Isiqalo Nefa Laso Elihlala Njalo

Isiqalo somthetho-mthetho we-United States siphakathi kwezindima ezaziwayo kakhulu ekuphileni kwezombangazwe kwaseMelika. Amazwi ayo angamashumi amane nane ahlanganisa izifiso zeRepublic entsha futhi ayaqhubeka ehlela uhlelo lwesizwe olungokomthetho nolwesizwe. Nakuba i-Pregagery ngokwayo inganikezi amagunya noma ikheli, izimiso zayo zigcwele emthethweni waseMelika. Ukusuka eNkantolweni Ephakeme kuya emyalelweni yansuku zonke, imibono yenhlangano, ubulungisa, ukuthula, inhlalakahle, nenkululeko zimile njengezikhundla zemithetho engokomthetho yezenhlalakahle. Ukuqonda ithonya likaPregagegary ngemithetho yezente yaseMelika kudinga ukuhlola kokubili umlando wayo nemisebenzi yayo yanamuhla.

Umbhalo Nendawo Engokomlando

Isandulela sithi:

] `Thina bantu base-United States, ngokulandelana ukuze sakhe i-Union ephelele kakhulu, simise ubulungisa, isiqinisekiso sokuvikela kwasekhaya, sinikeza isivikelo esifanayo, sithuthukise i-Welfare, futhi siqinise izibusiso zeNkululeko kithi ngokwethu nePostry, simise futhi simise lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo we-United States of America.”[FLT]

Lamazwi akhethwa ngokucophelela yiKomiti yeSimo soMkhandlu woMthetho-sisekelo, enamalungu ahlanganisa uGouverneur Morris, uJames Madison, noAlexander Hamilton. Amazwi okuqala athi “Thina bantu” sasiwukushiya okukhulu eziHlulweni zeConfederation, ezaziqale ngohlu lwezifundazwe. Yamemezela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wawuthatha igunya lawo ngokuqondile kuhulumeni, hhayi kohulumeni. Lokhu kushintshela ebukhosini obuthandwayo kwabeka isisekelo somphakathi wesizwe esihlanganiswe nezindinganiso zesizwe ezifanayo.

Ingxenye esele yesiqalo ihlela izinjongo eziyisithupha ezibanzi. Lezi zinjongo azizona nje izinjongo zokukhuluma; baye bazisa imithetho eminingi nezinqumo zokwahlulela phakathi namakhulu amabili eminyaka. Izinqolobane zesizwe [[ zigcina incwadi yokuqala, futhi isiqalo sihlala siyinsika yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo.

Izimiso Zomkhomo Nethonya Lazo Emithethweni Ephakathi

Ngayinye yezinjongo eziyisithupha ezikulendatshana ivumelana nezindawo zomthetho nesimiso eziye zashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukwakha Isibopho Esiphelele

Ubizo lwe- “Interstate Communist Union” lwavela ebuthakathakeni beZihloko ze-Confederation, ngaphansi kwazo imibuso ngokuvamile yasebenza njengezikhulu ezizimele. Umthetho wakha isimiso sikahulumeni esasilinganisela igunya lesizwe nenkululeko kahulumeni. Imithetho ekhuthaza ukuhwebelana kwezwe, njengoMthetho we-Interstate Commerce Act ka 1887 kanye noMnyango ka Claus jurisprance osusiwe ku-[FL:] [FLD]] uMculloch v. Mary [18] [18], bonisa lo mgomo. CM.C.C.C.C.C.C.C. Clauscee

Ekhulwini lamashumi amabili, umthetho iNew Decrate (ihlanganisa i-Social Security Act ne-National Labor Relations Act) wawufanelekela ngokwengxenye njengodingekile ukuze kulondolozwe ubunye bezomnotho. Umqondo “wenhlangano ephelele kakhulu” usekela futhi izimfundiso ezingokomthetho ezivimbela ukuhlukanisa izakhamuzi kwezinye izizwe, njenge malungelo olwe-Immunions Clause. Namuhla, imithetho kahulumeni ekhuluma ngazo zonke izinto kusukela ezindinganisweni zendawo ezungezile kuya ekulondekeni kwezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano ngokuvamile iveza isidingo sokuhlangana kwesizwe.

Ukumisa Ubulungisa

Ubulungisa buyinkolelo ebanzi yokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo usebenza ngesimiso sokwahlulela, inqubo efanele, nesivikelo esifanayo. Ijaji likahulumeni lasungulwa yi-Athigit III, kodwa ukugcizelela kwe-Pregquation ekwahluleleni amalungelo esizwe kuye kwathonya umthetho wamalungelo abantu obalulekile. ISivumelo sonyaka ka-1964, i-Voting Rights Act ka-1965, ne-Fair Howar Act ka-1968 yonke injongo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu onqatshelwa ukwelashwa okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa umqondo wobulungisa lapho ichaza amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. Brown v. Board of Education (1954), iNkantolo yathi ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwakuphula i-Ecult Protection Clause, ngokuphumelelayo ukulahla “imfundiso ehlukene kodwa elinganayo”. Izinkantolo eziphansi ziye zakhomba isiqalo esihilela ukufinyelela ezilulekweni ezingokomthetho, amajaji, nokugweba okungakhethi. Nakuba i-Pregation ngokwayo ngokwayo ingaphoqelelwa, inikeza isisindo sokuziphatha ezimpikiswaneni ngokuphatheleneyo nje ukuthi umphakathi ufunani.

Ukubhekana Nokukhubazeka Kwasekhaya

Ukuthula kwangaphakathi kubhekisela ekuthuleni nasekuhlelekeni. Ngokwezinga elingokoqobo, lesi simiso sisekela imithetho ehlobene nokugcinwa komthetho, ukuphepha komphakathi, nokucindezelwa kokuvukela. UMthetho wePosse Comitatus Act noMthetho we-Inturrection Act lapho uhulumeni ungazimisa khona amabutho empi phakathi kwe-United States ukuze kubuyiselwe ukuhleleka. I-National Guard isetshenziselwa njalo ukunikeza usizo lwenhlekelele nokulawula izibhelu, izenzo ezivunyenyiswa isidingo “sokuqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwezeluleko lwasekhaya."

Ngalé kwemithetho yesimo esiphuthumayo, ukuthula kwasekhaya kuye kwathonya umthetho kahulumeni omelene nobugebengu, kuhlanganise neRacketer Ifoundation and Chooptions Act (RICO) noMthetho we-DolbiCrime Control ne-Law Enforcement Act ka 1994. Ngezinga lika-1994, zonke izikhundla zigcina imithetho yobugebengu eklanyelwe ukuvikela izakhamuzi ebudloveni nasesiphithiphithiphithi. I-Preaget isebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuthi umthwalo wemfanelo wokuqala kahulumeni uwukuphepha kubantu bakhona.

Ukunikeza Ukushiyeka Okuvamile

Inkulumo ethi “isivikelo esivamile” (ebekwe ngendlela yeshumi nesishiyagalombili) iveza isidingo sokhuseleko lwesizwe ekusongelwani kwamanye amazwe. Amandla okuphakamisa amabutho, ukugcina ibutho lempi, nokumemezela impi abekwe eSishayanweni ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 8. Ulimi lwe-Pregaggery lukhonjwe ezimpini zokuchithwa kwempi, ukubuthwa kwezikhali, umkhosi, kanye nobukhulu bempi kaMongameli. Umthetho we-National Security Act ka-1947 wasungula umnyango we-Defensence ne-Profection, ugunya lokuvikela okuvamile.

Ezikhathini zanamuhla, indawo ezungezile esongelayo ihlanganisa ubuphekula, ukuhlasela nge-inthanetha, kanye nezibhebhethekisane. I Homeland Security Act ka-2002 yahlanganisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezingamashumi amabili nambili zangena eMnyangweni we-Homeland Security, inhlangano ephethe umsebenzi wayo osususwe ngokucacile ekuceleni kwePregarying ukuba “igcine isivikelo sokuzivikela esisodwa.” I-USA PATRIOTTT, yadlula ngokushesha ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-September 11, yandisa amandla okuqapha nokuqinisa umthetho ngaphansi kwesizathu esifanayo. Ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo ziye zawanqanda, zigodlela ukuthi imigaqo yokuvikela akumelwe isuse amalungelo omthetho agunyazwe ngokuvikela inkululeko.

Ukuthuthukisa Inhlalakahle Evamile

Inkulumo ethi “ganeral Welfare” mhlawumbe impikiswano enkulu kakhulu esanduleleni. Ayisona isiphakamiso sokunikeza amandla; kunalokho, ivumela ukukhokha intela kweSishayamthetho futhi isebenzise igunya leSiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 8, Claus 1. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNkantolo Ephakeme ichaze ukuthi “iNkantolo Ephakeme", ivumela i-Congress ukuba isebenzise imali ngenjongo yenjongo yomphakathi. [[FLT:] [FLD]] [FLT] v.[3][FFLT] [197]] [197], iNkakhulu lathi amandla okukhokha intela nokusebenzisa inhlalakahle akulinganiselwengakho ezihloko ezibalwayo eSiphakathini I, ingxenye 8. Kamuva izinqumo ezisemthethwe [FLD]

I-affordcable Care Act ka-2010 yabekelwa inselele enkantolo ngokwengxenye ezisekelweni ezivamile zezenhlalakahle, nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ekugcineni yasekela ukugunyazwa komuntu ngamunye njengegunya elisemthethweni lokusebenzisa amandla okukhokha intela. Abenzi bomthetho banxusa njalo ukuba kufakwe umthetho ozuzisa isizwe sisonke, njengemithetho yamanzi ehlanzekile noma izinhlelo zokusiza ekutholeni inzuzo.

Ukuthola Izibusiso Zenkululeko

Inkululeko iyinjongo yokugcina edwetshwe, futhi ihlanganisa bonke abanye. UMthetho-sisekelo uvikela inkululeko ngokubala amalungelo ethu, ukwahlukana kwemibuso, nombuso. ISigqi seshumi lokuqala sokulungisa izivumelwano,() sanezelwa ngokushesha ngemva kokuhlohlwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni omusha ngeke uphazamise inkululeko yomuntu siqu. Ukufakwa kwe-Pregeary “inkululeko kithi ngokwethu kanye neSikhululo sethu” kusikisela ukuthi inkululeko kumelwe igcinwe ukuze igcinelwe izizukulwane ezizayo, hhayi nje kuphela.

Inkululeko yomphakathi iye yanwetshwa ngezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo nangezimiso: ukuqedwa kobugqila (iSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo se - 13), isiqinisekiso sokuvikela okulinganayo (iSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo), amalungelo okuvotela abesifazane (iSichibiyelo se-(si24) kanye nokunqatshelwa kwentela yokuvota (iSichibiyelo se-24). Izimpikiswano zamuva ngokuzibopha, amalungelo emanani ezimiso, nenkululeko yokuzala ivame ukubhekisela ekubopheni ukuzimisela kobugqilazelo. [FLT: 0] [i] Obergefell v. Hodge[FLT:] [20], iNkakhulu yaqaphela umshado ofanayo njengelungelo lomthetho, icabanga ukuthi inkululeko evikelwe yi-Rodroucrace ihlanganisa inkululeko yokushada komuntu. Ulimi oludededayo.

Isiqalo Sencazelo Yokwahlulela

Nakuba isiqalo singanikezi amalungelo angaphansi, izinkantolo zisebenzisa yona ukukhanyisa incazelo yamalungiselelo athile omthetho-sisekelo. Lendlela, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi “isingeniso esiwusizo ekwakheni,” imisiwe kahle. IJaji eliyinhloko uJohn Marshall wabhala ku-[FL:0] uMcloch v. Mary [ukuthi] asimele sikhohlwe ukuthi “akufanele nakanye, [ umthetho wemithetho-sisekelo esiwuchaziselayo [,” futhi wabheka ekuqondeni izinga lamandla ombuso. Icala lalihilela iBhangesiBingesi Lesibili saseUnited States, futhi waphawula ukuthi uMthetho-Constitution“ uyakwazi ukumelana nezimo ezihlukahlukene. [FLT. FLT.G.G.C.C.G.C.C.C.

Jacobson v. Massachusetts (1905), iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela umthetho wokugoma ophoqelelwe, icaphuna izinhloso zePregquot “zokunakekela i-Trancolity" kanye“ nokufaka i-Welfare.” INkantolo yasekela ukuthi inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kumelwe ngezinye izikhathi inikeze impilo nokuphepha komphakathi. Lesenzo sokulinganisela siyisihloko esiphindaphindwayo emthethweni womthetho, futhi i-Pregna inikeza uhlelo lokulinganisela izithakazelo eziphikisanayo.

Muva nje, i-Pregation yacashunwa ekuphikiseni imibono ephikisanayo [ku- NFIB v. Sebelius (2016), lapho amaJaji uScalia, Kennedy, Thomas, no-Alito aphikisa ukuthi i-Affordcable Care Act yadlula amagunya e-Congress. Bakhomba i-Preglat njengethuluzi lokuphendula lazo zombili izinhlangothi zengxoxo. Umthetho u-Ginsburg, e-Preinformation, wabuye wabiza i-Pregailgation, wagcizelela i-“generalvelveltion" njenge-egcondreant.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zibhekisela futhi ekuhlolweni. INkantolo Ephakeme yaseCalifornia, Serrano v. umpristi [771], yathi isimiso sezimali zesikole sezwe sonakele isivikelo esifanayo, iphawula ukuthi isiqalo seSimende soMthetho-sisekelo saseCalifornia [1] saboniswa ngemva kweseSikomuni semfundo njengesithakazelo esiyisisekelo. Imithetho yesizwe eminingi ineziqubulo ezinanelayo i-U.S. imponsoomza, futhi abahluleli basebenzisa izindlela ezifanayo zokuchaza.

Isiqalo Nemithetho Yesibili Namuhla

Ithonya lesihloko sengxoxo aligcini ezinkantolo kuphela. ESihlalweni somthetho, abakhi bemithetho bavame ukucaphuna isaziso lapho beqala izikweletu noma ukuphikisana. Ngokwesibonelo, isethulo se- i-Patient Protection and Affordtable Care Act siqala: “Act ... ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle evamile.” Okufanayo kuyiqiniso ngenjongo [[[FLT:] Ukuhlanganisa nokuqinisa iMelika ngokunikeza amathuluzi afunekayo e-Intercept nase Ob Realgistration Terrorism [PALT:3], okugama layo eligcwele elibhekisela enjongweni yenjongo yokuvikela. I-mthetho eklayenzelwe ukuqeda ukuvikela i-bala noma ukuvikela i-“ i-pardemotionsting ” Izihloko ezithiwe yi-Pregdaption.

Iziqondiso zezikhulu nezimiso zezinhlangano zinxusa futhi i-Pregesary. UMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson wahlela izinhlelo ze- “Great Society” njengezokuqhubekisela phambili inhlalakahle evamile nokuvikela inkululeko. Izimemezelo zobumongameli ngoSuku loMthetho noma ngoMhlangano zivame ukucaphuna isiqalo sokukhumbuza izakhamuzi ngezibopho zazo ezifanayo. Ngaleyondlela lencwadi isebenza njengesivumelwano sesizwe, amazwi akhuthaza ukumiswa kwemithetho.

Imfundo yomphakathi igcizelela indima yale sikole.

Ukulinganiselwa Nezimpikiswano

Naphezu kwethonya layo elikhulu, i-Preggy inezikhawu eziqondile. Okokuqala, ayinikezi gunya kuhulumeni wombuso. Imibuso yeSishayamthetho, uMongameli, nezinkantolo zibekwa kwezinye izindawo eMthethweni. I-Pregagery ayinakusetshenziswa njengesisekelo esizimele somthetho. Okwesibili, izinkulumo ze-Pregistry azicacile kahle. “General Welfare” nesithi“ Ukubusiswa kweNkululeko” zingachazwa ngezindlela eziphikisanayo, kuholele ezimpikiswaneni zezombangazwe kunokuba kusetshenziswe iziqondiso ezicacile ezingokomthetho.

Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi ingcaphuno iye yasetshenziswa ngokweqile njengendlela yokuziphendulela. Ngokombono wabo, abahluleli nabezombangazwe babhekisela kuyo lapho befuna ukufaka isikhalo esingokomzwelo ezimpikiswaneni ezingokomthetho ezomile. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukungacaci kwalendalo kunamandla, kuvumela isizukulwane ngasinye ukuba sithole incazelo ehlobene nezinselele zaso. Lenkulumo ibonisa ukuphikisana okukhulu komthetho sisekelo waseMelika phakathi kobukhomfanda namasiko aphilayo. Abaqali bathambekele ekubhekeni ukubhekitshaza njengenkulumo yenhloso engokomlando; abasekeli bemithetho esemthethweni babheka isisekelo esiphila njengesiqondiso sezindinganiso.

Okunye ukugxeka kuwukuthi isithembiso seSingeniso senkululeko siye sahlukanisa amaMelika amaningi ngokomlando. UMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wasekela ubugqila, futhi “Thina bantu” asizange sidlulisele kwabesifazane, amaMelika Omdabu, noma ama-Afrika. Kuphela kulandela inguquko nempi enzima yemibono ye-Preinggedge yaqala ukuphelela. Ngakho i-Pregaget ifana nayo kokubili njengempumelelo nomsebenzi ongapheli.

Isiphetho

Isiqalo somthetho-sisekelo we-United States asiyona nje into yokugcona. Siye salungisa imithetho yaseMelika yokusungula imithetho eqondisa umthetho, ukucabanga kokwahlulela, nenkulumo yasobala. Kusukela kuyi-New Deance kuya eMpilweni yomphakathi, kusukela elungelweni lomphakathi kuya empilweni yomphakathi, imigomo eyisithupha, ubulungisa, ukuthokomala, ukuvikela, inhlalakahle, kanye nenkululeko ("ukubeka isisekelo esingokomthetho sesizwe."ingenawo amandla omthetho owenempumelelo, igunya layo lokuziphatha liyaqhubeka. Njengoba iNkanto ePhakakhulu iyaqhubeka ichaza uMthetho-sisekelo, nemikhathi emisha, iPregation ihlala iyindimendo yemali yalokho abantu baseMelika, ezikhathini zabo ezingcono kakhulu, ifuna ukukufeza ndawonye.