Ithonya Lemithetho KaHulumeni Ngesiyalo Samaphoyisa Nokuphenya Kwangaphakathi Kwezindaba

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwemithetho kahulumeni nesiyalo samaphoyisa buyinsika ebucayi yokugcinwa komthetho. Ngaphesheya kwe-United States, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zimisa imithetho ehlela ngokuqondile indlela amaphoyisa asingatha ngayo izinsolo zokungalungi, aqhube uphenyo lwangaphakathi, futhi abophe izivumelwano. Lemithetho ichaza amalungelo angokomthetho abaphathi, izimfuneko zokubona kahle eminyangweni, kanye nobungameli besizwe. Ukuqonda loluhlelo olungokomthetho kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukulinganisela phakathi kwegunya lamaphoyisa nomphakathi. Njengoba izimpikiswano ngoshintsho lwamaphoyisa zikhula, indima yomthetho ekufezeni noma ekubekeni imingcele yesibopho sokulandisa kuye kwaba yiphuzu eliyinhloko kubenzi bemithetho, abameleli bezekeli, abameleli, abaphethe, nabaholi bemithetho.

Okwenza Imithetho Kahulumeni Ibaluleke Ekuyaleni Kwamaphoyisa

Ngokungafani nokwengamela kukahulumeni, okusebenza kabanzi ngoMnyango woBulunga (DOJ) nangezindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni inikeza imithetho yemisebenzi yansuku zonke yezindaba zangaphakathi. Umbuso ngamunye unezimiso zawo siqu, ngokuvamile eziphumela emiphumeleni ehlukene kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, umbuso ogunyaza ukukhishwa komphakathi kophenyo lwezophendlo ungakhuthaza izinguquko ezisheshayo, kuyilapho umbuso othi amarekhodi athathe indiva angadala isiko lokufihla. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iphoyisa elimangalelwe ukuziphatha okuxekeleleneyo emazweni amabili ahlukene lingase libhekane nemiphumela ehlukene ngokuphelele. Njengomphumela, ushintsho lwezenyuselo lwezenyuko lwezenyuko lwezwe luye lwakhuthaza ukuthuthukisa ukulandisa kwamaphoyisa.

Ukubukeza Isiyalo Samaphoyisa Nezindaba Zangaphakathi

Iminyango yamaphoyisa kulo lonke izwe incike ezindabeni zangaphakathi (IA) ukuze ihlole izinsolo zokuziphatha okubi. Lamaqembu anecala lokufuna izikhalo ezisukela ekucindezeleni ngokweqile nasekuthatheni izinhlanga ezikhohlakaleni nasekukhohliseni. Izinyathelo zokujeziseni ezilandela uphengululo lwe-IA zingahlanganisa izixwayiso zomlomo, ukukhutshelwa okubhaliwe, ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle kokukhokha, ukuphehlwa, noma ukuchithwa. Kumacala amakhulu kakhulu, ukumangalelwa kobugebengu kungalethwa yihhovisi lommeli wesifunda. Nokho, ukuphumelela kokuphenya ngokuvamile kuxhomeke emoyeni engokomthetho emiswe umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izigodlo zidinga ukuba i-A iphendulo ilandela isikhathi esiqinile, kuyilapho ezinye izikhulu zivumela ukuba zibambe izingxoxo noma ubufakazi obungabuzwa ngaphambi kokuba zithathe i-active.

Inqubo Yezindaba Zangaphakathi: Ukuhlolisisa

Ngokuvamile, uphengululo luqala ngemva kokuba isikhalo se-IA sidlulisiwe isakhamuzi, esinye isikhulu, noma umphathi. Umnyango ube usunika umseshi, ngokuvamile isikhulu esifungele ukuqoqa iqoqo lobufakazi nobuchwepheshe bokuxoxa. Umseshi uqoqa imibiko yamaphoyisa, ikhamera yekhamera ethwele, izinkulumo zobufakazi, nanoma yibuphi ubufakazi obuphathekayo. Uma uphenyo luphelele, umbiko uthunyelwa kumphathi-kakhulu noma ibhodi elikhokhelwayo. Khona - ke umnyango unquma ukuthi izikhalo ziyagcinwa, kusho ukuthi zikhona, noma azinacala, zivunyiwe, noma azinacala ngenxa yobufakazi obunganele. Imithetho iziphathimandla inganquma ukuthi kwenzekani esitekweni ngasinye, noma inqubo yonke ingabhalwa, futhi noma ihlelwe obande.

Izinselele Ezivamile Ekuhlolweni Kwezindaba Zangaphakathi

Amaqoqo ezindaba zangaphakathi ngokuvamile abhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu. ubumbano lobuOffice, ngezinye izikhathi lubizwa ngokuthi “udonga lokuthula,” lungadumaza ofakazi ukuba basebenze. Imithetho yoMbuso efuna ukuqashelwa kokuphenyiswa kophengululwa noma ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kokuhlolwa kwemibhalo ye-polygraph, ingabuvimbela kakhulu ubufakazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthwalo wobufakazi ku-IA uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi “ubufakazi obungakholeki" (cishe bungakho) kodwa amanye amazwe aye azama ukuphakamisa leyondinganiso efuna ukunikeza “ubufakazi obucacile nokwenelisayo, okunzima ukuhlangabezana. Le mithetho ibonisa indlela okungathi isilinganiso semithetho ehlelwe ngokwezinga eliphezulu okuyithonya ngayo yonke inqubo.

Indima Yemithetho KaHulumeni Ekulinganiseleni Isiyalo

Imithetho yoMbuso imisa uhlelo olungokomthetho phakathi kokwenza uphenyo olubi lwamaphoyisa. Ichaza amalungelo ezikhulu, imisa izimfuneko ezingokwesiko ezifuna abacwaningi, futhi igunyaze ukuvela noma ukufihla imfihlo. Lemithetho ingasiza ekubekeni isibopho sokulandisa noma, kwezinye izimo, ibeke imingcele, kuye ngokwemigomo yayo. Izigaba eziningana eziyinhloko zomthetho kahulumeni ziye zavela njengethonya ngokukhethekile: imithetho evikela inqubo efanelekile, imithetho elawula ukufinyelela komphakathi emarekhodini, nemithetho elawula ukuvikelwa kwemishusho.

Isikhulu Esigunyazwe Inqubo Namalungelo Omthetho

Enye yentuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu emthetho wezwe i- ukwamukela [i-Althown Monigment Lill of Rights (LEOBR). I-FLT]. Iqale yadluliswa eFlorida kuma 1970, lesibonelo senziwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise neRhode Island, i-Maryland, i-Illinois, ne-Wisconsian. Imithetho inikeza abaphathi be-procracy execrationstionstions (i-LEBR) isivikelo esiqondile phakathi nokupheca ngecala kwangaphakathi, njengaleyolungelo lokuba neseluleko esingokomthetho, ilungelo lokubona bonke ubufakazi obumelene nazo ngaphambi kokuba zixoxwe, nelungelo lokukhululeka ekukhipheni isivikelo sokuthula kwesokudla kwesihlanu ukuba zingathule. Nakuba i-Lirn Bren enziwa kakhulu, iyaqhubeka isilinganiso sendlela yokuvikela, izikhulu ze-LBE.

Izibonelo Zesivikelo Se - LEOBR

  • Kucelwa ukuba izikhulu zinikezwe isaziso sosuku oluyishumi ngaphambi kwengxoxo yophenyo.
  • Ukuveza ukusetshenziswa kwezikhalo ezingashiwongo ukuze kuqaliswe ukuhlola.
  • Ilinganisela isikhathi sokuhlola ngezinsuku ezithile.
  • Izikhulu ezivumela ukuba zibone bonke ubufakazi futhi zilungiselele ukuphendula ngokubhala ngaphambi kwengxoxo.

Ngalinye lala malungiselelo lingadala izithiyo ze-IA unit. Ngokwesibonelo, isaziso sezinsuku eziyishumi sinika isikhulu isikhathi sokuhlangana, kungaholela ekuxhumaneni namazwi alulaza ubuqotho bophenyo. Uma uphengululo lungalinganiswa isikhathi, amacala ayinkimbinkimbi ahilela izisulu eziningi noma ofakazi angasheshiswa, kuholele ekutholeni okungaphelele.

Ukushaya Imithetho Kukhuthaza Ukubonana Ngokubonana

Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa imithetho efuna ukuba umphakathi wenziwe ingcaciso yezenzo zokuyala kanye nemiphumela yokuhlola. Lemithetho yokubona kahle izimisele ukwandisa ukwethemba umphakathi nokuqinisekisa ukulandisa ngezinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho. Isibonelo esisodwa sengqophamlando singu California Isigele Bill 1421[[FL:1] [2018]], eyagunyaza ukukhutshwa komlando ohlangene nokudubula, ukusetshenziswa okungathi sína kwezehlakazekile kwezenzakalo, kanye nokuthola okuqhubekayo kokungathembekile noma ukuhlasela ngokobulili. Lomthetho waqeda ngokuphumelelayo amashumi eminyaka okuyimfihlo ngaphansi kwe-Profektha yombuso weSikhulu samalungelo ezindaba futhi wavumela ukuba ungene emibhalweni efihliwe efihliwe efihliwe efihliwe efihliwe. Ngokulandela i-SB 142 California [FFFF] [161] [12]

Amanye Amazwe Ahola Imizamo Yokufuna Ukubona Isilinganiso

INew York yaphinde yaveza ukuma kwayo okude 50-a - a umthetho ngo-2020, eyayivikelwe amarekhodi okuyala ngaphambili kusobala womphakathi. IRepeal yaba yimpendulo eqondile ekubhikisheni okulandela ukufa kukaGeorge Floyd. IColorado yadlula uBill 20-217[[[FLT:]] ngo-2020], okwakudinga izinhlangano eziqondisa umthetho ukuba zikhiphe ikhamera yekhamera ngokushesha ezimweni ezingathi sína futhi yenze amarekhodi afinyelelekayo.[FLT] ngokufanayo yadlula [[FLT:] Umthetho] umthetho owenziwayo [ikhutha 20 [[FLT] [FLT]] [5], ifuna ukusungulwa kwe-cccc, kuhlanganise nezindlela zokuqondisa izakhiwo zomphakathi, kodwa iveza ukushintsha okukhulu kwezehlakalo.

Ukulinganisela Izenzo Zokufundisa Ngemithetho

Ngokuphambene, imithetho ethile yombuso ivimbela ikhono leminyango lokuyala izikhulu noma ukunciphisa izinga lokuhlola ngaphakathi. Umthetho onjalo ungabangela ukuphikisana ngoba ungaphazamisa imizamo yokusingatha ukungaphathi kahle. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifundazwe zinemithetho efuna ukumiswa kwezeluleko zezinqumo zemithetho eyenziwa amabhodi abaphathi bamaphoyisa, eziholela ekuqedweni lapho abaqondisi bentula umthetho abanolwazi. EOhio, umthetho wenqabela ibhodi yezobuphathi bezokuhlola izikhalazo ngokuqondile, ulinganisela imingcele eqinile yesikhathi ekuhlolweni kwemikhakhakha. Ezinye izizwe zibeka imingcele eqinile ekuhlolweni kwezenzweni kwezehlakalo-topiya. Uma icala lingaqedwe ngezinsuku ezingu-180, isikhulu asinakuqedwa. Lokhu kugxekwa kaningi ngezithiyo ezithiyo njengezithiyo.

Umphumela Wezivumelwano Zokuhlanganisa

Imithetho yoMbuso elawula amalungelo ezisebenzi nokuncintisana kweqembu inganciphisa futhi isijeziso. Izinyunyana eziningi zamaphoyisa zixoxa ngezivumelwano ezihlanganisa amalungiselelo okuthola ukuphambuka , okusho ukuthi isikhulu esiphoqwayo ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi singasidlulisa isinqumo. Kwezinye izizwe, abaxhasi baye balahla ukuvikelwa kokubuyiselwa, ngisho nalapho ubufakazi bobubi bunamandla. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Oregon, ukubukezwa kwamashumi amabili nanye kwathola ukuthi abaqondisi abasebenzi banciphilele phezulu noma bajikijekile cishe bacishe amaphesenti angu-50 ezikhulu zokubulala. Nakuba ukuhlobana okuhlangene kuvikelekile, abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi lezi zivumelo, lapho zihlangene nemithetho ebuthakathaka, yenza isimiso lapho imiphumela engabonakali.

Ithonya Lemithetho KaHulumeni Ekulahlweni Kwamaphoyisa

Umphumela onqwabelanayo wemithetho kahulumeni yesiyalo samaphoyisa uthinta ngokuqondile ukulandisa. Imithetho ekhuthaza ukuvela kwamandla emoto, ukuvikela abafuyi bekhwelo, nokunciphisa ukumiswa kwemithetho ithambekele ekuthuthukiseni isiko lokuziphendulela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imithetho evimbelayo idala izinselele ezinkulu zezindaba zangaphakathi, ivumela ukuziphatha okubi ukuba kungajeziswa futhi kunciphe ukwethekiselwa umphakathi. Ukucwaninga [ukukhuthaza ukubonakala kwamandla omphakathi] [[[FLTLT:1] kanye nezinye izinhlangano zobugadayo zibonise ukuvumelana phakathi kwemithetho eqinile yezembobo kanye namazinga aphakeme esikhulu se-decgrafig. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Texas, ngemitheli yayo evulekile, iveza izikhulu eziningi zemithetho eyimfihlo engekho emithethweni ezindaweni ezifihlekile njengaseFlorida.

Igebe Eliphakathi Kwamazwe Okulandisa

Ukwehluka komthetho wezwe kuye kwadala isimiso sokuziphendulela esidibeneyo. Ngokwezimo ezifana ne California kanye ne[FLT] New York[, lapho kuye kwamiswa khona izinguquko, izintatheli zingahlanganisa izakhiwo zokuqondisa abaphathi abanokuziphatha okubi okungalawuleki. Lokhu kuvumela iminyango yamaphoyisa ukuba igweme ukuqasha abaphathi abanomlando ogciniwe wokuxhaphaza ogciniwe ngaphandle kokuba isikhulu sikhululwe. Ngokungafani, ngokwezisho ukuthi [[FLT:] uNoth [[FLT] [FLT:], umthetho (iRFLThregos of Rights]) uvidumthelo wamacala abekwe obala ngaphandle kwemvume yokukhomba obala isikhulu. Uma uhamba omunye umnyango owenzilenzile, uyaqhubeka emboni enzile, uqhubekela emnyameni.

Ithonya Emisebenzini Yezindaba Yangaphakathi

Amaqoqo ezindaba zangaphakathi kumelwe asebenzise lezi zindawo ezingokomthetho nsuku zonke. Ezizweni ezinemithetho eqinile yokubona, abaphenyi bayazi ukuthi abatholakele bangase bahlolwe abanyathelisi nabemiyalo, abangakhuthaza ukucophelela. Ezindaweni lapho amarekhodi evaliwe, abacwaningi bangase babhekane nokucindezela okuncane okungaphandle, kodwa futhi balahlekelwa ukusekela okunikezwa umphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho eqinile ingayiqeda amandla izisebenzi ezibona izikhulu zigwema imiphumela ngenxa yezaba ezidluliselwe ekuthatheni izikhala. Ngokuphambene, izimiso eziqinile zomthetho zinganika abacwaningi amandla ngokunikeza igunya elicacile nesikhathi esanele sokwakha izindaba.

Ukuhlola Icala Nezibonelo

Ukuze sibonise ukuthi ithonya langempela lemithetho kahulumeni linjani, kuyasiza ukuhlola izibonelo ezithile ezivela ezikhundleni ezihlukahlukene.

ECalifornia: Isibonelo Sokubona Kahle

I-[FLT] kanye nomthetho olandelayo uye waguqula indlela amaphoyisa aphatha ngayo isiyalo. Ngaphambi ko-2019, amarekhodi okuyala acishe abe yimfihlo ngokuphelele. Ngemva kwe-SB 1421, izinhlangano zezindaba zaqala ukucela izinkulungwane zemibhalo, ezembulayo zokungalungi okuye kwafihlakele. Ngokwesibonelo, uphengululo lwamaphoyisa [[FLT:] lwathola ukuthi izikhulu eziningi zamasosha ngaphesheya kwezwe zazihileleke ekuziphatheni okubi okuphindaphindwayo, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kwe-odola. Lokhu kuholele ekulahleni nasekushiseni okungase kwenzekengakazeki ukucindezela komphakathi. ICalifornia iye yadlulisela nemithetho [FLT] enyithekayo [FFLT] [FF:3] ebuthaka ekuvimbeleni kwemindelweni kweqembu elinjalo]

INew York: Impicabadala Yeminyaka Engu - 50 nemiphumela Yayo

Emashumini eminyaka, umthetho waseNew York wawugcina amarekhodi esiyalo samaphoyisa ekukhululweni ngisho nangendlela yokufingqa. Ngemva kokukhishwa kwemvume ngo-2020, i-Civil Liberties Union (NYCLU) kanye nemithombo yezindaba yendawo yakhipha izinhlelo zokudayisa izigijimi zezemfundo. Umphumela ophawulekayo kwaba ukudalulwa kwamaphoyisa aye axoshwa komunye umnyango kodwa aqashwa omunye ngaphandle kolwazi lwawo oludlule. I-Garner i-Charcolough Act [[FLT] kanye nokunye ukusebenzisa izinguquko, ukubonakalisa indlela isenzo sokubuthana kwemithetho ephakathi kwemisebenzi.

Florida: ILEOBR Enamandla, Ibonisa Ingaphandle Ngokungenamandla

IFlorida yayingumbuso wokuqala ukumisa umthetho we-Enthordament Guide weSigqebhezana samaLungelo (19974). Nakuba umthetho unikeza iziqondiso ezifanele, futhi ubeka isikhathi esiqinile sosuku olungu-180 sokuphenya ngaphakathi. Uma uphengululo lungaqeshwanga ngaleso sikhathi, isikhulu asinakuthola isijeziso esikhuliswa yijaji kumphathi wejaji, okungavamile ukuba ilungiselelo linikezwe imvume yokuvala ukuphenywa ngokushesha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho yemilando yomphakathi ngokuvamile ivikela amarekhodi ngaphandle kokuba isikhulu siboshelwe icala lobugebengu. Njengomphumela, iFlorida iveza izikhulu ezimbalwa kakhulu ngonyaka ezihlobene nobukhulu bomthetho wayo. Advoccolationtiontions, kodwa imizamo iye yabizwa ngokuphindaphindiwe.

I - Oregon neWashington: Ukungafani eNyakatho - ntshonalanga yePacific

I-Oregon yadlula i-Senate Bill 1603 ngo-2021, eyamisa isimiso esisha samaphoyisa sokuqinisekisa nokubika ngesibopho sokuziphatha okubi okungathi sína. Nokho, iqoqo elinamandla lemithetho kahulumeni elihlela ukumiswa lisavumela ukuhlelwa okukhulu. EWashington, abavoti badlula i-Intititititititic 940 [ (2088), okwenza kube lula ukubeka izikhulu ezihilelekile ekubulaweni futhi kwakhandlekela umsebenzi wokungenela. Umthetho udinga futhi ukuhlolwa kwemibiko yeze-ipotime nezinyawo zomzimba. Lokhu ukungaboni okuphakathi kwendawo efanayo kubonisa indlela ukuveza ngayo imiphumela yokuzihlela isilinganiso sonyaka.

Imizamo Yenguquko Nemithetho Yamuva

Ekulandeleni kwemibhikisho engu-2020 nokubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd, izifundazwe eziningi zamisa futhi zanikeza umthetho wokulungisa amaphoyisa. Nakuba izikweleti eziningi ziye zagxila ekusebenziseni izindinganiso zemposiso, amakhamera omzimba, nokuveza izinhlanga, ukuyala nokubonana nakho kuye kwabona izinguquko ezinkulu. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe yamaphoyisa ithatha amakhulu ezindleko zenguquko yesimiso ngasinye. Isihluthulelo sihlanganisa:

  • [[[NTL:0] I-LEOBR noma ukulungiswa kwe-[FLT] – Maryland, Rhode Island, ne-Connecticut zibuye zalungisa incwadi yazo yamalungelo ukuze zilinganisele ukubambezela nokwenyusa ukukhanya.
  • Ukususa izitifiketi zokungalungi kokuziphatha okuthile - Amazwe anjenge-New Jersey neColorado manje afuna ukuba abaphathi abenza amacala amakhulu bavinjelwe unomphela emsebenzini wokugcinwa komthetho esikhathini esizayo.
  • Ukuguqula ukuhlanganisa[ – Izimo eziningana zinciphise amandla abaqondisi okwephula izinqumo zomnyango, ikakhulukazi uma kuvela amandla eqisayo noma ukungathembeki.
  • Ukwandisa ukuphatha komphakathi - Imithetho eCalifornia nase Washington inike amabhodi okubukeza avamile amandla angaphansi kwepeena kanye negunya lokuhlola eliqondile, ukunciphisa ukuthembela ezingxenyeni ze-IA kuphela.

Ithonya Lomphakathi Nokungenela Kukahulumeni

Nakuba imithetho kahulumeni iyinhloko, uhulumeni kahulumeni ufeza indima. UMnyango wobulungisa noma ukucwaninga kungaphoqelela izinguquko eminyangweni yamaphoyisa yendawo, kodwa lokhu kulinganiselwe ekulawuleni ngaphansi kokuphenya. Izisusa zezimali ze-Federal, njengakuhlelo luka-Byrne JAG , ngezinye izikhathi zinezimo ezihlangene ne-"kodwa] kodwa lezozimo zibuthakathaka. Izicelo zamuva ze-operation yesizwe nemininingwane yezezempikisi zibike izibalo ziye zabhekana nokuphikiswa kwezombangazwe, kushiye ushintsho lwezwe olusezingeni eliphezulu njengezimo eziphambili.

Isiphetho

Imithetho yoMbuso iyizikhundla zokunikeza izigwegwe zamaphoyisa nezindaba zangaphakathi. Banquma ukuthi ukuziphatha okubi kuyahlolwa ngokuphumelelayo, ukuthi iziphumo zihlolwe umphakathi yini, nokuthi izikhulu zibhekene nemiphumela enengqondo yini. Izindawo zamanje zisebenza ngokudibeneyo, ezinye ziphethe izifundazwe ezibonisa ukuma nokulungisa kuyilapho ezinye zinamathela ekufihlekeni nasekuqiniseni ukuthi izikhulu zivikeleni. Ubufakazi bucacile ukuthi ukuveza imingcele nokuziphendulela kusobala kusobala kukubona ukuphakama kwesijeziso nokungaqiniseki, kuyilapho ithonya lemithetho yamaphoyisa liyohlala likhona. Ize liqhubeke likhona. Imizamo yokulawula izakhiwo ibalulekile ekuvaleni le mingcele futhi iqinisekise ukuthi ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa kuyaxoxwa ngokungaguquki. [[FF1]: FFUFOM][10][10][10][10], i-Embumbumbusweni ka-Embumbusa i-ov:[F:[F:[3][F]][3], i-onke][Fonke], njengoba i-oglov] i-ose: i-o