Umklamo wezimiso ze-votorordal uyisici esiyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, esithonya ngokuqondile indlela izakhamuzi eziqonda ngayo ukulunga nelungelo lezinhlangano zazo zezombangazwe. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezimiso ze-votal, izimiso eziyinhloko . futhi zaziwa ngokuthi ubuningi noma izimiso eziningi, zinendawo evelele kuhulumeni wentando yeningi omisiwe. Lezi zimiso, ezikhuthaza ukunqoba kombhalisa noma iqembu elinamavoti amaningi, azimi imiphumela yokukhetha kuphela kodwa futhi namasiko angokwezombangazwe abanzi. Ukuqonda ithonya lazo ekuthembeni ivoti nokwethembana kubalulekile ekuhloleni impilo yezimiso zentando yeningi, njengoba kunjalo ukuthemba kwetshebe liyikhohlose ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlangano zomphakathi nenhlangano yezenhlangano.

Ukuqonda Izimiso Zokuqondisa Imikhumbi

Izimiso ze-majortarian covota zichazwa ngesimiso sazo esiyinhloko: umvoti noma iqembu elamukela amavoti amaningi linqoba ukhetho, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokufuna iningi eliphelele (ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-50 evoti). Ushintsho oluvame kakhulu yisimiso sokuqala esidlulile (FPPP) esisetshenziswa emazweni anjenge United Kingdom, Canada, i-Indiya, ne-United States (kunoma kukhetho olungaphezulu). Olunye uhlobo yisimiso esibanzi (noma siphume) esisetshenziswa eFrance nakukhethweni okuningi komongameli emhlabeni wonke. Ezinye izimiso zisebenzisa enye ivoti (AV), lapho abavoti abavoti kanye nabaphansi bekhishwe khona kuze kususwe khona abaningi. Nakuba lezi zindlela zihlukene, ziveza izindleko ezivamile, ukugcizelela okusobala, ukuphumelela.

Isiqalo-Past-The Post (FPTP)

I-FPTP iyisimiso esilula nesiqashelwa kakhulu. Esifundeni ngasinye (imvumelwano), abavoti bavotela ivoti eyodwa kulowo abathandayo. Ovota abanenani eliphakeme kakhulu labavoti bawina isihlalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bavikela inani elikhulu kangakanani. Lesimiso sivame ukuveza ohulumeni abanamandla abahlukene, ikakhulukazi ezimisweni zephalamende, ngoba ngokuvamile iguqula ubuningi bamavoti esizwe ezihlalweni eziningi. Isibonelo, kunyuswa u-2019, i-Conservative Partion yawina i-6% yevoti yevoti kodwa iboshe 56% yezihlalo zePhalamende. Le “ivoti ye-win" ingadala i-ohulumeni abahleliyo abahleliyo abahleliyo abahleliyo abahleliyo abahleliyo futhi bajiyile.

Uhlelo oluhlanganisa imikhawulo emibili (Sebenzisa i-Off)

Isimiso esizungeza izingxenye ezimbili siklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lowo owinayo ekugcineni usekelwa kakhulu. Uma kungekho mklomelo ofinyelela inani eliphelele emzuzwini wokuqala, ababili abaphezulu (noma ngezinye izikhathi ngaphezulu) abazothatha indilinga yesibili. Khona - ke abaqondisi bakhetha phakathi kwabasele, futhi owinayo uthola amavoti amaningi kuleyo ngqungquthela yokugcina. Lesimiso sivamile kukhetho lomongameli eFrance, eBrazil, nasemazweni amaningi ase-Afrika.

Okunye ukudlala (I-inqanyulo-ukuphuma)

AV(isetshenziswa iAustralian House of Declarations commations − bavumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe izigaba ngokuthanda. Uma kungekho mbhedethi othola amavoti amaningi aqala-pareference, ophothulwe phansi uyasuswa, futhi amavoti abo adluliselwa kwezinye izintando ezilandelayo. Lenqubo iphindelela kuze kube yilapho omunye umbheki-mmeleli ethola okuningi. AV uqinisekisa ukuthi umnqobi usekelwa kabanzi kuyilapho egwema izindleko zokhetho lwesibili. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi isayizizalela izikhundla ezincane uma izintando zakhe wesibili zingabalwanga ngokwemithetho esemthethweni.

Imishini Ihlobanisa Izimiso Ze - ectoral Ne - Voter

Ithemba lemishini elibanzi lihlanganisa ukuqiniseka ngenqubo yokuvota, ukwaneliseka ngezimpawu, nenkolelo yokuthi uhulumeni usabela ekudingekeni kwesakhamuzi. Izimiso ze-Majoritharian zithinta lezi zilinganiso ngezinqubo eziningana ezihlangeneyo.

Ukuqonda Imiphumela Nokubusa

Elinye lamandla akhonjiwe kakhulu ezimiso ezinkulu yikhono labo lokuveza imiphumela ecacile, ewujuqu. Abavoter bangaqonda kalula ukuthi ubani ophumelele nolahlekile, benciphisa ukungaqondi ukuthi ubani ozokwakha uhulumeni. Ezimisweni zephalamende, i-FPTP ivame ukuveza ohulumeni abaningi abahlukene, abangenza ngokungenakugwenywa ngaphandle kokudinga ukuzwana okuhlangene. Lokhu kucacile kungakhulisa ukwethembana ngokuhlangana namathemba okhetho okufanele baphume kuwo uhulumeni osebenzayo. Ukucwaninga kwe - International Institute for Democlacy and Electoral Implicate kubonisa ukuthi emazweni ane FPTP, ukwaneliseka ngedemocracyer, ukwahlulela ngentando yeningi kuvame ukuphakama lapho ukhetho luveza umnqobi ohluliwe ngokucacile, uma kuqhathaniswa nomongongophi lapho ukwakhiwa kwe-mongongongo okuthatha izinyanga.

Ukulandisa Nesijeziso Esinzima

Izimiso zeziqu zamazwe zikha ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwabavoti nommeleli wabo bendawo. Ku-FPTP, isifunda ngasinye sikhetha ilungu elilodwa, sikwenza kucace ukuba abavoti bakhokhe noma bajezise ababoshelwe ekusebenzeni kwabo. Lokhu kulandisa kungakhuthaza ukuqiniseka ukuthi abaholi bangasuswa uma behluleka ukuhlanganisa. Ukuhlola kwe-Canada no-British ukhetho kubonisa ukuthi abavoti ezimisweni ze-FPTP basengozini kakhulu yokuvota ngokulandelela phambili noma ukujezisa umlando kahulumeni (*) ngokwezimiso zezimiso ezilinganisayo. Nokho, lobucala lingancishwa i-garrymanning noma izihlalo eziphephile, lapho ukubusa kweqembu elithile kuqinisekisiwe, ukunciphisa ukuhewunda kokuvota okufuna ukuvota.

Ukumelela Nokuhlobisa

Nakuba izimiso ezinkulu zinikeza ukucaca nokulandisa, ngokuvamile azikwenzi kahle ukumelela. Ku-FPTP, ozohlolelwayo anganqoba ngobubanzi obungalingana no-30% wevoti, okusho ukuthi 70% wokhetho angase azizwe engamelelwanga. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kungaqeda ukwethemba phakathi kwabasekeli abalahlekelwa yiqembu, ikakhulukazi uma behlala bephakathi kwabantu abambalwa. Isizwe, ulimi, noma isigaba esiphansi singathola amazwi abo encishisiwe uma amavota abo egxile ezifundeni ezimbalwa kodwa engaguquleli ezihlalweni zomthetho. Inhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene iveza indlela kakhulu yokukhomba izinhlanga ezingaveza ngayo imizwa yokuhlukanisa kakhulu emiphakathini ehlukene kakhulu, enciphisa ukuthembana kwezentando yentando yeningi.

Ubufakazi Obuvela Kuwo Nokuhlolwa Kwecala

Imiphumela yangempela yezimiso eziyinhloko ze-voti ezithemba umvoti iyahluka ngokomongo. Ukuhlola amazwe athile kwembula kokubili amandla nobuthakathaka balezi zimiso.

United Kingdom

Isimiso se-UK se-FPTP kudala sigxekwe ngokususa kwayo i-FP ngokukhetha kwayo kodwa kungu-2015 ukhetho oluvamile, i-UK Independence Party (UKIP) yawina 12.6% yesihlalo esisodwa kuphela kodwa isihlalo esisodwa kuphela sezihlalo. Ngokufanayo, i-Liberal Democrates iboshelwe 7.9% yevoti kodwa 1,2% yezihlalo. Lokhu “kwafakwa ivoti” lapho abalahlekelwayo bengani khona ukumelela nokuthembana, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabasekeli abancane. Nokho, i-UK futhi ijabulela izinga eliphakeme lokuthemba kwenhlangano uma kuqhathaniswa nezinga eliphezulu, ingxenye eyodwa kuphela yezindawo ezikhona, ngenxa yokuthi isimiso esiphethe imibuso emisha esikhona singaveza izinqubo zezenhlalakahle. Izimiso zezenhlalo zezenhlalo zezenhlalo lapho i-British Sultsssssssssss semoreances ezisethisssssss amashumi eminyaka.

Canada

Isimiso se-FPTP saseCanada siye saholela ekuphindeni “kuhluleni okungalungile” kokhetho. Lapho umkhandlu ezuza izihlalo eziningi kodwa amavoti ambalwa kunamanye. Ngo-2019, iLiberal Party yawina 33.1% yezihlalo zovoti no 157, kuyilapho iConservative Party iwina 34.3% kodwa izihlalo ezingu-12 kuphela. Imiphumela enjalo ingalimaza ukuqonda okulungile, njengoba abavoti bengase bacabange ukuthi ukwabiwa kwezihlalo akubonisi izintando zabo. Ukuhlolwa okuqhutshwa yi-Evotes Canada kubonisa ukuthi lapho abantu abaningi base-Canada bemukela i-FTPPPPP, bethemba kakhulu lapho imiphumela ilahla ukuvota okuthandwayo. Inguquko ihlolwa kodwa ingasetshenziswa futhi, ngokwakwanyuswa kanye nokungahluzeka kwabangu-201 kweqembu laba baxhasi abambalwa.

i-France

IFrance isebenzisa isimiso esizindilizi ezimbili okhethweni lwayo lwesizwe loMhlangano. Lesimiso sivame ukuvuza amaqembu ngokulinganisela, amapesenti asemaceleni adlulele amaqembu ezombangazwe kuyilapho sinciphisa iziphetho ezizeqile ze-Procratical. Kukhetho lwe-Googla 2017, iqembu lomongameli we-Macron i-République En Marche lawina 28.2% wevota yokuqala ebanzi kodwa elondeke ngaphezu kwama-60% ezihlalweni ngenxa yokuvota okusemthethweni kanye nama-pactry enhlangothini yesibili. Lomphumela oqiniswayo phakathi kwabasekeli be-Macron kodwa onyusiwe phakathi kweqembu le-National Front neFrance engakhothami. [[FLT:] Inhlangano yokuhlola i-FOctive [FOct:1] iyakulahla ukukhomba ezintsheni zezombangazwe, incintiwe ngokwengxenye ye-yo efuna ukuvotela ukuvoza.

eNdiya

INdiya, i-FPTP enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, isebenzisa ukhetho lwayo lwe-Lok Sabba. Naphezu kobukhulu nokuhlukahluka kwayo, isimiso siye saveza ohulumeni abaqinile, muva nje ngaphansi kweBaratiya Janata Party (BJP), ezuze 37% yamavoti ngo-2019 kodwa 56% yezihlalo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuthi i-FPPP iqinisekisa ukubusa ezindaweni eziningi ezihlukene zomhlaba. Nokho, abagxeki baveza ukuthi isimiso esithatha izifundazwe siqala ukuhlukanisa izifunda: izigaba ezisekela indawo yonke, njenge-Bijutal Daya e-Dasha, yenza kahle, kuyilapho amaqembu esizwe asekela kakhulu. I-Centree i-Cents ye-Stueating of Developozinglet (injini ephakeme kakhulu) ekhona lapho kusungulwa khona izinkonzo zenkolo encindiwe kakhulu, futhi encishisiwe kakhulu, ehluleka kakhulu ukuzuza izihla zezindawo ezivamile zenkolo, futhi ehhotela kakhulu.

Ukugxekwa Nezinselele

Naphezu kwezinzuzo zazo, izimiso eziyinhloko zibhekana nokugxekwa okukhulu okungalulaza ukuthenjwa kovoti isikhathi eside.

Ukukhucululwa Kwezikhungo Nokulahlwa Kwazo

Izinqubo zokuvota ngokwemvelo zakha igebe phakathi kwengxenye yevoti nesihlalo esihlanganyelayo. Ku-FPTP, iqembu eliwinayo amaphesenti angu-40 evoti lingase lizuze izihlalo ezingamaphesenti angu-60, kuyilapho iqembu elinamashumi amabili% lingase lithole izihlalo ezingaphansi kwezi-5%. Lokhu kunciphiswano kusho ukuthi amavoti amaningi “ayadunyiswa" – aphonswe abavoti abalahlekelwa – noma abanethonya elincane kunabanye. Ithemba lomdlanga uma izakhamuzi zibona ukuthi ivoti yazo ayibali ngaphandle kokuba zisekele i-runner engaphambili. Inhlangano ye-Interravity ye-Democcifictic ne-Else iphawula ukuthi emazweni anezikhuthulo oluphezulu, ukuvota okuncitshiswa, ukuncipha kwe-vota, futhi incishisiwe kwezombangazwe phakathi kwabasekeli abambalwa.

Ukusebenzisa Ikhono Nokusonta Okukahle

Izimiso zezikhulu zikhuthaza ukuvota ngamaqhinga, lapho izakhamuzi zingavoti khona i-odoli abathandayo kodwa ongayithandi kakhulu ukuze kuvinjelwe umphumela omubi nakakhulu. Nakuba lokhu kunganengqondo, kungalulaza ukuma kobuqiniso futhi kungazala ukugxeka. Abaholi bangase bazizwe bephoqelekile ukuyekethisa izindinganiso zabo, okunciphisa ukuthembela enqubeni yokukhetha. E-UK, ukuvota kobuqili kuye kwanda kakhulu, ngamawebhusayithi namakhankasi okuveza indlela yokukhuliswa kwemiphumela yabo. Lo mkhuba ungaveza ukungaqiniseki kokuthi isimiso siyokuguqula ngokufanelekile ukukhetha ezihlalweni.

Ukuphikiswa Kwemincane Namaqembu Ahlukene

Izimiso zezikhulu zingahlukanisa ngokulandelana amaqembu amancane angagxili kakhulu ngokwezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, isigaba esiphansi sohlanga noma sobuzwe esisakazekele ezifundeni eziningi kungenzeka singalokothi sibe nabavoti abathandekayo abakhethiwe. E-United States, nakuba ama-Afrika nawamaHispanic aye athola izimpawu ezisezweni, ithonya lawo lezombangazwe livame ukuxutshaniswa ne-gerrymander noma izifunda ezigcwele. Brenan Center yeJaji [[ ifaka kanjani i-FPP ku-U.S.]

I - “feater ” Edidayo

Ukuhlola kwesizwe kubonisa ukuthi amazwe anezimiso eziyinhloko athambekele ekubeni nomvoti ophansi uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abamelelwa ngokwesilinganiso. Lokhu ngokwengxenye kungenxa yokuthi abavoti abasekela amaqembu amancane noma amaqembu ezifunda babona isikhuthazo esincane sokuvota, ukwazi ukuthi ozobekelwayo cishe ngeke banqobe. Ukuphehlwa kwezimpawu zokukhohlakala eziqeda ukwethenjwa nokuthembisa. E-United Kingdom, ukuvota okuvamile kuye kwathatha isilinganiso esingu-65% kusukela ngo 2000, uma kuqhathaniswa namazinga aphakeme (avame ukudlula ku-80%) ezimisweni zesilinganiso ezifana ne-Denmark. Nakuba izici eziningi zithinte ukuvusemuva, isimiso sokhetho sinegalelo esikhulu.

Izinguquko Nezindlela Ezihlukile

Njengoba eqaphela ukushiyeka kwezimiso eziyinhloko zokuthembana, amazwe amaningana aye asebenzisa izinguquko ukuze andise ubulungisa nokumelela, amanye ayaqhubeka ephikisana ngezinye izindlela.

Izimiso ze-member ezixutshwe

Izimiso ezixutshwe nezingxenye ze-MMP zihlanganisa izigodi ezinezingxenye eyodwa neziphakamiso eziphezulu. Abavota bavota kabili: enye ye-projecter nenye yeqembu. Lokhu kugcina ukumelelwa kwendawo kuyilapho kuqinisekisa ukuthi indikimba yephalamende iyonke iveza ukuvota kwezwe. I-Jalimane, i-New Zealand, ne-Scotland zisebenzisa i-MMP. E-New Zealand, ukusuka ku-FPTP kuya ku-MMP ngo-1996 kwaholela ekubeni i-votarcer, njengamaqembu amancane anjenge-Greens ne-New Zealand athola ukumelelwa. Nokho, i-MMP futhi iveza i-miv organs, abanye ababheka njengentwayi-Ellalctor. Ukucwaninga kwe-New Zealand kubonisa ukuthi ngemva kokulungisa, ngokwaneliseka kwalabo ababengakazelwe kahle kakhulu.

Ranked-Choice Voing (RCV)

Futhi yaziwa ngokuthi ukuvota okusheshayo, i-RCV ivumela abavoti ukuba bafake izigaba. Iqinisekisa ukuthi umnqobi usekela kakhulu kuyilapho esusa isidingo sokuthatha izintambo ezihlukene. I-RCV isetshenziswa e-Australia, e-Ireland, futhi amadolobha amaningana ase-U.S. (umz., i-San Francisco, iMinneapolis). Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuthi i-RCV inciphisa umkhankaso ophambene futhi ikhuthaza abasekeli ukuba bafake isikhala esibanzi, esingenza ukuthembanake. Abagxeki beqaphela ukuthi i-RCV ayiyichazi i-proportionter ezindaweni ezithile futhi ayiveziveza ngokukhetha kwabo okulandelayo ngenxa yokwe-winner. Nokho, ukuhlolwa [FLD:]

Umfuziselo ongokwengxenye (PR)

Izimiso zePR ezigcwele zinikeza amaqembu izihlalo ezisekelwe engxenyeni yawo yokuvota, ngokusebenzisa izinhlu zeqembu noma amavoti adluliswayo. Izinhlelo eziningi zedemokrati (umz., Sweden, Netherlands, Belgium) zisebenzisa iPR. Lezizimiso ziveza amapalamende amaningi amelelwayo novoti ophakeme kodwa ngokuvamile zidinga ohulumeni abahlangene, abangantengantengi. Ukuhweba phakathi kommelelo nombuso kuphakathi kuphakathi kwempikiswano. Ukusekela kwe-democricity. Ukuvota okunelisa izwi labo okuzwayo, i-PR ithambekele ekubangeleni ukwethenjwa okukhulu. ACEctoral Knotey Network kunikeza ulwazi olubanzi olubonisa ukuthi ukuqiniseka komvoti ngokunamandla kuhlanganisa nesilinganiso sesimiso sikagesi, ikakhulukazi, izinhlangano eziphakathi zezenhlalo.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zeze-vota zokhetho ezinkulu zinethonya elinamandla neliyinkimbinkimbi ekuthembeni umvoti nasekuthembeni idemokrasi. Imiphumela yazo [1] i-clear, i-ohulumeni abayingxenye eyodwa, nokumelelwa okuqondile kwesifunda, kungakhuthaza ukwethenjwa ngokwenza inqubo yezombangazwe ibe sobala futhi iphele. Nokho, lezizimiso ezifanayo zingabangela ukuphelelwa uthando oluphawulekayo ngokulahla, ukuvota, nokuncishiswa kwamazwi amancane. Ithonya ekuthembeni lixhomeke ezicini ezisekelwe emongweni ezinjengamasiko ezombangazwe, ukuba khona kwamazwi athile emphakathini womphakathi, kanye nezingalingani phakathi kwabantu.

Izakhamuzi ezinomuzwa wokuthi amavoti azo awavamile ukuthinta umphumela awuvamile ukuvota noma ukuthatha iqhaza kwezombangazwe, futhi zingaba nezinsolo ngentando yeningi ngokwayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abavoti ababheka umvoti wabo okhethiwe noma iqembu labo elimelelweyo bebheka isimiso njengesilungile. Ukuze balondoloze ukuqiniseka okukhulu, idemokrasi eningi emisiwe iye yamukela izici ezixubile noma ezilinganayo eziphazamisa amaphethelo anzima okhetho emazweni anjengeCanada, iUnited Kingdom, ne-United States iveza ukuqaphela okukhula okungamelwe kuphakanyiswe ngokuzinzisa okungangokohlelo oluthiwe okumelwe kuphakanyiswe ngamasu avumelana nomthetho.

Ekugcineni, asikho isimiso sokhetho esiphelele. Izimiso zamajenara ziyoqhubeka ziyindlela esebenzayo emiphakathini enikeza ukuzinza nomholi onamandla. Nokho, ukuze isekele ukuthembana kovoti, abakhi bezimiso kumelwe baphelezele lezizimiso ezikhuluma ngokuhlukana [1] ngokwesibonelo, ngokusungula izilinganiso eziphezulu eziphezulu, ukuhlanganisa okuzimele, noma imikhankaso yemfundo evotayo. Njengoba i-democracy iguqula, ubuhlobo phakathi kwemithetho elawulayo nesakhamuzi kuhlala kuyingxenye ebucayi yokucwaninga nengxoxo yomphakathi.