Umthetho wendawo ezungezile waseJapane awuyona nje indlela yobuchwepheshe yokusabela ekungcoleni noma ekusweleni kwemithombo yezinto; uyisibuko esibonisa ukuguquguquka kwemibono okuye kwalolonga izwe kusukela ngemva kwenkathi yempi. Kusukela ekuphishekeleni okungapheli kwezezimboni kuya ekugcizelelweni kwanamuhla kokulondolozweni kanye nokuqina kwesimo sezulu, uhlelo olungokomthetho olulawula indawo engokwemvelo yaseJapane luye lwenziwa ngokubheka izinto zezwe ngokuphikisana. Ukuqonda leli thonya lemibono libalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi kungani iJapane iye yaphishekela indlela ehlukile ekulawuleni indawo ezungezile.

Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuhlanganiswa kwemibono okungokomlando okuye kwaguqula izimiso zendawo ezungezile yaseJapane. Ilandelela ukuziphendukela kusuka ekusebenziseni izimboni zikahulumeni kuya ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile, bese kubhekiselwa ekwakhekeni kwembulunga yonke okungasekelwa. Ngokuhlaziya imithetho eqondile nokushintsha kwezimiso, yembula indlela ifilosofi yezombangazwe kanye nomzwelo womphakathi okungasiguqula ngayo isimo esingokomthetho sesizwe.

Isizinda Esingokomlando: Ukusuka Ekululameni Kwangemva Kwempi Kuya Ekuvukeni Kwendawo Ezungezile

Isisekelo somthetho wendawo ezungezile waseJapane sisekuvuselweni kokwakha kabusha kwangemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Izwe lavela empini encithakalo, nesisekelo salo sezezimboni sicekelwe phansi futhi umnotho walo uphelile. Umshayeli oyinhloko wemibono wayenobuzwe obunonya obuhlangene ne-pragmatism (zazatsu), isidingo sokuvuselela, ukuhlanganisa, nokufinyelela ukulingana nemibuso yaseNtshonalanga. Lomqondo, ngokuvamile ubizwa ngokuthi "ukuthuthukela phambili kwenkolo," wathuthukisa ukukhula ngokushesha kwezomnotho ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye izinto. Uhulumeni waseJapane, ngokubambisana kakhulu nebhizinisi elinamandla (zazazatsu), walandela isimiso senqubo "yokulungisa izakhiwo zemisebenzi", ukugxila ezimbonini ezinkulu, imishini, amakhemikhali, nezilwane.

Lokhu kukhula okungalawuleki kwabangelwa izindleko ezinkulu zendawo ezungezile. Ngawo-1960, iJapane yathola igama elinesiteketiso elibi "izindawo zokucwaninga zendawo ezungezile zomhlaba" ngenxa yezinkinga zayo ezingathi sína. Izimo ezingathi yi-Mintata disease (amamethylmercury chease), isifo se-Itai (ikhemium disease), futhi umqedazwelo we-Yokaichiasmas wenziwa izihloko eziphambili zomhlaba wonke. Lezinhlekelele zazingewona nje amaphutha obuchwepheshe; zaziwumphumela oqondile womqondo owezwelo oluthiwayindawo ezungezile incithakalo eshisiwe imfucucwe yezezezezentengiselwano. Isimiso somthetho ngesikhathi sanikezwa inzuzo encane. Amalungelo ezindawo ayebuthakathaka, futhi umthetho we-Stter wazenwa. Umbono "ewodwa endaweni enempilo" awuzange ubekho eJapaniplupence. Kunalokho, ifilosofi engokomthetho egcizelela esingokomthetho esingokomthetho sezentengo yezentente yomphakathi, ngokuvamile ekhuluma ngeza esenzele yezwe.

Inguquko yaqala ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, ishukunyiswa yizimpande ezinamandla zendawo ezungezile kanye noshintsho lolwandle ekuboneni komphakathi. Amaqembu ezakhamuzi, ohulumeni bendawo, kanye namaqembu aphikisayo aqala ukubekela inselele inkolelo yokuthuthukisa. Lokhu kwakungekona ukuguquka okungalindelekile kodwa kwakuwushintsho oluqhubekayo. Umzabalazo wasetshenziswa yizikhundla zobushiqela zobushiqela besimiso sokuzisebenzela kanye nokukhathalela okungokwesiko mayelana nempilo yomphakathi kanye nokuzwana kwezenhlalo. Umphumela waba yinkolelo entsha: ukuthi isivikelo sendawo ezungezile sasingesona isidingo esiyisisekelo sokukhula kodwa sasiyisidingo esiyisisekelo somphakathi onobulungisa nozinzile.

Imibono Eyisihluthulelo Elulaza Imithetho Yendawo Ezungezile YaseJapane

Ubuzwe Bezomnotho Nezimboni Izindawo Eziphambili (1950s - 1960)

Imibono yokuqala yokuhlela yayiwuhlobo lwezentengiselwano zezomnotho. Izwe lazibona ngokwalo njengomphathi wentuthuko yesizwe, liqondisa imboni yomuntu siqu emaphutheni ahlelekile. Izimiso zendawo ezungezile zazibhekwa njengezithiyo kulomsebenzi. Abaphathi bamafekthi namabhulathi ngokuvamile babenencazelo engokwemvelo yokuthi ukungcola kwakuyisici esineshwa kodwa esidingekile sentuthuko. Umthetho womthetho wabonisa lokhu: UMthetho Oyisisekelo Wendawo Ezungezile Yokuzibhubhisa Ukungcola Komhlaba (1967) wawuwumthetho obuthakathaka, ongenazisulu zokulawula ukungcola. Yathi inyathelo lokulawula ukungcola "kungalawulwa" ngempumelelo" kwezomnotho") nentuthuko yezentengiselwano yezezentengiselwano. Lokhu kusemgangathi "ukuvikela imvelo" kwahlala kusebenza kwaze kwaba ngo-1970, ukuveza ukukhula kwezomnotho.

Ukwanda Kwamalungelo Endawo Ezungezile Nokuhlanganyela Komphakathi (1970)

I-1970 yaqala ukushintshwa kwemibono yokuzamazama komhlaba. I-papatment yayiyi-"Pollition Diet" ka-1970, uhlelo olungokomlando lwe-National Diet olwadlula imithetho emisha engu-14 ngonyaka owodwa. Lo mthetho waqhumuka ngokuqondiswe ngokuqondile yinhlangano enamandla yezakhamuzi, ohulumeni bendawo ababeholwa amameya ahamba phambili, nesimiso sikahulumeni esiphakathi esasinomuzwa wokuthi usongelwa ukuhleleka kwayo yizinxushunxushunxushunxushunxushu yize. Imithetho eyafaka lemithetho yaba "ilungelo lokulawula imvelo" ne"ngozi esobala"" esikhundleni sokubuyisa ukungcoliswa kwezindawo, imithetho emisha yaqaphela ukuthi izakhamuzi zazinelungelo eliyisisekelo lokuhlala endaweni ehlanzekile, futhi ingcolise ukungcola kwakunesibopho sokubuyisela izisulu. Imithetho yokulawula i-Muer Devilism Act (1968, 1970), ukulawulwa kwe-Dractic Act, noMthetho we-Dhavition (1970), noMthetho woMthetho we-Dhavition (iser222) ehlelwe ngokuncibili, ngokumiswa kwemisweni kwemicishisiwe ngenxa

Intuthuko Eqinile Nembulunga Yonke (1990s/Presenters)

Ngo-1990, isimo sombono sase sande ukuze sihlanganise izinto ezithinta indawo ezungezile. IJapane, njengegunya elikhulu lezomnotho nesivumelwano sezizwe zonke njengeRio Declaration ne-Kyoto Proto Paroto, yaqala ukwamukela "intuthuko engalawuleki". Umthetho weSisekelo Sendawo ka-1993 wathatha indawo yawo. Amanye amathonya asuka emqondweni we "yayayama" emvelo, ngokucacile ezindaweni ezihlukene, i-embulungeni yonke, kanye nokwazisa kabusha ngezimiso zemvelo zamaJapane, okwakuhambisana nesimiso esingokwesiko esingokomoya. Nokho, ukuphikisana okukhona phakathi kwezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano, imboni yezentengiselwano engcono, ikhona phakathi kwezentengo yezentengo engcono nezindawo zezwe elinamandla.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Isayensi Yokusebenza Kwemithetho

UMthetho Oyisisekelo Wokulawula Ukungcoliswa Kwendawo Ezungezile (1967): Inkolelo - mbono Yokuhlehla

Umthetho ka-1967 uyincwadi yezifundo ezibonisa indlela ukungqubuzana kwemibono okulolonga ngayo umbhalo ongokomthetho. Lokhu kugcizelela ngaphansi kokucindezela komthetho wezezimboni ezazisaba imithetho eqinile, "umsuka wokulawula" womthetho waveza ukuhlehla phakathi kwamakamu amabili: omunye owawufuna ukuhlela intuthuko kanye nolunye oluphikisa ukuvikela indawo ezungezile okuyisisekelo. Umthetho obekwe ngaphandle kwezindinganiso ezibophayo, ukushiyela imithetho kuhulumeni bendawo nokuthotshelwa kwezemisebenzi yokuzithandela. Lokhu kusekelwe enkolelweni yokuthi uma kushiywe ukuze kukhule, ekugcineni ukwandisa ingcebo edingekayo ukuze kuhlanzeke ukungcola. Lo mbono wehluleka ngendlela ephawulekayo, njengoba izifo zokungcola zonyaka ka-1960 zibonisa. Umthetho wawuwumphumela oqondile wezentengo yezomnotho.

ISisici Se - Environment Law (1993): Imfundiso Entsha Yemvelo

Ngokuphambene, iSici esiyisisekelo somthetho weNzalo yemvelo saqala ukuvumelana. Yathatha indawo ye-Gaqo-mqoka eqondene ne-proxygen. I-project yamisa inkulumo ecacile efuna izinto eziza kuqala zendawo ezungezile. Umthetho wamisa isimiso sokuthi intuthuko yezomnotho kumelwe ilandelwe phakathi kwemingcele yendawo ezungezile, futhi yakha uhlelo lwesimiso sendawo ezungezile ebanzi, kuhlanganise nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke, ukuphathwa kwemvelo, kanye nokulondolozwa kwemvelo. Inkolelo yokuthi isikhungo somthetho sawomthetho wezemvelo sisendaweni ezungezile nemvelo asiphikisani kodwa singenza kube nokunye ukuhlelwa kwezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano zezesayensi yobuchwepheshe nezokwakha imvelo.

Isilinganiso Somthetho Ofudumalayo Emhlabeni Wonke (1998) Nemiphumela Yesithathu / 11

Isimiso sesimo sezulu saseJapane sinye futhi indawo lapho umbono wengqondo ufeza indima ebalulekile khona. I-Global Hournating Counters Law, ilungiswe ka-1998, ibonisa ingxube yezindlela zokuzithandela nezimiso zokusebenza. Imibono yokuqala ethandwayo yimishini yokuzithandela kanye nobudlelwane nemboni (i-Keidan Volutiony Act Plan). Nokho, inhlekelele yenuzi yonyaka ka-2011 iphoqelelwe ukulinganisela ukwakheka okuphawulekayo komgomo wokuphepha kwemigomo yenuzi. Amandla kahulumeni kanye nesimiso sendawo ezungezile kwakwakhelwe ukulinganiselwa kwamandla amakhulu enuzi njengekhambisweni. I-Proffary-Fuku, le mbono yashywa. Uhulumeni waphoqelelwa ukuba ulinganisele ububanzi "ukuvinyaniswa kwezindawo ezingaphandle nezingaphuculi eziphambili ze-"ehle" ne-"eromist" kuphume inqubo ehleli engokomthetho yezombangazwe encike kakhulu."'umphation'''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Nokucindezeleka Okuphathelene Nezimo

Namuhla, umthetho wendawo ezungezile waseJapane ulawula isimo sombono esiyinkimbinkimbi. Izingxabano ezintathu ezinkulu zisalokhu zikhona. Okokuqala, i-versus-evironment ukucindezeleka kuyaqhubeka kudala ukuphikisana ngamandla elahleni, ukugawulwa kwezindawo zasemadolobheni. IJapan inenye yamanani aphakeme kakhulu anamandla amalahle phakathi kwamazwe athuthukile, into evunyelwayo ngokuvamile amandla alawulayo abangela ukuphakama kwemithombo yamandla emakhaya kanye nokuncitshiswa kwekhambiswa kwekhabonkharbon. Okwesibili, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo ezihlalayo [Foctive-at-oral-olemstions [Foct3] ezindaweni ezihlukene zesizwe, ukushukuma kwemithetho yendawo ephakeme kakhulu. Imithetho yendawo ehleli kakhulu, ihlela izinhlangano zezindawo ezihlukene zezindawo ezihlukene zesizwe.

Okwesithathu, i-internationalist-versus-versus-partical ibangela ukuxabana kwemibono. IJapane iyisimemezelo sesivumelwano saseParis, futhi uhulumeni wayo uye wazibophezela ukufinyelela ukungathathi hlangothi kwekharbon ngo-2050. Nokho, ukusungula izinhlelo kuthatha kancane futhi kuphikisene, ngeSivumelwano seLiberal Democratic Serticism esilawulwa yize ingcindeze ezimbonini njengabenzi be-auto kanye nabakhiqikili. Umthetho wesizwe owenziwa ukuhlanganisa isimo sezulu (awusungulwe lapha") nombono womhlaba wonke obheka iJapan njengomdlali wembulunga yonke. Iziphakaliso zamuva ukusebenzisa "unyuko" njengomshayeli weminyaka wasemaphandleni eqalayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umqondo we- wokuzalana kwenani elilinganayo unamandla kakhulu. Izinhlangano zentsha, njenge "amaholide esikhathi esizayo eJapane," zisunduza i-panetisme eqinile kakhulu: ukuthi umthetho wendawo ezungezile kufanele ubeke amalungelo nokuhlala kahle kwezizukulwane ezizayo. Nakuba ingeke ihunyushelwe ekushintsheni okukhulu kwemithetho, lomqondo uqala ukuhlela izinkantolo, ikakhulukazi lezozimiso zesimo sezulu ezinganele (] i-aa motement ebekwe enkantolo ([2023] isho i-galelo lomthetho-mthetho-okanye nendawo ezungezile enempilo [FLT]]).

Iziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo: Isayensi Yesayensi Yemvelo Nohulumeni Wendawo Ezungezile

Ukubheka phambili, umthetho wendawo ezungezile weJapani cishe uzoqhubeka ulolongwa ngokuhlanganiswa kwemiqondo eminingi exubanayo. Impoqo evelayo yimithetho ehlukahlukene yomnotho icebo elifuna ukunciphisa ukulahlwa nokuthuthukisa amandla. Lokhu kuye kwahlelwa ngokwengxenye eMthethweni weSiqokomiso seMitho-Cyle Society (2000) kanye nemithetho ehlukahlukene yokubuyisela izinto. Eyesibili ingumthetho wezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano yezenhlalakahle yezwe, eyikhambi osekelwe kumqondo wezinto ezikhona, [ imibono ekhuthaza izwe ukusebenzisa ukuhlelwa kwengozi nokuncishiswa kwengozi, ikakhulukazi ukunikezwa kwemigomo ye-Cycle Society engcono, futhi i-octivementationsss. I-'effective produal procestionss (F.GN, F.5]) engcono kakhulu kwemindensive, futhi evuma kakhulu izinhlelo zezindawo ezibonisa ukumelana nezimo ezizungezile.

Ukusetshenziswa kwalamandla cishe kuyoholela ekuhlukahlukaneni kwezindawo zomthetho. Amandla eNkonzo ye-Economy, i-Trade ne-Indacism okuwaqinisayo imithetho yendawo ezungezile ahlala eyisithiyo esikhulu. Nokho, ukukhula kwemiphumela yesimo sezulu okungathiyayo cishe njengoba amade ashabalalisayo, izikhukhula, neziphepho eziye zahlasela iJapane eminyakeni yamuva, zingasusa ukulingana kwemibono efuna ukuphepha nokuthatha isinyathelo esinethonya elikhulu. Ukuncipha kancane kodwa okuqhubekayo kwenani labantu baseJapane nenani labo elandayo lokuguga kungaguqula futhi umbono okhona ngokukhula kwezomnotho. Inani elincane labantu linganciphisa umfutho emitho, kodwa futhi lidala isikhuthazo esinamandla sokulungisa izimoto nezokuzilungisa, okungase kubangele noma kungaqhubeki.

Ekugcineni, ithonya lemibono engokomthetho wendawo ezungezile yaseJapane liyisikhumbuzo sokuthi umthetho awuthathi hlangothi. Umphumela wamandla, inkolelo, kanye nokulwa kwezenhlalo. Njengoba iJapane ihamba phambili ngekhulu lama-21, ikhono layo lokuhlela umthetho wendawo ezungezile ophumelelayo liyoxhomeka ekhonweni layo lokusungula i-synthesis, qhawe ekwaziyo ukulinganisela isayensi yezomnotho nesisekelo sobuqotho bemvelo, ukuma kwezwe kanye nokuhlakanipha kwasendulo kokuphila ngokuvumelana nemvelo. Indlela ayinqunywa kusengaphambili; iyobhalwa izazi zezombangazwe, izakhamuzi, ama-braucratics, nabashisekeli bezombangazwe, ngalinye elishukunyiswa umbono wabo wobuzwe kanye nesibopho somhlaba wonke, kanye nombono wokuhlakanipha kwamasiko asendulo ngokuphila ngokuvumelana nemvelo. Indlela engaphambili ayinqunyiwe; indlela ebhalwe kusengaphambili; ibhalwe izazi zezombangazwe, izakhamuzi, izakhamuzi, izikhampathi, igobe, ngayinye eshukunyiswa umbono wabo wobukhomahwwwwwlento okufanele ibe yiyo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, ukuhlolwa kokusizungezile, iJapane inikeza ukucaciswa okunzulu komthetho nenkambiso yamanje. Umbono oningiliziwe wezemfundo ungatholakala ku ECD Environmental Procement Reviews: [[FLT:] 2021] , ehlaziya ukudlala phakathi kwesimiso sezezomnotho nesimiso sendawo ezungezile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Institutitutitute yembulunga yonke ye-Nvironment Strategies (IGES) inikeza ukucwaninga okuningiyo ngesimo semvelo saseJapan.