I-Political Action Committee (i-PACs) sekuyisikhathi eside isebenza emalini yomkhankaso waseMelika, kodwa ukukhula kwama-PAC kuye kwalungisa indlela imali ehamba ngayo kukhetho. Ngokungafani namakomiti eqembu angokwesiko noma ama-PAC azimele, lezinhlangano ezizimele zisebenza ngaphandle kokubopha noma yiliphi iqembu noma umnciphi. Ukuqonda ubuhlobo phakathi kwama-PAC angehlangeneyo namaqembu ezombangazwe kudinga ukuhlola isikhundla sazo esingokomthetho, ukuzimela ngokwezimali, imithetho yokubambisana, kanye nezici ezithi ziqonde ngokusheleleka ngendlela ebanzi ye-demodemoriyo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza i-spedia ethinta indlela lezinhlangano ezisebenzelana ngayo, ukuncintisana, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kanye nemibazwe yezombangazwe, kuyilapho futhi kuhlola izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngendima yazo kwezombangazwe.

Yiziphi Izincwadi Ezingaxhunyiwe?

I-PAC engaxhunyiwe yizinhlangano eziphakamisa futhi ezichitha imali ukuze zithonye uhulumeni, umbuso, noma ukhetho lwendawo ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa ngokomthetho neqembu lezombangazwe, i-PAC, noma omunye umPU. I-Federal Ecomfiction Commission (FEC) ichaza i-PAC njengenye esungulwe, ephethwe, noma esekelwa ngokwezimali yinhlangano yezisebenzi, inhlangano yamalungu, noma inhlangano yezentengiselwano. Ngokungafani, i-PAC engekho exhunyiwe izimeleyo izimele kuleyo nkampani. Lesigaba sihlanganisa uhidede olubanzi, ukusuka eqenjini amaqembu asebenza nge-ixouesvocce ne-Pucial.

Igama elithi "PAC elingaxhunyiwe" ngezinye izikhathi lisetshenziswa ngokufana "nekomiti ezimele yezindleko kuphela," kodwa kunokwehlukana okubalulekile. Ngaphansi komthetho wezezimali wamanje, i-PAC engaxhunyiwe ingakhetha ukusebenza njenge-PAC engokwesiko enomkhawulo womnikelo, noma ingabhaliswa njenge-Super PAC (eyaziwa njengekomiti ezimele yezindleko kuphela) ekwazi ukwamukela iminikelo engenamkhawulo kubantu, ezinkampanini, nezinyunyana (xa nje ingaxhumani ngqo nonoma yimuphi umbhalisa noma iqembu.)

Umehluko Oyinhloko Ovela EPaCs Exhunyiwe

  • Sponsorship:[ Ixhunyiwe i-PACs yakhiwa yinhlangano ekhona (umz., i-PAC), kanti ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe akhiwa abantu ngabanye noma amaqembu angenakho ukusekela okunjalo.
  • Imingcele yokwabela: I-PACs yendabuko engekho ezixhunyiwe ingaphansi kwemingcele elinganayo yomnikelo ohlangene ne-PACs (R5 000 kunyulo ngalunye, njengo-2024). Nokho, ama-PAC amakhulu akanamkhawulo kumalindi noma izindleko, uma nje ehileleke kuphela ezinhlawulo ezizimele.
  • Ukuhlelwa:[ I-PAC engaxhunyaniswanga kunqatshelwe ukuhlela indlela esetshenziswa ngayo nabazobhapathizwa noma amaphathi. I-PACs exhunyiwe ivunyelwe ukuhlanganisa ngoba ihlangene ngokuqondile nomfundi noma nedili.
  • Umbiko: zombili lezizinhlobo kumelwe zifake imibiko yendabuko njalo ne-FEC, kodwa ama-PAC amakhulu kumelwe adalule abanikeli abanikeza imali engaphezu kuka-R1,00, kuyilapho ama-PAC avamile angaxhunyiwe anezimfuneko ezifanayo.

Isimiso Sasemthethweni: Indlela I - pacco Engaxhunyiwe Eyaba Ngayo

Izwe lanamuhla le-PACs elingaxhunyiwe ngokuyinhloko liwumkhiqizo wezenzakalo ezimbili eziphawulekayo zomthetho. Okokuqala, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka 1976 Bockley v. Valeo yasungula ukuthi ukusebenzisa imali ekuthonyeni ukhetho kuyindlela yokukhuluma evikelekile ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, kodwa yasekela imingcele yeminikelo eqondile yokuvimbela ukonakala noma ukubukeka kwalo. Lesinqumo sakha isisekelo esingokomthetho sezindleko ezizimele ezingahlangene nokhetho noma iqembu.

Okwesibili, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka-2010 i-Citizens United FEC yalahla imingcele ezindlekweni ezizimele zezinhlangano nezinyunyana, ivula indlela yokusebenzisa imali engenakulinganiswa yilezinhlangano. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, i-D.C. iSinqumo seNkantolo Yesifunda [i-FLT:2] ku-[FLT] Speech Manje.org v.FEC yasebenzisa umqondo ofanayo kumakomiti ezombangazwe enza izindleko ezizimele kuphela, ithatha iminikelo engapheli. Lokhu kukhipha ukuzalwa kwe-PUPC yanamuhla, okuwuhlobo lwe-PC engakhuphuzi.

Namuhla, ama-PAC angenazo izinhlobo eziningi: ama-PAC angokwesiko anemingcele yomnikelo, ama-PACIP (amakomiti azimele okusebenzisa izindleko kuphela), kanye nama-PAC (abizwa futhi amakomiti kaCarey) ayi-project (abizwa futhi ama-PAC) alondoloza i-PAC yeminikelo elinganiselwe kwabazodwa ne-PUC ehlukile yokusebenzisa imali elinganiselwe ngokungenamkhawulo. I-FEC inikeza isiqondiso esiningiliziwe kulokhu kuhlelwa, kanye newebhusayithi FC [ inikeza imithombo yokuqonda izimfuneko zokubika.

Ubuhlobo Nezimpi Zezombangazwe: Ukuzibusa Nokuhleleka Okuhlelekile

Isici esichazayo se-PACs engaxhunyiwe yinkululeko yayo eqenjini lezombangazwe. Ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, abanakuhlanganisa izindleko zayo nanoma yimuphi umbhalisa noma ikomiti yeqembu. Lokhu kunqatshelwa kuhloselwe ukuvimbela ukulinganiselwa kweminikelo. Nokho, ubuhlobo bucaciswe kakhulu kunokuhlukaniswa okulula. Ngokwesiko, ama-PAC amaningi angaxhunyiwe abonisa izinto eziza kuqala zeqembu elilodwa elikhulu, futhi imisebenzi yawo ingaqinisa noma ilulaze icebo elingokomthetho leqembu.

Ukumisa Imithetho Nemingcele Yazo

Izimiso ze-FEC zichaza ukubambisana njengesimo lapho izindleko zenziwa "ekubambisana, ukuxhumana, noma ukusikisela, noma ekucelweni kwe-"i-PAC, ikomiti yeqembu, noma amanxusa ayo. Uma i-PAC engaxhumene neqembu, izindleko zingaphathwa njengengxenye yomnikelo obekelwe imikhawulo. Kodwa intambo ivame ukufinyela. Isibonelo, i-PPAC ephezulu eqasha izisebenzi zangaphambili eqenjini, noma enxuseni. Ingase isolwe ngokuxhumana, ngisho noma kungekho kuxhumana okuqondile. Imibono yamuva i-FEC ifuna ukucacisa lemingcele, kodwa abagxeki bethi ibuthakathaka. [FLD:][F: [FLT]

Ukuhleleka: Ingabe Yizinkampani Noma Yizinkampani?

Ama-PAC angasebenza njengeqembu elinamandla emaqenjini ezombangazwe ngokugxila ezindabeni noma ezinhlalweni amakomiti eqembu angenakuzimisa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Super PAC ethatha izithuba eziningi emjahweni oyinhloko ukuze iqinise obekiwe ohambisana nezimiso zakhe zemibono, kuyilapho iqembu ngokwalo lingase likhethe umsizi olinganiselayo. Ngalendlela, i-PAC engaxhunyiwe ingabekela inselele amandla okugcina isango. Ngokuphambene, ukhetho oluvamile, i-PACS eningi ehlangene neqembu ngokuxhumanisa ngokuxhumanisa imiyalezo nangokuhlasela ngokwethukela, uma nje lihlala phakathi kwemingcele yezobuchwepheshe yomthetho.

Amaqembu ezombangazwe ngokwawo aye avumelanisa nokukhula kwe-PACs. IKomiti ye-Democratic National Committee neRepublican National Committee manje isebenza ne-social Super PACs namaqembu azimele. Lezinhlangano zivame ukuhlanganyela imininingwane yokuhlola, imisebenzi yokuhlela, kanye nokukhuluma ngamaphuzu phakathi kwe-mediadia, umkhuba amanye amaqembu aqaphe ukusekela incazelo yokubambisana. Campagign Le Center [ imemezele ukukhononda okungagunyazi ukuxhumana okungekho emthethweni ezimweni eziningana, nakuba i-FEC iye yathatha isinyathelo ngokuqa.

Ukuzimela Ngokwezimali: Amandla Emali Engenamingcele

Umehluko obaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwama-PAC namakomiti eqembu yikhono lawo lokuphakamisa nokusebenzisa imali engenamkhawulo. Nakuba amakomiti eqembu engaphansi kwemingcele yomnikelo kubantu ngabanye nama-PACs (umz., i-DNC ingathola imali engafinyelela ku-R3,300 ngonyaka ku-omuntu njengo-2024), i-PCs enkulu ingamukela ukuhlola kwanoma yimuphi umsuka. Lokhu ukuzimela okungokwezimali kuvumela ama-PAC ukuba adlule amakomiti eqembu ezinhlangani eziningi.

Izibonelo Zezinkulumo Eziyinhloko Ezingaxhunyiwe

  • Isiphambano sase-American – ASuper PC edla ngodlame eyasungulwa uKarl Rove, eyachitha izigidi ezingaphezu kuka-100 zamaRandi emijikelezweni ka-2012 no-2014.
  • ['Act USA – A i-Democratic Super PPAC eyasekela u-Barack Obama ngo-2012 no-Hillary Clinton ngo-2016, iphaka amashumi ezigidi ezivela kubantu abacebile abanikela ngeminikelo.
  • Club ye Frowing Action - IPC ethatha indawo ephambili igxile ezinkingeni eziyinhloko ngokumelene namaRepublic abonakala engaguquguquki.
  • [ UHLO LWASELY[ - A IPAC (isiko i-PAC ngengalo ePhakathi kakhulu) ephakamisa imali yokukhetha abesifazane abasekela amalungelo okukhipha isisu.
  • Izakhamuzi zokugcina i-United – A Democratic-aligned PAC ezisekela ushintsho lwezezimali futhi zihileleke ekusebenziseni izindleko ezizimele.

Lezinhlangano zibonisa umehluko omkhulu wama-PAC, kusukela emaqenjini anezici zengqondo kuya ezimotweni eziqondene nezokuhlomela. Ikhono lazo lokuthululela izigidi emkhakheni owodwa lingaqeda ukuthumelelana imiyalezo kwamakomiti eqembu kanye nabazothatha isigwebo.

Imithombo Yezimali

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe adonsa imali kubantu ngabanye abanikelayo, izinkampani, nezinyunyana zezisebenzi. Ku-Super PACs, inani elincane labantu abanobushiqela ngokuvamile liveza ingxenye enkulu yeminikelo. Ngokwe ivula ama-data emali, abanikela abaphezulu abayikhulu kuSuper PACS abathelekelela ngaphezu kwengxenye yakho yonke iPACIC enikezayo emijikelezweni yokukhetha yamuva. Lokhu kugcwala kwengcebo kukhulisa ukukhathazeka ngethonya lezombangazwe kanye nokungalingani kwemigomo yokunikela.

Ithonya Ekukhetheni Nasemithethweni

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe athonya ngamasu ahlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokukhangisa ngethelevishini nangamanani, iposi eliqondile, ukubhalisa ucingo, kanye nokuhlela izimpande zotshani. Ngenxa yokuthi awazitholi iziyalezo zeqembu, angathatha izimo ezinonya amakomiti angokomthetho angazigwema. Lokhu kungaba yinkemba eqinile eqinile: ivumela impikiswano eqinile, kodwa futhi ingaholela ekubhikisheni futhi ekuthumeleni imiyalezo eyingozi kakhulu.

Ukukhetha Okuyinhloko: Impi Yomphefumulo Weqembu

I-PAC engazihlanganisi ivame ukwenza indima ewujuqu kukhetho oluyinhloko, lapho ukujika kuphansi khona futhi isilinganiso esincane semali kungaba nethonya elikhulu. Amaqembu anjenge-Club for Growth neSigqeba se-Compervavatives Fund aphumele ekuxosheleni i-Cumbran Republican sentathensiator ngokuxhasa izigebengu eziqalayo eziphikisana kakhulu nomqondo wazo. Ngokufanayo, amaqembu athuthukayo afana noMahluleli Democrates neQela Lemikhaya elisebenzayo aye asebenzisa izindleko ezizimele ukusekela abahluphisi be-Democrates abasesilinganisweni esiphakathi. Lokhu kungaguqula isikhungo seqembu semali esiyinhloko seqembu ngezikhathi eziningi, njengoba kudlalwa kakhulu ukugadwa komfakelwa i-jajiswa i-mphini enkulu.

Ukukhetha Okuvamile: Ukuhlaba Umqansa Noma Ukukhipha Izigijimi Zeqembu

Kukhetho oluvamile, ama-PAC angandisa ukuthumelelana imiyalezo kweqembu ngokufaka izikhangiso ezinanela izihloko zomkhakha we-panethi. Nokho, bangaphikisa noma balulaze amaphuzu eqembu uma bephishekela amaphuzu abo siqu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-PC egxile ezindabeni zendawo ezungezile ingasebenzisa izikhangiso ezigxeka umkhangisi weqembu ngenxa yokungaluhlaza ngokwanele, ngisho naphakathi kokhetho oluvamile. Ngokuvamile, i-PACs izisulu ezingaxhumi ezibhekile ezithi zifuna ukuvota ngokukhipha impikiswano efiphaza umugqa ophakathi kokusekela nokuzinga.

Umthamo omkhulu wokusetshenziswa kwangaphandle ngokuyisisekelo unomkhankaso oshintshwe kakhulu. Ngokwe- FEC's umkhankaso wezezimali [, ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa (kuhlanganise neSuper PACs kanye namanye amaqembu azimele) ukhule kusukela ku-$200 000 000 000 (izigidi ezingu-200) kumjikelezo ka 2008 kuya ngaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-R2,5 kumjikelezo wo-2020. Le ntuthuko iye yadlula ukwenyuka kwemali echithwayo ekomitini, yenza ama-PAC angazixhunyiweyo abe ngaphezulu kunanini ngaphambili.

Ukufunwa Kwentando Yeningi: Impikiswano Enkulu

Ukwanda kwama-PAC okungaxhunyiwe kuye kwabangela ukuphikisana okukhulu ngempilo yentando yeningi yaseMelika. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lezinhlangano zilulaza isithembiso sezwi elilinganayo lezombangazwe ngokuvumela abanikeli abacebile ukuba baphumelele ithonya. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukuntuleka kwezimfuneko zokubambisana kubanjwa kalula, nokuthi isimo esifiphele semithombo ethile yezimali (njengemisuka yemali emnyama efakwa i-glone ephambili ePCs) sinciphisa ukubonakala. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemali kuyindlela yokukhuluma evikelekile nokuthi i-PACs engekhona i-mthelela ekusekeleni izakhamuzi ukuba zikwazi ukusekela izimbangela ezikholelwa ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kukahulumeni.

Ukubona ngale kanye nocwecwe

Nakuba i-Super PACs kumelwe ithulule abanikeli bayo, ukunyuka kwezinhlangano ezingafaki nzuzo emnyama (njenge 501 (c) (4) amaqembu ezenhlalakahle ezenhlalo) kuye kwaveza izaba. Lenzuzo engabizi ingasebenzisa imali emisebenzini yezombangazwe ngaphandle kokuchaza abanikeli bazo futhi khona-ke idlulise izimali kuMthombo ophezulu we-PAC, ngokuphumelelayo ifihle umthombo wokuqala. Ama-PAC angezona eziphezulu PC abhekene nezimfuneko zokwambula ezimbalwa uma esebenza njengemidalo ye-PACs elinganiselwe emalini yonyaka engu-R35 000. [[FLT:]] FYFC] umlando womthetho wokusebenza ubonisa ukuthi ukuphamba okuningi okungajekile ngenxa ye-processss phakathi kwe-diactives.

Ithonya Ebunyeni Beqembu

I-PAC engaxhunyaniswanga ingahlukanisa iziqondiso zeqembu ngokunika izithakazelo ze-corion. Isikhulu seqembu singase sixabane nabanikeli bemali ye-PAC ephakeme ehambisana nalomkhakha. Ngokwesibonelo, i-PAC exhaswe yizithakazelo ze-oyile eshicilelwe imfucumfucu ingaphoqelela imithetho ephikisana nemigomo yesimo sezulu somcimbi. Lokhu kucindezeleka kungenza kube nzima kakhulu kubaholi beqembu ukuba bamise phambili futhi baxoxisane. Ngokuphambene, ama-PAC angasetshenziswa njenge-palvs aphephile, avumela abanikeleyo ukuba basekele abangaphandle kweqembu labantu ngaphandle kwemigomo ngaphandle kokuba basebenze ngeminyango engokomthetho.

Izikhangiso Zenguquko

Imizamo yokulungisa ubuhlobo phakathi kwama-PAC namaqembu ezombangazwe iye yagxila emibonweni eminingana: ukuqinisa imithetho yokubambisana, ukunyuka kwezimfuneko zokwembula, ukubeka imingcele ekusebenziseni imali ephezulu, noma ngisho nokugumbuqela ukuhlanganisa i-United[ ngokulungisa okusemthethweni. Ezinye iziphakamiso zingavimbela iminikelo evela ezinhlanganweni nasemihlanganweni engcono ukuya eSuper PACs, kuyilapho ezinye zingenza isimiso esincane-don esifanayo sokulwa nethonya leminikelo emikhulu. Bnan Center yeJanut [[FLT]] inyathelise ukucwaninga okukhulu kulenqubo. Nokho, iNkanto enikezwayo yonke iNkantolo yamanje yenguquko engokomthetho, imingcele ephawulekayo.

Isiphetho

I-PAC engaxhunyaniswanga isendaweni eyinkimbinkimbi futhi evame ukuphikisana kwezombangazwe zaseMelika. Ukuzimela kwazo emaqenjini ezombangazwe kubanika ithuba lokuphishekela izinqumo ezithile ngaphandle kokucindezelwa kwemishini yeqembu, kodwa ukuzimela okufanayo kuphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nokulandisa nendima yemali kukhetho. Njengoba indawo engokomthetho iqhubeka ivuleka, ubuhlobo phakathi kwamaPaC namaqembu ezombangazwe angehlangeneyo buyohlala buyimpikiswano enkulu engxoxweni eqhubekayo ngenguquko yezezimali. Ukuqonda ukuthi lokhu kunamandla kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi inzuzo yokhetho lwanamuhla ilahlekelaphi, ilahlekele, futhi ilongwe yimandla asebenza ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwesimiso sezenkambiso.