Ithonya Lemithetho Yezindaba Yesigungu Esiwumthetho Oyindida Neyokulungisa

Sekuyisikhathi eside ukuqulwa kwezindlebe ze-Congress kusebenza njengendlela ebaluleke kakhulu ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo kwe-United States esemthethweni nenqubo emisha. Le nqubo engokomthetho inikeza i-product lapho abenzi bemithetho, izikhulu zezezomthetho, abaholi bezemboni, ochwepheshe bezemfundo, nabameleli bomphakathi behlola amandla nobuthakathaka besimiso samanje somthetho. Ngobufakazi, impikiswano, nomlando womphakathi, ukuzwa kuveza ubufakazi nejubane lezombangazwe elidinga ukuguqula isimiso sobuchwepheshe esiyinkimbinkimbi sibe isenzo somthetho. Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, ukuzwa kuye kwalungisa inguquko engokomthetho, kusukela ngo-Pathy-Smith America Indent Act kuya ku-Leact ka-Leath Melika Mericate ka-20 2011 kanye nemizamo eqhubekayo yokunikeza incazelo esemthethweni, ukuxhaphaza, nokulinganisela phakathi kwelungelo elikhethekile nokuncintisana.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nenhlangano

Amandla eSishaya-Mkhandlu okumisa imithetho esemthethweni asuka eSiphakamisweni I, Ingxenye 8 yoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. enika isigebengu "ukuthuthukisa intuthuko yesayensi kanye nobuciko obuwusizo, ngokugcinela iZikhathi ezilinganiselwe abaMqulu futhi afake i-Orcementation Lodwa elungeni labo abazimele. Ukuzwa kwemithetho yeSishayamthetho kuyindlela eyinhloko lapho isigebengu siqoqa ulwazi olukhethekile oludingekayo ukuze sisebenzise lo mbuso ngokuhlakanipha. Inqubo yokulalela ilawulwa yimithetho yegumbi ngalinye futhi ihlanganisa kakhulu ukukhomba noma ukuphatha ikomiti ephethe indawo yolwazi. ESihlalweni se-Committery’smente, i-Uniteetations ithatha iNdawo ehambayo; i-Proute, i-Uteauteaster Coumetic Coumet, i-Unitemple, i-Instletteequal, i-Empletteement, i-Equal Acten, i-Empletweetation, i-

Ukuqulwa kwecala kungaba yisishaya-mthetho (ukubheka isikweleti esiqondile), ukuqondisa (ukubukeza ukumiswa kwemithetho ekhona), ukuhlola (ukuhlola izinsolo ezithile), noma ukuqinisekisa (kwezenhlangano efuna abaphathi). Enkambisweni yokugunyaza, ukuqulwa kwamacala kuye kwaba nethonya elikhulu kakhulu. Bavumela amakomiti ukuba abize uMqondisi we-U.S. Patennt no Tranterk Office (USTO), amajaji kahulumeni, abameleli bezesayensi yezezimali, abameleli benkampani, nabathengi bezokuthenga ukuba banikeze kokubili imininingwane yomthetho nokuhlangenwe nakho. Irekhodi edalwe yizinkantolo, izinhlangano, nezazi esikhathini eside ngemva kokuba kuwiswe imposo.

Izingcezu Zomlando Ezilolongwa Izindlebe

UMthetho KaPaten noKuhlanganiswa Kwezindinganiso Zanamuhla Ngo - 1952

Enye yemfuneko endala kakhulu yokuqulwa kwecala komthetho osemthethweni yaqala ngasekupheleni kwawo-1940 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1950. Njengoba amaKhomishane ayebheka ukukhishwa kwemithetho esemthethweni okubanzi. Umphumela ka-1955 uPatent Act wamisa uhlelo lwamanje lokuzimela, kuhlanganise nemithetho engahambisani ne-patrabbritus (35.S.C. 76 103). Ukuzwa phambi kweKomiti ye House Judiary kwaveza ubufakazi obusemthethweni osemthethweni ovela kubameli, amaqembu embonini, nezifundo ezathi umthetho wangaphambili ubuye uguquguquke. Izindlebe zaveza umlando wemithetho kazwelonkenelisayo osakhuluma ngokucutshulwa kwemithetho lapho kuchazwa izimo zokugunyazwa, ikakhulukazi izici ze "Graham" zokucubuthwa okusobala. Ngaphandle kokuzwa kombhalo, izinkantolo zazingeke zibone kahle ukuthi umthetho wabekwa ngenkambiso ngemva kwe-Act 1952.

Iminyaka Ka - 1980: Ukuzalwa KweNkantolo Yanamuhla YasePaten Nenkathi Ye - Biotech

Omunye umjikelezo obalulekile wokuzwa wenziwa ekuqaleni kwawo-1980 lapho uKhongolo lweNkantolo yokuqulwa kweZikhalo ze-U.S. iFederal Friestl, eyamiswa yiFederal Court Reformation Act ka1982, yahlanganisa zonke iziphakamiso ezisemthethweni enkantolo eyodwa ukuhlanganisa umthetho osemthethweni. Ukuzwa phambi kwe House Judicary Courttee eCurtless, Courtes, Covilt Liberties, kanye noMphathi wobulungisa wahlanganisa ubufakazi obuvela kubahluleli nabezomthetho abaqokomisa ukuhlukana kwezinqumo zezifunda. Indalo yesifunda yaholela ngokuqondile ekubekeni umthetho owendawo ephakeme futhi yanikela ekwandisweni kwezindaba ezisemthethweni ezisemfazandlenisweni zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zemvelo, kanye nakusetshenziswa kwezokuzwana kwezezomthetho wezesayensi zezesayensi obuphansi, i-Berkiechlettessssss, imvume yamabhizinisi amancane ezindaweni ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezigunyaziwe ezindaweni zezentene.

Isinyathelo SaseMelika Sango - 2011: Inguquko Enkulu Kunazo Zonke Esizukulwaneni

Awukho umthetho ogunyaziwe oye wamiswa ngokucophelela kakhulu ukuzwa kune-LeyaýSmith America Invents Act (AA), eyasayinwa njengomthetho ngo- 2011. Phakathi kuka-2005 no-202010, i-Congress yaphatha kabi okukhulu ngezihloko ezisukela engeni elisemthethweni kanye ne-litailtimetumes, ukuze idingeke ngesidingo sesimiso sokuqala se-leventor [“i-invenvention"to"6363filefile . Izindlebe zaveza ukuhlukana okujulile kwemidathane nemboni. Abameli bezimboni ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe baveza i-Roglog, Microsoft, ne-Intel. (intelligements, ne-iementums) baqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso sokwenza u-U.S. sasinesidingo sokuzinganisa nokuqulwa kwemithetho nemithetho emidala nemithetho ebizwa ngokuthi ama-producation. Okwazing.

Ukuzwa kwagcina kufake ukuyekethisa okuningana okuhlanganisa amalungiselelo amakhulu: ukususwa kwe-progress yokuqala ye-Australiatoinvenvention kuya kuhlelo lokuqala oluphambili; ukwenziwa kwenqubo yokubukeza yangemva kwe-Infractrant kufaka umbiko ka-2011, onikezwa ubufakazi obubodwa nokuzithoba okubhaliwe, kusakhonjiwe ngokugunyazwa kwemvume (IPR) namuhla, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nezinga lokuguqulwa kwendlela yezohwebo zezebhizinisi ezifihliwe. Ukumiswa kwemithetho ye-Alhazi. I-Alhazim kufana nesibonelo esicacile sendlela yokulalela indlela ebanzi yokushubile. I-A i-ikhuphonononda ebanzilisayo. I-PNkakhululo ye-A ingaguqula ngayo i-tectum yobufakazi nomthetho. I-A. I-APN.[0]

Izihloko Eziyinhloko Ezindlebeni Zesigungu Esiwumphakathi

Nakuba izihloko ezidingidwa ngezindlela ezisemthethweni ziye zavela ngobuchwepheshe nangamandla ezentengiselwano, izihloko eziphindaphindwayo zigxile kakhulu kulezi zihloko.

  • I-Paent Asterected Entertion (PAES) nokusetshenziswa kabi kwe-Litigation:[ kusukela ngo-2012] Ukuzwa kuye kwagxila ezinhlotsheni zezamabhizinisi zezinhlangano ezizuza imvume yokukhokha noma yokusongela isuti. OFakazi baye banikeza ukwaziswa okubonisa ukuthi ukumangalelwa okungathandeki kwecala kwaqala cishe kwaba ngu 500 ngo-2006 kuya kwabangu-4000 ngo-2015. Umculo wezikhalo waholela eMthethweni we-Innovation Act (2013, 2015, 2017, 20) nezindinganiso eziqinile ezimelelweni ze-Frevel Procedure 84(b). I-USTO yasungula ngisho nokuhlola okunikezelwe ekuphenduleni kwe-PE ekuhleleni i-bunga
  • Paent Modeficity and Examinition: Isihloko esingaguquguquki siyimfanelo yamalungelo akhishweyo. Izindlebe ziye zahlola inqubo yokuhlola esemthethweni yenqubo yokusebenza, ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo zobuchwepheshe zangaphambili, nokuqeqeshwa kokuhlola. Ngo-2019, uMqondisi we-USPTO wafakaza phambi kwe-House Computeary Pricetee ngesidingo sokuqasha izivivinyo eziningi nge-STEM. Izindlebe zanikela ekuthuthukiseni i-paint Patent Fination, ehlanganisa udwebo lwezinga eliphezulu. Ungahlola izinga lokuthatha isinyathelo esisemgangathweni [FF:]
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Software ne-Busing Method Paents: Ukuphakama kwezinhlelo ze-software kwabangela impikiswano, kwaphetha ezinqumweni zeNkantolo Ephakeme ne-Alice v. ICLS Bank[ [i-Mayonke] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [4] Mayo v. Promeus (20). [izinqumo zecala ezisengwayo ekuqaleni kuka-2010] zaveza izimpikiswano ngokuthi imiqondo eyimfihlo ihlelwe kuyikhomputha yomthetho kufanele iqondiswe. Nakuba i-Prollment ingakayikhodi esemthethweni, ukuzwa kolwazi i-Petet.
  • I-Pricicing ne Hatch́Waxman Reformations:[ ukufakwa kwezidakamizwa okungajwayelekile, ukuvuselelwa kolwembuku, kanye ne-biologic biologics bekulokhu kuphindaphindwa ngezihloko. I-Hatchpagandaman ka-1984] ivela eMthethweni wezindlebe olandelanayo olinganiselayo okhuthaza abenzi bemilaliso yegama legama elibizwa ngokuthi yigama elingu-stametam nesithakazelo somphakathi ente. Izindlebe zamuva kakhulu ze-Prizignicligicle zihlole i-interlinegicluation phakathi kwe-octuscus, i-FDA emplural relication, kanye nomthetho olwayo.
  • International Harmonization: Njengoba izinkampani zase-U.S. zisebenza ezimakethe zembulunga yonke, ukuzwa kuye kwahlola umehluko phakathi komthetho wemvume yaseMelika ne-Paten Convention yaseYurophu, iPatenst Cooperation TriPS Aptional, nezindinganiso ezibekwe yi-World TriPS Regionance. Ubufakazi obuvela kuyi-USPTO ne-U.S. Trantirantiumment iye yaholela ekuxazululeni imithetho egunyaza izindinganiso ze-unistlectal U.S.
  • Imithetho Eyiyona Ebalulekile ne-FRAND izifungo: Eshumini leminyaka elidlule, ukuzwa kuye kwaxazulula ukucindezeleka phakathi kwemiyalo evamile (i-SEPSSENTeseslitial projectives) ne-header, elula, engekho-partination (Frand). Abenzi bomthetho baye babuza ukuthi abaxhasi be-SEP bangafuna imiyalo emelene namathuluzi azimisele ukukhokha i-fastractial. Izindlebe azizange zikhiqinise umthetho oqondile kodwa ziye zathonya uMnyango we-Antixvision Revolution yemithetho kanye nendlela yokulawula kwe-Prefereal Trease Commis.

Indlela Izindlebe Ezihunyushelwa Ngayo Emiphumeleni Engokomthetho

Inqubo Yokuphoqelela Izincwadi Nesichibiyelo

Hearings typically occur in the earliest stages of the legislative process. After a bill is introduced, the committee chair holds one or more hearings to gather feedback. Witness lists are carefully balanced to include stakeholders from industry, academia, consumer groups, and government. The written testimony and question‑and‑answer session become part ofumbiko wekomiti ohambisana nemali lapho ithunyelwa egumbini eligcwele. Lombiko uyagxeka ngoba ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zithembele kuyo lapho zichaza ulimi lwe-altary olungaqondakali. Ngokwesibonelo, umbiko we-AA washo ngokucacile injongo yokuthi "inguquko kuhlelo lokuqala lwe-inventoŕ́́́́́́́́ à profile" nokunikeza "ukubukeza okusheshayo, okungasheshi, okungabizi kakhulu, nokungabizi kakhulu" enkantolo yesifunda.

Ukuqapha Izindlebe Njengendlela Yokuhlola Inqubo Yokuhlolwa

Ngisho nalapho kungekho mthetho omusha osele, ukuqulwa kwecala kuvumela iziKhomishane ukuba zibophe izinhlangano ukuba zithethelele izinqubo zazo futhi zigcizelele izinkinga ezingase zidinge umthetho kamuva. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2020 no-2021, i-House Judiary Committee yabekwa izindlebe zobubonisi kumqondisi we-USPTO [[FLT:] ukuphatha kwezinqumo ze-PTAB's. Ubufakazi bangaphambili babazisa ukuthi i-USSPTO’s Preedieoce Licence Profective Profect i-Prective Profect i-Plactive Countstion i-Prolective [Foctive] ne-Prolect [FFFocted Active].[3] Izehlulele Tregist, labo ababezwa bagqugquzela umqondisi we-US.[FFoctive kusetshenziswa umqondisi omusha we-U.[Fotooctive kusetshenziswa umqondisi we-U.

Imfundo Yomphakathi Nokushintsha Ifasitela Lase - Overton

Umsebenzi oqonde kakhulu kodwa obaluleke ngokulinganayo wokwezwa ukufundisa umphakathi nokuguqula uhlu lwezinketho ezivumelekile. Uma imithombo yezindaba ivala izindlebe − njengeziqephu zika 2013 ezibonisa izintambo ezisemthethweni ezibonisa abanikazi abambalwa bebhizinisi abaye bamangalelwa ukusebenzisa i-scanners à à à jyelf , zibangela ukuzwelana nomphakathi ngenguquko. Lokhu kuqaphela umphakathi kungadala isimo sezombangazwe lapho ngaphambili kwakunezindlela ezingacabangeleki, izimfuneko zokushintsha noma ukuveza imibala ezifunwayo zokuba nempahla esemthethweni, zibe yizenziwa kakhulu. Inhlangano ye-US Inventer iye yasebenzisa ukuzwa ukuze iqoqa imikhankambiso yotshalo, kuyilapho i-Alcence ifaka ubufakazi obufanayo ekuthonyeni kwe-proseli.

Ukutadisha Icala: Impi Ephangwa Umpetha

Enye yemiphumela eqinile yokulalela yenzeka endaweni yokuhlela intela esemthethweni. Ngaphansi kwe-35 U.S.C., i-USPTO inegunya lokumisa nokulungisa izindleko, uma kubhekiswa eqenjini. Ngo-2012 nango-2013, i-USPTO yahlongoza uhlelo lwemali oluhlanganisa ukukhushulelwa kwezicelo eziqhubekayo kanye nezicelo zokuqhubeka ukuhlolwa, ukuhlolwa kokunciphisa ukunqanda ukushukuma kwe-partum kanye nokubekwa imvume. Abasunguli abancane nabasunguli abazimele bafaka ubufakazi obuqondile ukuthi imali ehlongozwayo izakujeza labo ngemithombo elinganiselwe. Izindlebe zaholela ekubukeleni isimiso esibukeziwe esilondoloze ukukhuliswa okunelisa isimo esincane (75%) esincane. Lokhu kuveza isimo esincane esiqinile esisengxenyeni ye-10, esihambisana nobufakazi obuqondile, esivela ngokuqondile ekutholeni kwe-A.

Imigoqo Nokugxeka Kwenqubo Yokuzwa

Nakuba ukuzwa kuye kwabonakala kunamandla, akukhona okushiyeka. Abagxeki bakhomba izimpikiswano ezine ezingapheli. Okokuqala, ikhalenda lokuzwa livame ukulawulwa yizinto eziyinkimbinkimbi, izinto zobuchwepheshe ezingase zidinge isikhathi esingaphezu kwesingu-9090 minminite eyodwa. Okwesibili, ukukhethwa kobufakazi kungasebenza kahle: izihlalo zamakomiti ngezinye izikhathi ezibekwe izisekelo ezinemiphumela enqubweni enqunyiwe, ukunciphisa amathuba okuhlaziya izinto ngeqiniso. Okwesithathu, ukuzwa akuvamile ukuveza imiphumela ebophekayo; izikwehlela emathuneni omthetho ngemva kokuzwa kanye. Okwesine, umnyango owe-cwengile phakathi kwe-Capitol Hill, i-UPTO, kanye namafestling emboni kungakhanyisa indawo lapho kuvela khona icebo elifanayo, isilinganiso esincane esicatshangelwayo. Naphezu kwalokho, umlando wonke usikisela ukuthi umshayeli wezwi uyaqhubeka ngokuhluza.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Kwezindaba Zomphakathi

Ukuzwa kwe-Congress kuye kwabonakala kuyi-injini eguqula ukukhathazeka okungaqondakaliyo ngenkambiso yokuzimela ye-offae, ukuba umthetho oqinile. Kusukela ku 1952 Act kuya ku-AIA kanye nezimpikiswano zamuva ze-SePs, i-prigin, kanye nohlelo lobuhlakani lokusungula izinqubo zobungcweti, ukuzwa kusebenza njengebhuloho elibucayi phakathi kolwazi lolwazi lwezentando yeningi kanye nesinqumo sobudemokrasi. Zinikeza umphakathi lapho imibono ephikisanayo yezomnotho nezobuchwepheshe ingahlolwa khona, futhi (5) lapho izinkanyezi zezombangazwe zijika-ahdlukela eUnited States. Njengoba izinselele ezintsha [1] kuvela khona kanye kanye kanye ukuvela kwemithetho ye-AIPhomoni ewulwazini efunayo, ukuvusekujule i-injini yezokuzwayo yomthetho, futhi i-APlaycento engcono kakhulu. [ense i-Aunions proptionssssssss) ebumbe yomthetho wamuva, ikhona: kulelo yezena