Emadolobheni Akhululekile

Indlela yokunciphisa ukuminyana kwezimoto emadolobheni ase-UK ayiqondile noma ayimfishane, kodwa kunesizathu sokuba nethemba. Abashayi bemibhoshongo basebenzisa kakhulu izimiso ezisekelwe kubufakazi, bafunda impumelelo nokwehluleka, futhi bafunela imibuso emikhulu encishiswe izimoto. Uhulumeni ka-UK 2023 “iSici sezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano” kanye ne“Icebo lezeNyakatho” ziye zaqokomisa isidingo sokutshala izindleko zokuhamba nokuncitshiswa kwemoto endaweni yakubo, nakuba izibopho zemali zingaqiniseki.

Izindlela zokuhlanganisa zinikeza amathuba amasha. Ukusebenza okukude nokuxubile, okusheshiswe yisifo, kunciphe inani labantu abahamba ngesivinini emadolobheni amaningi. I-TfL ibonisa ukuthi uhambo ngenjini lusekusukela ku 85% wamazinga angaphambi kwe-pandemic, kuyilapho ukuhamba ngezinyawo kungcono kakhulu. Lokhu kushintsha kokwakha kunganciphisa ngokungenamkhawulo kwezinye izikhungo, uma nje amadolobha evumelanisa izimiso zawo.

Ukwenziwa kwemikhumbi yezimoto kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwemibhobho yemoto kodwa ngeke kuxazulule ukuminyana ngokwako − izimoto ezihamba ngogesi zisahamba ngebanga lomgwaqo. Ngakho, ukugcizelela kuhlala ekususeni imishini emotweni yomuntu siqu. I-Picies enjengemali efakwayo, i-LEZ, kanye ne-packiparter yomsebenzi kuyoba baluleke kakhulu njengoba amadolobha ezama ukubhekana nezisulu ezinethi.

Ekugcineni, izimiso zemeya eziphumelela kakhulu ziyoba yilezo ezihlanganisa i-carrot nokunamathisela: ukutshala imali yezokuthutha zomphakathi ezilinganayo, ukubhayisekile, kanye nokuhamba ngezindlela eziphansi kuyilapho zinqanda ukungasebenzisi imoto okungadingekile ngepringi nangemithetho. Imeya yaseLondon, iManchester, iBirmingham, nabanye baye babonisa ukuthi ushintsho lungenzeka, kodwa kudinga ukusekela okuqinile kwezombangazwe, ukuxhasa imali eyanele, kanye nokuthembisana okuqotho nomphakathi. Uhambo oluya emadolobheni angenazingeni akhululekile lude, kodwa ikhilo ngalinye lomjikelezo, yonke imigqa ebanzi ye-Metrolinklink, futhi yonke indawo ephawulwe kahle isondeza kancane.