Ithonya Lemininingwane Yokubala Ezifundeni Zesifunda Nezasesifundazweni

Ubalo lwenani labantu oluthathelwe indawo lungaphezu nje kokubala nje okulula; luyindawo esemthethweni emelelwa yiMelika engokombangazwe. Njalo eminyakeni eyishumi, i-United States Census Bureau iqoqa ukwaziswa okunganembile ngobukhulu benani labantu, ukuhlelwa kwenani labantu, nokusakazwa kwendawo. Lokhu kwaziswa kunquma ngokuqondile ukuthi izihlalo ezibekwe e-U.S. Indlu yabameleli zahlukaniswa kanjani phakathi kwezifundazwe nendlela izifundazwe nezindawo zokuvota eziphinde zakhiwe ngayo. Ngaphandle kokunemba okunembile, isimiso sokubala esifike ngesikhathi, isimiso so"umuntu oyedwa, ivoti" ngeke ikwazi ukusekela. Lesi sihloko sihlola ithonya elijulileyo, ngokuvamile eliphikisanayo lokubala ngendalo nokubukezwa kwezindawo zombuso wombuso nezinganiso, ukuhlola inqubo engokomthetho, inselele, inselele engokomthetho eqhubekayo, inselele ye-gerrylin, nendima yobuchwepheshe.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nesemithetho

Ukuhlobana phakathi kokwaziswa nokuvota akuyona into eqanjweyo yanamuhla; kugunyazwe ngokucacile eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Ingxenye I (njengoba ishintshwa i-Gadi 2 yeSichibiyelo se-145) kudinga ukuba abameleli babelwe phakathi kwezizwe ngokwemingcele yazo, babale inani labantu abasesifundeni ngasinye. Lokhu kuhlelwa kwenani okungokomthetho kuyisiqalo sokuvuna ukuvuna ukukhushunyuswa kwezindawo zendlu ezingama-45 [5] i-FOLT [B]. Ngemva kokuvuna imingcele yesifunda, kusho ukuthi kumelwe ukuba baphinde bakhiphe imingcele yesigodi ukuze baqinisekise inani labantu ngokwesifunda ngasinye. Isimiso esifanayo sisebenza ezindaweni ezingokomthetho ngaphansi kwesivikelo se-14, njengoba kuqiniswe izindaba ezivelele zeNkakhulu leNkakhulukazi [FORB] [FORT].[2][3][3][3][3]

Isimiso Somuntu Omunye, Umzimba Omunye

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme uReynolds v. samisa ukuthi izigodi zesizwe zemithetho kumelwe zilingane emphakathini. Lo "muntu oyedwa, ukuvota" unikeza isisekelo esiqondile sokuthola ulwazi lokubala ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ivoti ngalinye lithwele ubunzima obulinganayo. Ngaphambi kokuba lesi sinqumo, amazwe amaningi ayenesilinganiso esiqinile, izifunda zasemaphandleni zibekwe ngaphezu kwezindleko zokukhula kwezindawo zasedolobheni. I-Cencam inikeza isisekelo esinegunya sokufinyelela lokhu kulingana kwenani labantu. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukuvota okungenasihloko kungancika ezilinganisweni noma ezilinganisweni eziphelelwe isikhathi, ngokungenakulinganiswa, kuholele ekumeleni ukunga.

Izimfuneko Ezingokomthetho Zokulungisa Umhlaba

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo unganikezi indlela ethile yokudweba imigqa yesifunda, umthetho kahulumeni nemithetho-sisekelo eminingi kahulumeni ibeka iziqondiso eziqinile. Lezi zihlanganisa:

  • Ukulingana kokuphakamisa: izifunda zesigodi kumelwe zilingane cishe nabantu ngokwezinga elilindelekile. Ezifundeni zesifunda, ukuphambuka ngokuvamile kungaphansi kwephesenti elilodwa.
  • Ukuvumelana noMthetho wamaLungelo (VRA): Ingxenye 2 yeVRA ivimbela amasu alulayo anciphisa amandla okuvota amaqembu amancane ezinhlanga noma izilimi. Ukwaziswa okuphathelene nohlanga, ubuzwe, kanye nomphakathi wokuvota kubalulekile ekuhlolweni kwemvume.
  • Ukuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa: izigodi kumelwe zibe sendaweni ebanzi, futhi ezifundazweni eziningi, zihlanganiswe ukuze zigweme isimo esingavamile esingabonisa ukuma kwe-gerrymander.
  • Iqaphela izigaba zezombangazwe: Izifunda eziningi zifuna izifunda ukuba zingahlukanisi izifunda, amadolobha, noma amadolobha lapho kungenzeka khona.

I - Data Pipeline: Indlela Ulwazi Lwenani Lomnqumo Olubukeka Ngayo

I-Census Bureau ikhipha imininingwane emibili ebucayi yokuvulela: i-Preference Law 94-171 Redicidialiting Data File, ngokuvamile ethunyelwa ukuba ilande ngo-March 31 ngonyaka ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu, kanye ne-Demographic Profile enikeza izibalo ezifingqiwe. Lemifantu ihlanganisa inani labantu, inani labantu abavotayo (ngezinhlanga nangezinhlanga), inani lezindawo zokuhlala, kanye nemininingwane yendawo ephezulu. I-memouse ye-General Information System (IS) ukuze idwebe imingcele yezifunda kulemibalo. Impumelelo yemininingwane yokubalwa kobalwa ivumela ukuba abantu ababomvu babe nokulinganisa inani labantu abambalwa, okubaluleke kakhulu ekufuneni izimfuneko ezilinganayo.

Indima Yemininingwane Yezithiyo

Izitebhisi zokubala izifunda ezincane kakhulu ezisetshenziswa yi-Census Bureau. Zingaba zincane njengedolobha elisezindaweni zasemadolobheni noma zinkulu njengekhilomitha-skwele ezindaweni zasemaphandleni. Ukuvuleka kulelizinga elibanzi kusho ukuthi ngisho nomgwaqo owodwa kungaba umngcele. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isifunda sidinga ukushiya abantu abangu-500 ukuze sifinyelele inani labantu, umdwebi wemigqa angalungisa umugqa ukuze ahlanganise noma akhiphe iziteshi ezithile ezihlanganisa lowo mphakathi. Lelizinga lokulawula linikeza amandla amakhulu, angasetshenziselwa izinjongo zokungathathi hlangothi noma ukuzuza inzuzo engcono.

Ubukhazikhazi Bemininingwane Nokungalingani

Ukunemba kokwaziswa kokubalwa kwabantu kuyinto ephambili, kodwa akukho kubalwa kwabantu okuphelele. I-Census Bureau yenza ukuhlolwa kokulinganisela ngemva kwe-odoli ukuze ilinganise i-net engaphansi noma ukubala ngokweqile amaqembu ahlukene amanani abantu. Ngokomlando, izingane ezincane, izinhlanga nezigaba ezingaphansi kwenani elincane, nemikhaya ephansi etholiwe imali, kuye kwalinganiselwa ngokwezinga eliphezulu. I-Specian (4.9%), nenani eliphansi le-India noma i-Alansmusland). Lemibangenze ibangele imiphumela eqondile ngenxa yokuthamba i-oce, njengoba amazwe adwetshwe ngemida ehluleka ukuveza iMiyalo yonke. I-Speciod Bureaundian ibilokhu kubhalwe ukuthi i-Oritan, i-Vareans / Alans - REvous.

Ukusuka Ekubaleni Kuya Ekuhlelekeni: Ukusetshenziswa Kwemishini

Ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu ngakunye, iCensus Bureau ibala ukuhlukaniswa kwezihlalo zendlu ngezindlela ezilinganayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubalwa kwabantu ngo-2020 kwaphumela ekutholeni izihlalo eziyisikhombisa (Colado, Florida, Montana, North Carolina, Oregon, Texas) kanye nezifunda eziyisikhombisa ezilahlekelwa izihlalo (iCalifornia, i-Illinois, iMichigan, iNew York, iPennsylvania, iNtshona Virginia). Lokhu kushintsha kwezombangazwe kubangelwa yinguquko eyenzekayo ekubalweni. Uma nje inani lezihlalo zezihlalo zinqunyiwe ngokwesifunda ngasinye linqunyiwe, isifunda ngasinye kumelwe sikhiphe imingcele yaso.

Indlela Izwe Elilawula Ngayo Ukuncishiswa Kwezindawo

Inqubo yokulungisa ihluke kakhulu phakathi kwezifundazwe. Ezinye ziwushiyela kuhulumeni wesizwe, okusho ukuthi iningi leqembu lilawula ipeni. Ezinye zisebenzisa ama-oda azimele noma ama-bipartarisan homel ukuze zinciphise ubandlululo. Ezimweni ezinjenge-Iowa, inhlangano yenkonzo yezezishayamthetho efuna amabalazwe ngaphandle kokucabangela ama-culten noma imininingwane yezombangazwe. Ngokungafani, amazwe anjengoTexas ne-North Carolina ibone izinselele ezingokomthetho emabalazweni adwetshwe ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yenzuzo yabashokobezi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi indikimba yenza i-iopartical station, iqopherio. Ngaphandle kwayo, akukho kwaziswa okudwetshwayo.

Ukubuyisela Imithetho Kahulumeni Engokwezombangazwe: Akuyona Nje Izombangazwe

Izifunda zikahulumeni zemithetho zidonswa zisebenzisa imininingwane efanayo kodwa ngokuvamile inemingcele ehlukene. Imithetho-mthetho eminingi kahulumeni idinga ukuba izifundakazi zihlangane futhi zihlangane, futhi eminye ifuna ukuba imingcele yezombangazwe (amazwe, amadolobha, amadolobha) ilondolozwe kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukuphambuka kwabantu okuvunyelwe ezifundeni zikahulumeni zemithetho-mthetho kukhulu kunezindawo zokuhlanganisa izigodi zesifundazwe. Ngokungakholeleki ku-1% ukuphambuka okuphelele, nakuba izinkantolo ziye zahlasela amasu awedlula lawo ngaphandle kokulunga okulawula. Imithetho yemithetho yezedlula iphinde ishayelele futhi inemiphumela eqondiswe ngokuqondile embusweni yendawo, emabhodini esikoleni esifunda, emikhandlwini, emikhandlwini. Ukubala izigaba zezindawo eziqondile ezivingconywayo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo kwenza lezi zindawo zibe namandla omphakathi nokuvinjelwa kwezindawo.

Inselele Yezithiyo Ze - Geographic Nemiphakathi Enesithakazelo

Ukulinganisela kudinga ukulingana kwenani labantu ne-cohenence. Izindawo eziningi zicabangela "amaqoqo esithakazelo"" amaqembu abantu abahlanganyela izithakazelo ezingokwenhlalo, zezomnotho, noma zempucuko. Ngokwesibonelo, umphakathi wogu lolwandle ungahlanganyela ekudobeni izimali, kuyilapho indawo yasemaphandleni ingase ihlanganyele izinkathazo zokulima. Ukwaziswa okuhlanganisa inani labantu nokwezomnotho okusiza ekutholeni lemiphakathi. Nokho, imininingwane ikhona i-mephu evumelanayo, futhi imiphakathi iyazinza ihlale ihleli ndawonye. Ukudweba amabalazwe agcina imiphakathi ikhona kuyilapho ukulingana kuyinkinga eyinkimbinkimbi. Amathuluzi ekwazi ukuhlanganisa nokubala amabalazwe kungavumela abadwebi bemi bemidalo ukuba bathole izilinganiso zemiboniso ezihlangabezana nazo zonke izinhlelo ezingokomthetho, kodwa ukukhetha kokugcina kuseyisinqumo sezombangazwe.

Ukuhlela: Uhlangothi olubi Lokubala

Ukutholakala kokwaziswa okuqondile kokubala kwenza ukuba kube lula kakhulu. Ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kwemingcele yesifunda ukuze kunikeze i-patroli eyodwa noma iqembu inzuzo yokuvota. Nakuba leligama liqala ngo-1812, i-gerrymanider yanamuhla isebenzisa algorings zomthetho wamakhompuyutha nokwaziswa okuphathelene nabantu ukuba bapakishe noma bavoti abacrack. "Ukuvala" ukugxilisa ukuvota kweqembu elilodwa esifundeni esisodwa ukuze bawine ngephepha elikhulu kodwa bafake amavoti amakhulu kwezinye izindawo. "Cracking" isakaza ivoti yenye izinhlangano ezikweminye izifunda eziningi ngakho bayingcosana yonke indawo. Imininingwane yenani linikeza ingqikithi edingekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi inombolo yabantu ngayinye noma isifunda esivamile inamanani abantu.

Ukuvilapha Kobuhlanga

Kokubili ukuhlukanisa i-FLT kanye nohlanga kuncike ekwazisweni komphakathi. Ukulawula kobuhlanga akuvunyelwe ngaphansi kwe-VRA, kodwa kungaba nzima ukukufakazela. Alabama Legalitis Black Caucus v. Alabama[FLT:] [202015], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi uhlanga lungakho isici esiyinhloko sokudweba imigqa yesigodi ngaphandle kokuba kudingeke kuvumelane ne VRA. Partan gerrymaning, nakuba, yashiywe ngokunelisayo inkantolo ePhakade kakhulu [FLT:] [20] Ructo. Isizathu esivamile [FFLT] [FLD:] [FFFF] [3] [209], esathiwayokusho ukuthi umbuzo wezombangazwe wezombangazwe awudingi ukubukeli. Inkantolo iveza ukuvumelana kwecala elikhulu lokulawula inqubo yokukhipha igwebo.

Izibonelo Zamuva Zokuhlinza

Ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu ngo-202020, i-Ohio yanikeza amaRepublican ibalazwe elikhulu kakhulu naphezu kokuwina amavoti athandwayo. INkantolo ePhakamileyo yase Ohio yawisa ibalazwe izikhathi eziningi, kodwa ukubambezeleka kwasho ukuthi ibalazwe lasetshenziswa kukhetho lwama 2022. Ngokufanayo, eNyakatho Carolina, i-Iio yadweba amabalazwe anika amabalazwe ama-parlian inzuzo eshumi-4 naphezu kokuhlukana kwendlela yokuvota ecishe ibe ngu-50-50. La mabalazwe athembele ekulungiseni ukwaziswa kokubalwa kwabantu ukuze kulungiswe izinombolo zomphakathi kuyilapho i- - Independeoms. I-reddivision i-ocentia i-ocentiligience ezindaweni ezinjengoMichigan noCalifornia iye yaveza amabalazwe alungile, kodwa ngaphansi kwemininingwane inqubo efanayo.

Ukwaziswa Kwamanani Nomthetho Wokunikeza Amalungelo

IVoting Rights Act ka-1965 ilokhu iyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu likahulumeni lokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuvota akucaci ngokukhetha abavoti abambalwa. Ingxenye 2 ye-VRA inqabela noma isiphi indinganiso sokuvota noma umkhuba ophumela ekuphikisweni noma ekuncishisweni kwelungelo lokuvota nge-oversi. Ngokuhlola ukumiswa kwe-octives, lokhu kusho ukuthi amazwe awakwazi ukudweba izigodi ezilula amandla okuvota amancane. Ukuhlaziya, izinkantolo kanye nabakhi bamabala ahlola ukwaziswa kokubalwa kwabantu ngokwezinhlanga, izakhamuzi zokuvota, nezindlela zokuvota ezidlulele. Umnyango wezomthetho usebenzisa lokhu ukubukwa kwangaphambi kokubekwa kwemithetho ezindaweni ezisagudlulwe ngesigaba 5 (kunye nesinqumo seNkaNkakhulu yeNkakhulu 2013 [FT:])] i-Spenternevertencervent [fred County produced promoted trated travotion]

Ukukhangisa Okubangelwa Izinhlanga

Ithuluzi eliyinhloko e-VRA liyi-operation yokuvota okuhlukene ngokohlanga. Isebenzisa imininingwane nokubalwa kwabantu kanye nokubuya kokhetho, ochwepheshe bangathola ukuthi abavoti bamaqembu ezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene bathambekele ekusekeleni abazothatha izifunda ezihlukene. Uma kukhona ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga, futhi uma iqembu elincane likhulu ngokwanele ukuba lakhe umphakathi esifundeni (ngokuvamile cishe amaphesenti angu-50 enani labantu abavotayo), khona-ke i-VRA ingafuna ukusungulwa kwesifunda esinemizwana. I-tebhusayithi ye-tem-sethi ye-sethi ye-sethi ye-mgangathonto ibalulekile ekutholeni impumelelo ekhona uma igcina ukulingana kwabantu. Lenqubo ihilela kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile ihlanganisa ukulingana okukhulu.

Ubuchwepheshe Nekusasa Lokuvuselelwa Kwezindawo Ezincane

Intuthuko ekusebenziseni amandla okubala ne-GIS iye yashintsha indlela imininingwane esetshenziswa ngayo ekubaleni abantu. Esikhathini esidlule, ukwenza amabalazwe kwenziwa ngamabalazwe ngamabalazwe ephepha namathebula abantu. Namuhla, i-software efana ne-Maptuditude for Redilication ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bafake i-data evimbelayo, bahlele izimpawu, futhi badwebe amagophe, futhi bawafake. Imithetho eminingi eyinkimbinkimbi ingaveza izinkulungwane zamabalazwe asemthethweni ngemizuzu embalwa. La mathuluzi angalingisa imiphumela yokukhetha ngokusebenzisa imininingwane ye-vota edlulile, avumele abadwebi bemabalazwe ukuba bahlole imiphumela emisha ehlukene. Lokhu kwenza kube lula i-gerrymanting, kodwa futhi kugunyaze amaqembu amahle kahulumeni ukuba adale amanye amabalazwe awo azimele alungele ukusekela izifunda ezifundeni ezifundeni ezinhle.

Ukulungisa Imithetho Yomthetho Nokubonisana Ngokukhanyayo

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho-algorithi eyinkimbinkimbi kululaza ukubonakala. Uma umenzi wamabalazwe kuphela engasebenzisa izinhlelo, umphakathi awunandlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthi ibalazwe elikhethiwe ngempela liyi-technal noma liyi-othernety-mongient. Ezinye izifunda-isidingo manje ukuba izinqubo zokuvuselela i-transformation zivuleke emazwini omphakathi nokuthi amabalazwe akhishwe nge-inthanethi ebhalwe imininingwane yokubala. Census Bureauaustracy [ inikeza umnyango wemininingwane yenani labantu, okwenza abacwaningi abazimeleyo nabantatheli ukuba babe nezokulandisa amabalazwe.

Imininingwane Yezinto Ezivimbelayo Nezinkinga Zomuntu Siqu

Ukukhululwa kokwaziswa okuthatha amasitebhisi amanqanam okubala abantu kuphakamisa izindaba zomuntu siqu. Ngo-2020, i-Census Bureau yasebenzisa izindlela ezihlukene zobumfihlo ukuze ivikele abantu ngabanye ekuvuleni izibalo. Lokhu kwafaka umsindo emniningweni, kubangela ukuba abanye abantu abancane bashintshe ngamaphesenti amaningana. Abanye ochwepheshe abahlolayo baveze ukukhathazeka ukuthi imfihlo ehlukile ingaphazamisa ukulinganiselwa kwabantu ezindaweni ezincane zendawo, okungathinta ikhono lokudweba amagodi ngokunelisa kakhulu. I-Cencasues Bureaua igoza igomela ukuthi umsindo awuwona amancane ngokwanele ukuba ungathinteli izinga lokuvuseleleka kwe-engion noma izitebhulo, kodwa lokhu kulokhu kuyimpikiswano eqhubekayo.

Izinselele Emjikelezweni Ka - 2020 Nangemva Kwawo

Umjikelezo wokubalwa kwabantu ka-202020 wabhekana nezinselele ezingenakuqhathaniswa: umqedazwe we-COVOID-19 wabambezela imisebenzi yasemasimini, ukumangalelwa kwecala ngenxa yomzamo womphathi weTrump wokufaka i-trip umbuzo wesizwe, nesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ekupheleni konyaka wokubala. Lo mqedazwe wabangela ukushintsha kwenani labantu njengoba abantu babesuka emadolobheni beya emadolobheni asemaphandleni, okungase kuthinte ukunelisa kokwaziswa. Naphezu kwalezi zimo, i-Census Bureauni ikhiphe i-redi encoding emininingwane yamazwe ngoAugust 2021, futhi kamuva kunomthetho ovamile. Ezinye izifunda zamazwe kwadingeka zivale izilinganiso zazo ezibomvu zesikhathi, okuholela ekugijikelezeni ngamabalazwe ngamagama aphansi.

Impikiswano Ngezakhamuzi

Umzamo wesikhulu seTrump wokunezela umbuzo mayelana nesimo se-hoversement ekubaleni abantu abangu - 2020 wabangela impikiswano yesizwe. Abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi lo mbuzo wawungavimbela imikhaya engahlali futhi engafuduki ukuba iphendule, ubangele ukuba kube nomonakalo omkhulu ezindaweni ezinezakhamuzi eziningi zabafuduki − obonakala sengathi uyi Democratic - sleans. INkantolo Ephakeme ekugcineni yavala udaba lokubala abantu abangu - 2020, kodwa impikiswano yaqokomisa indlela umklamo wokubala abantu ongathinta ngayo izinga lokwaziswa okusetshenziswa ekutholeni i-redding. Abagxeki baphawula ukuthi ngisho nosongo lwabantu abaningi abavela ezindaweni ezinjalo ezingaphendula ngokucindezelayo, lungabhidlikisela isisekelo sokumelela okuhle.

Indima Yokuhlanganyela Komphakathi

Ukwaziswa okungasetshenziswa ekubaleni kuyizisekelo zokulungisa indawo, kodwa umphakathi ufeza indima ebalulekile. Ngaphesheya kwezwe, amaqembu ezemfundo, izikhungo zemfundo, nezakhamuzi zisebenzisa ukwaziswa kokubala abantu ukuze zidwebe amabalazwe azo "omabalazwe" ukuze zinikeze amagunya okubala. Lamabalazwe ngokuvamile abonisa ukuqonda okujulile kwezindawo zendawo nezindawo ezinesithakazelo. Ukuzwa kwabantu kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zifakazele ukuthi amabalazwe ahlongoba kanjani noma ahlanganisa imiphakathi yazo. Ukukhishwa kobalwa kwabantu ngemininingwane yemininingwane yezibalo (*) etholakala ngenkululeko yokuzifaka kumapulani e-Centical Bureaunity [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [FLD]] i-Hub ukuhlanganisa i-data yezikhulu kanye ne-Preciopletiodssssss.

Isiphetho: Amandla Ahlala Njalo Esilinganiso

Ukwaziswa kokubala akuwona nje umlando wokuthi bangaki abantu abahlala e-United States; kuyipulani yokulawula kwezombangazwe. Kusukela ekuhlukaniseni izihlalo ezingu-435 ezihlalweni zendlu yabameleli kuya emingceleni yezindawo zomphakathi, wonke umugqa wesigodi usuka ezihlalweni zezibalo eziqoqwe njalo eshumini leminyaka. Inqubo igxile kakhulu kwezombangazwe, ngokuvamile iphikisana, futhi ihlala ikhona njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthukisa futhi bungavumelani nezinselele ezingokomthetho. Nakuba engxenyeni yayo, ukubekeka imingceleni elula: ukuthi wonke umuntu umbangolingana. Imininingwane eqondile yokuhlukanisa abantu iqinisekisa ukuthi isithembiso sedemocrizimu so"umuntu oyedwa, ukuvota okukodwa" kuyaqalwa. Njengoba isizwe sishintsha isilinganiso sokubala futhi sishintsha, izinga lomphakathi liyohlala lisesimweni esisodwa esingcono kakhulu. Ukuqonda kahle lokhu kuveza noma yisiphi ithonya lomphakathi.