Isinqumo sokuba umphakathi uhlanganise idolobha noma idolobha ngokuvamile sihlelwa ngezizathu ezingokoqobo ezinjengokuthuthuka kwezomnotho, izidingo zezakhiwo, kanye nezinga eliphezulu. Kodwa ngaphansi kwalezi zingxoxo ezingaphezulu kusekujuleni komshayeli: inkolelo yezombangazwe. Izakhamuzi zezinkolelo kanye nabaholi bendawo basekela indima efanele kahulumeni, intela, inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo ohlangeneyo ukuthi ingabe umphakathi ufuna ukuhlangana, ukulwa ukuze uhlale ungangeneli, noma ungene ezimpikiswaneni ezingathinti. Ukuqonda le mibono kubaluleke kakhulu kubenzi bemithetho, abahleli bemidanti, nezakhamuzi, ngoba yembula ukuthi kungani imizamo ethile yokuzibandakanya iphumelela ngesikhathi abanye behleli, futhi kungani isimo nemisebenzi yomphakathi emisha ihluka kakhulu eUnited States.

Ukuqonda Imibono Yezombangazwe Nokubusa Kwendawo

Imibono yezombangazwe ayiyona ithonya elilodwa, elinobukhoma kodwa izinkolelo eziningi eziqinile ngendlela umphakathi okufanele uhlelwe ngayo. Ngokomongo wezokubusa kwendawo, lezinkolelo ziguqula isimo esisobala ngokuphathelene nentela, ilungiselelo lenkonzo, imithetho, nezindawo zombuso. Izici zemibono ezihlobene kakhulu nezinqumo zihlanganisa:

  • Liberalism / Progressionism: ubheka uhulumeni njengethonya elidingekayo nelihle lokusingatha ukungalingani kwezenhlalo nezomnotho. Imiphakathi yamaLungu ithambekele ekusekeleni izinkonzo zomphakathi eziqinile, intela eqhubekayo, kanye nokuphathwa kabusha. Ivame ukubheka ukuhlanganiswa njengethuluzi lokwandisa izindlu ezithelekayo, ukuthutha, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, nezinhlelo zomphakathi.
  • Ikhonsosethi: Ifaka ukuncishiswa kukahulumeni olinganiselwe, ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho, umthwalo womuntu siqu, kanye nezimakethe ezikhululekile. Imiphakathi ehlangeneyo ingabheka ukungethembiwa, ukwesaba izintela eziphezulu, imithetho emisha, nokwanda kwesimiso sokuphatha. Uma iphishekela ukuhlanganiswa, ngokuvamile ihlwithwa ngedolobha elikhulu, elinenkululeko kakhulu noma ukwenza imithetho yendawo ifaneleke ngokwezezemfuno ezingokwezinga eliphambili, njengentela yempahla ephansi nemingcele ephansi yezindawo.
  • [[FLT: 0] UbuLubériarianism: bubeka ukuzibusa komuntu siqu nokungenela okuncane kukahulumeni kuzo zonke amazinga. Imiphakathi ehlala abantu abahlala ezindaweni ezihlukene ivame ukumelana kakhulu nokuhlanganiswa, ibheka noma yiluphi ungqimba olusha lukahulumeni njengoluphazamisa inkululeko. Bangase bakhethe amalungiselelo enkonzo yomuntu siqu, izinxulumani zabaninikhaya, noma isifunda esibusa phezu kwesakhiwo sikamasipala.
  • IPopulist: inganqamula imigqa engakwesobunxele-kwesokudla, ngokuvamile ephawulwa ukungathembani kwabaphezulu nezinhlangano ezimisiwe. Umzwelo wePopulist ungahlanganisa amafutha lapho izakhamuzi zizizwa zinganakwa iziphathimandla zesifundazwe noma zikahulumeni, noma lapho zibona usongo oluvela emadolobheni, emaqophelweni ahlukene.

Le-lens yemibono ayisebenzi endaweni ephansi. Isebenzelana nomlando wendawo, inani labantu, izimo zezomnotho, nokubusa komthetho okuhlangene esifundazweni ngasinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibono kungaba yimbangela nomphumela wokuhlanganiswa: umphakathi ungahlanganisa ngenxa yokuncishwa kwemibono yawo, futhi isenzo sokuhlanganisa, singaqinisa futhi sifake labo abathambekele ezimisweni zendawo, ezimisweni zentela, nasezinqumweni zokusebenzisa izwe.

Indima Engokomthetho Nengokwesayensi YokuHlaliswa

Ukubopha kuyinqubo umphakathi ozihlela ngayo ube yinhlangano kamasipala eqashelwa ngokomthetho, ngokuvamile idolobha noma idolobha. Izimfuneko eziqondile ziyahluka ngokwezwe, kodwa eziningi zihilela isicelo, ukuhlola okungaqondakali, ukuqulwa kwasobala, nokuvota kwezakhamuzi ezithintekile. Ezinye izizwe zifuna ukuvunyelwa isifundazwe noma ibhodi likahulumeni, kuyilapho ezinye zivumela ukuba izinhlangano eziqondile zevoti zihlanganiswe. Izithiyo ezingokomthetho zingaba nemali enkulu, zidinga izimali ezibalulekile, ubuchwepheshe obungokomthetho, kanye nokubunganyelwa kwezombangazwe.

Imibono yezombangazwe ithonya isigaba ngasinye salenqubo. Phakathi nesigaba sokucela, abathengisi bemibono kumelwe bahlele izinzuzo zokuhlanganiswa ngezinkolelo ezisemqoka emphakathini. Ngokwesibonelo, emphakathini okhululekile, abameleli bangagcizelela ikhono lokumisa ukuqasha, ukuxhasa izikole zomphakathi, noma ukwakha amaphoyisa anezinguquko ezihambisana nenqubo yokuphendula. Endaweni ehloniphekile, intela ephansi, iziqondiso ezimbalwa, nesivikelo ekuthatheni idolobha elikhulu, elinezikhungo eziphezulu. Isifundo sokungalawuleki, singaba futhi isilinganiso sempi ngokuphathelene nenzuzo yemali yesikhathi esizayo, izindleko zenkonzo, nokukhula kwezomnotho, okungakhangwa yindawo ngayinye encithaniswa yimiqondo engoko.

Indlela Isayensi Yesayensi Yemvelo Eshintsha Ngokuqondile Ngayo Izinto Ezithandwayo

Imiphakathi Ekhululekile: Ukuzivumelanisa Nomuntu Njengomthoba Wokubusa Okuqhubekayo

Imiphakathi enezici eziqinile eziqinile, ukuhlanganiswa kwezindawo kuvame ukubhekwa njengendlela yokuthola igunya elingokomthetho kanye nekhono lokuthola inzuzo elidingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe uhlelo oluqhubekayo. Ngaphandle kwesimo sikamasipala, ingaphansi kukahulumeni wesifunda, ongase ungabi nasici esiqinile, angabi nasithakazelo, noma angakwazi ukuveza izifiso zezakhamuzi zezinkonzo. Ngokufaka kuzo, bangamukela umthetho wedolobha owenzelwe ukuthuthukisa ukulingana kwezenhlalo, indawo ezungezile, ukugcinwa kwemali, ukuthengwa kwemali yezindawo zomphakathi, kanye nemithetho yezindawo zokuhlala ezithengwayo.

Isibonelo se-protomodial sitholakala ezindaweni eziningi zase-Bay, njenge- Berkeley kanye [FLT] Francisco [[I-Salct:3] (kusukela ihlanganisiwe), kodwa futhi nasemizamweni yamuva kakhulu. Cabangela 2021 ngokuzama ngomphakathi ongahlanganisiwe i-Faiview, i-California[ [i-Alameda County] [ice] [indlela] ukuhlanganisa ingxenye yesifiso sokulawula intela eqinile nokuvikela okwakungathandeki. Izakhamuzi zakhona ezazibhekwa njengezibalulekile ekuzivikeleni emakethekini. Nakuba zihlulekile ukuzuza i-fil.

Imiphakathi Ehlala Abantu: Ukumelana Noma Ukuzitika Okuyimpoqo

Izinhlangano eziqashelwayo zithambekele ekuqapheleni ukuhlanganiswa kwezindawo ngoba zihilela intela entsha, umshini omusha we-bureaucracrate, kanye nethuba lokukhula esikhathini esizayo kuhulumeni. Nokho, leyondawo ingaguqula ukusekela okusebenzayo uma enye indawo ingekho, kufaka umphakathi ekuthatheni idolobha elinomphakathi okhululekile. Ezimweni ezinjalo, i-accompation iba icebo lokuvikela indlela yokuphila engokwesiko: intela ephansi yempahla, ukuyekelela intela yemizi yemikhaya eyodwa, imithetho yezebhizinisi elinganiselwe, nokulawula izikole zendawo.

Indaba eyaziwayo yile Springs, Georgia. Ngo-2005, izakhamuzi zalelidolobha elicebile, elinobudlabha kakhulu lase-Atlanta zavota ukuba zihlanganyele, ikakhulu ukuze zihlwithwe yidolobha lase-Atlanta, elabonwa njengelakhululekileyo nengakhohliswanga. ISandy Springs yaba idolobha lokuqala eGeorgia ukuba lihlanganise iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50, futhi impumelelo yalo yabangela igagasi lokuhlangana kwemiphakathi kwezwe lonke iFulton County. Idolobha elisha lafaka cishe zonke izinkonzo zokusiza abantu ngabanye ababo, ligcina intela iphansi futhi uhulumeni ungena intela futhi lincikene.

Izindawo Zokuhlola: Ukuphikisana Nanoma Imuphi Uhulumeni Omusha

Ezingxenyeni zasemaphandleni aseNtshonalanga neMidwest, lapho izindinganiso zelayisensi zinamandla khona, ngokuvamile zibhekwa njengosongo lwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Izakhamuzi zikholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni wesifunda, kakade omncane, ungcono kuhulumeni kamasipala ongase abeke imithetho yokwakha, amalayisense ebhizinisi, noma imithetho yomsindo. Lemiphakathi ithambekele kakhulu ekuthembeleni ekuxhumaneni ngokwethukela, ezinkampanini zangasese zamanzi nasemfuleni wendle, kanye naseminyangweni yomlilo yezisebenzi zokuzithandela kunokuba isungule isakhiwo sedolobha.

Ngokwesibonelo, e Storey County, Nevada, ehlanganisa umphakathi ongahlangene nomphakathi weVirginia City, izimpikiswano ezingamashumi eminyaka zokuhlanganisa izakhiwo ziye zehluleka ngokuphindaphindiwe. Nakuba ukuvakasha nokugcinwa kwezindawo okungokomlando kuye kwaqhubezela ukuhlanganiswa kwezakhiwo zezisekelo nezinkonzo, izakhamuzi eziningi ezingomakade zimelana nemibono esekelwe emfundisweni, ziphikisa ukuthi “uhulumeni uyinkinga.” Lokhu kumelana kuyaqhubeka ngisho nalapho izinkonzo eziyisisekelo − njengokugcinwa komgwaqo namaphoyisa − kungenamandla, kwembula ukujula kwesibopho semicimbiso.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ekuvivinyweni Kwesayensi Yokuzicabangela

U - Austin, ETexas: I - Liberal Urban Core

Umlando ka-Austin njengedolobha elihlangene kakhulu nezwe elifunyaniswe kakhulu. Kusukela ngawo-1970 kuqhubeke, uhulumeni wedolobha lika-Austin ubeyiphayona ngezimiso eziqhubekayo: iziqondiso zendawo ezungezile, ukutshala izimali zomphakathi, izindlu ezibizayo ezibekwe emaceleni, futhi muva nje, izinguquko zezwe ezizokuvumela ukuphakama okukhulu. Ukuzimisela kwedolobha ukuthatha izindawo ezizungezile cishe ngokuphindwe-kakhulu ngenxa yokuphikisa kwezindawo zasemadolobheni ezingaphili kakhulu, kuye kwashukunyiswa umbono obheka ukubusa kwedolobha njengethuluzi lokulawula nokusekela. “Gcina u-Weird [1] kuyingxenye yale nkulumo ekhululekile-neverban, ebheka idolobha njengendawo yokuzimela ukulwa kwezindawo ezizungezile, ukuchuma kwezentengiselwa phambili.

Nokho, ngisho nase-Austin, imibono iyaphikiswa. Izimiso zobudlelwano ezinamandla zedolobha kuma 1990 nasekuqaleni kwawo 2000 zabangela ukubuyela emuva eZweni laseHill elizungezile, lapho izindawo ezinamasu aqinile njengaye PFlugerville[ kanye ne-Kyle [ [i-FLT] yafaka ukuvikela izisekelo zentela futhi imelane nokufinyelela kwe-Austin-ration. Le-inporation yayiyi-processss, ihlelwe njengendawo ecacile, i-emelele amalungelo empahla ne-equagnome ngokumelene “nohulumeni omkhulu”.

Emaphandleni: Isayensi yokungavumelani

Ngaphesheya kwasemaphandleni aseMidwest, amakhulu amakhulu ezwe asalokhu engahlanganisiwe, elawulwa kuphela yizikhomishane zesifundazwe. Ezizweni ezinjenge I-Iowa, Kansas, neNebraska, inkolelo yombuso wendawo nokungakholwa kukahulumeni igcine amakhulu emiphakathi emincane engafuni isikhundla samadolobha, ngisho nalapho inani labantu nomsebenzi wezomnotho ziyoyisekela. Izingxoxo nabaholi bendawo ngokuvamile zembula inkolelo ejulile yokuthi “isifunda sezwe siyayanelisa imali nje.” Lokhu kumelana kuqiniswa namasiko ayigugu akwazisayo ukuzithemba ngezenzo zenkolo.

Imiphumela isobala: izindawo ezingafakwanga imingcele ngokuvamile azinazo izinkonzo eziyisisekelo ezinjengokugcinwa kwezindawo, ukuhlolwa, nokunakekelwa kwemigwaqo, okungaphazamisa ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho nokuncitshiswa kokuphila. Kodwa lezi zindawo zokuhweba ziyamukeleka ngoba zivumelana nemibono yomhlaba ebeka izintela eziphansi nemithetho ephansi. Kubenzi bezinhlelo nabenzi bezimiso, lokhu kuletha inkinga: indlela yokuthuthukisa izinkonzo ngaphandle kokubangela ukuphikisa kwemibono.

Izinkundla Zempi Zasezindaweni Ezingaphansi: Ukuhlukahluka Kwezinto Eziphilayo EMetropolitan Fringe

Mhlawumbe akukho ndawo lapho indima yemibono ibonakala khona kakhulu kunasemaphethelweni ezindawo ezinkulu zedolobha. Lemiphakathi ivame ukuxutshwa ngokwemibono mayelana nokufakelwa kwezindawo zasedolobheni ezihlala eduze nezakhamuzi eziphila isikhathi eside ezisadla ngoludala. Uma kuphakama inkinga yokuhlanganisa, ingadalula imigqa ejulile. Wake County, North Carolina[, i-Punigated of i-Fuay-Varinar[ njengedolobha elisha (kunokuhlangana neRalieagne) yaphikiswana iminyaka eminingi, kanye nezakhamuzi ezithanda uhulumeni onamandla namabhilifesime.

Imisebenzi efanayo edlalwa e- Douglas County, Colorado, lapho izindawo ezingafakwanga khona eduze kweDenver zicatshangelwa ukuthi zikhona. Izakhamuzi ze-Liberra zazifuna idolobha elizomisa amapaki, uhambo lomphakathi, nezindlela zokuhamba ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene; abafuni ukulinganisela intela babefuna ukugcina iphansi futhi balondoloze umgangatho we-athonsi. Ukuhluleka ukufinyelela ukuvumelana [1] Ngokuhlelwa kwe-prelation protuation procantificiation [1] Kaningi kwashiya lemiphakathi ngaphandle kwendlela ecacile phambili, ishiye ngaphansi kwesimiso sokubusa okungajabulisi ngokuphelele.

Ukucwaninga Ngemisebe Yegazi Nemininingwane Yesayensi Yesayensi Yengqondo Neyokuhlobanisa

Nakuba ubufakazi obuningi buyi-qualitive, indikimba ekhulayo yokucwaninga okungalinganisi isekela umqondo wokuthi imibono yezombangazwe iyisibonakaliso esiphawulekayo semiphumela ehambisanayo. Ukuhlola kusebenzisa ukwaziswa kwesifundazwe okuvela eMbalini we-U.S. kanye namanani ezimiso (umz., ku-Cooperative Couperatical Econstation Study) kuye kwathola ukuthi:

  • Izindawo ezinabantu abaningi abavotayo abakhululekile zithambekele ekuboneni imizamo eyandayo yokuzihlanganisa, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni kakade esezisemadolobheni.
  • Izibalo zamanani zivame kakhulu ukuhlala zingasetshenziswa, futhi uma zihlanganisa, zenza kanjalo “ngentela ephansi, intela ephansi” yomthetho-mthetho ogunyaza izinkonzo.
  • Ukwakheka kwemiqondo engokwemvelo emphakathini kwandisa amathuba okuhlangana okuphumelelayo; imiphakathi ehlukahlukene ngokuvamile inqamuka ngenxa yokungqubuzana kwemibono ngenjongo nobukhulu bukahulumeni omusha.

Lokucwaninga, okwakhishwa komagazini abanjenge Urban Affairs Review kanye Joyal of Urban Affairs[, kugcizelela ukuthi ukuhlanganisa akusona isinqumo sezobuchwepheshe noma sezomnotho kodwa kuyisinqumo sezombangazwe esigxile kakhulu ekulweni kwemibono ngesimo sedemokrati yendawo.

Izingcindezi Zokuhlelwa Kwesimiso Nokuhlelwa Kwezinto

Kubahleli, izikhulu zezentengiselwano zezomnotho, nabasunguli bezimiso zikahulumeni, ukuqaphela izilinganiso zemibono yokuhlangana kungathuthukisa ukuthembisana kanye nemiphumela. Izinqubo ezingokwesiko ezigcizelela ukuhlaziywa kohlelo olunenzuzo olunenzuzo, ukuphumelela kokunikeza umsebenzi, nokukhula kwezomnotho zingahluleka ukukholisa imiphakathi emibono yayo eholela ekungathembeni uhulumeni noma ekubhekeni ukuzibusa njengenzuzo. Amasu aphumelelayo ahlanganisa:

  • Izinkonzo zokuhlela ngokwemiqondo eguquguqukayo. Emiphakathini ethatha imingcele, zigcizelela ukuthi ukuhlanganisa kungavikela ekuthatheni idolobha elikhululekile, intela ephansi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi kwakhe uhulumeni wendawo osabela ngokwengeziwe. Emiphakathini ekhululekile, kuqokomisa ikhono lokumisa izimiso eziqhubekayo uhulumeni wesifunda-sifunda ongeke akwazi ukuzisebenzisa noma ongeke akwazi ukuzisebenzisa.
  • Ihlela izinqubo zokuhlukanisa ezihlonipha ukwahlukahlukana kwemibono. Izingxoxo zomphakathi lapho izakhamuzi zingaveza khona ukukhathazeka kwazo kwemibono futhi zibone ukuthi ukuhlanganisa kungahlotshaniswa kanjani nezindinganiso zazo (umz., isici esilinganiselwe senjongo esinikeza izinkonzo ezimbalwa eziyinhloko).
  • Imininingwane esekelwe ekufezekeni kuyilapho ivuma ubandlululo lwemibono. Abahleli bangaveza inzuzo nezindleko, kodwa futhi kufanele babe sobala ngemibono efihla lezozilinganiso nokuthi imibono ehlukile ingazichaza ngendlela ehlukile.
  • Icabangela ezinye izifekethiso ezibusayo. emiphakathini emelana nokuhlanganiswa okugcwele, abahleli bangase bahlongoze izigodi ezikhethekile (umz., umlilo, amanzi, noma amapaki) ezinikeza izinkonzo ezithile ngaphandle kokwakha uhulumeni kamasipala wenjongo. Lokhu kungamukeleka ngokuvumelana nombono wakho kokubili (ofuna izinkonzo ezingcono) kanye namazinga angokwesiko (owesaba uhulumeni wedolobha ogcwele).

Isiphetho

Imibono yezombangazwe ayisona isici esivamile ekuhlanganiseni izinqumo; ngokuvamile ingumo oyinhloko okudingeka ukuba zonke ezinye izici ziwuthinte. Noma kuboniswa njengesifiso sokushintsha okuqhubekayo, ukwesaba uhulumeni ukuphaphamela, noma isibopho sokuqinisekisa ukuthatha indawo ephansi, ithonya lokho imiphakathi ecela uhulumeni wendawo ukuba akwenze, ukuthi zizimisele ukukukhokhela kangakanani, nokuthi zifuna yini isakhiwo sikamasipala. Ukwazisa le mbono ngamandla kuvumela abenzi bemithetho namapulani ukuba bahambele ngalé kwezentelezi zindlela zezomnotho ezivamile futhi zihileleke ekukhetheni okungokoqobo, nokubaluleka kwemiphakathi kwemiphakathi ehlangene. Njengoba iUnited States iqhubeka ikhula futhi iveza, ukudlala phakathi kwemibono nezindawo kuyobonakala kakhulu, ukuqaqamba okukhulu, ukuklama okunamandla, ukubusa kwekhonondandayo.