Isiqalo se-United States Constitution isigqebhezana esifushane esichaza izinjongo eziyisisekelo nezimiso eziqondisayo zalencwadi. Siqala ngamazwi adumile, " Thina bantu," sigcizelela indima yezakhamuzi ekumiseni uhulumeni. Lombhalo wesisekelo ube nethonya elinamandla emphakathini waseMelika nasefilosofini yezombangazwe, ulolonga indlela isizwe esizophatha ngayo i-cudiance kanye namalungelo aso. Nakuba kungu-522 kuphela, i-Pregquast iveza izinhloso eziyinhloko zokuzama kwaseMelika futhi iyaqhubeka isebenza njenge-state yencazelo yomthetho, inqubo yomphakathi, izimpikiswano, nesazi somphakathi.

Umlando Nokushintsha Kwesandulela

I-Constitution of the Commonptional Confederation ka - 1787 yahlangana ePhiladelphia ukuze ikhulume ngobuthakathaka beZihlokwana zeNkathi. Abafemo, kuhlanganise noJames Madison, u-Alexander Hamilton, noGeorge Washington, bafuna ukwakha uhulumeni wesizwe ophumelela ngokwengeziwe ngesikhathi esifanayo belondoloza izimiso ze-rpablican. I-Pregagegeargery yabuthwa nguGouverneur Morris, owakhonza eKomitini yeNdlela ne-Comparation. Amazwi akhe " Wewethu People" ngamabomun'enhloso alandela izinhlelo zempimpi yangaphambili ezazihlele izifunda zesizwe ngasinye, zinikeza uphawu lokushintshwa kwesivumelwano sesivumelwano sezwezwezwe lonke elihlangene livela kuhulumeni ezakhamuzini.

Lokhu kukhetha kwabonisa ithonya longqondongqondo abakhanyiselwe njengoJohn Locke, owaphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho uncike ekuvumeni kwababuswayo, kanye noMontesquieu, owagcizelela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. AmaFramers athatha futhi emfundisweni yesivumelwano sezenhlalo kaJean-Jacques Rousseau, nakuba ayeyidambisa ngokukhathalela okungokoqobo kokuzinza nokuhleleka. Ngaleyondlela i-Prequotget yavela njengebhuloho lefilosofi phakathi kwemibono yenguquko ka-1776 nesisekelo soMthetho-sisekelo. Abaniki mandla (awenziwa zizinto) ezikhona ezibhalwe ezihlokweni ezilandelayo. Kodwa esikhundleni sawo, bachaza izinjongo [[FLT:] [FLT] [i] [i] imibuso esetshenziswayo]

Ukuze kuqoshwe umlando wokudweba, izinqolobane zesizwe zinikeza umbhalo wokuqala namaphuzu. Isikhungo somthetho-mthetho wesizwe [ futhi zinikeza ukuphendula okungathintana nezazi.

Izifiso Eziyisithupha: Ukuhlaziya Okuningiliziwe

Isandulela simisa izinhloso eziyisithupha eziyinhloko, ngayinye imelela umgomo wesisekelo seRepublic entsha. Lemigomo ayiphoqelelwa ngokomthetho kodwa isebenza njengeziqondiso ezichazayo ukuqonda izinjongo ezibanzi zoMthetho-sisekelo.

Yakha Ubunye Obuphelele

Le nkulumo yasabela ngokuqondile ekuhlukanisweni ngaphansi kweZihlokwana zoMhlangano. AbaseFramers bafuna ukwakha uhulumeni wesizwe onamandla kakhulu onganqoba izingxabano zesifundazwe, uvumelanisa isimiso sezomnotho, futhi ubeke ukuma okuhlangene ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe. Inkulumo " iphelele kakhulu"[ yavuma ukuthi le nhlangano yayingenaphutha kodwa yayikwazi ukuthuthukisa ngohlelo lomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lenhloso iye yanxulunyaniswa ukuze ithethelele ukuphakama kombuso, umthetho wezentengiselwano yesifunda, nokuhlanganiswa kwezindawo ngokuvuselelwa nangokuvuselelwa kabusha.

Ukumisa Ubulungisa

I-Pregadge ibhekisela ezinhlanganweni zomthetho ezilungile nezingakhethi. AmaFramers ahloselwe ukuthatha indawo yokubusa okungenamthetho okungokobukhomanisi ngesimiso semithetho esebenza ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi. Lomgomo waholela ekusungulweni kwejaji elizimele, icala eliqulwa yijaji, nokuvinjelwa yimithetho yangemva kwe-comeo nentela yokuthola imali. Ukuphishekela ubulungisa kubangele izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme yamalungelo abantu, inqubo yobugebengu, kanye nesivikelo esilinganayo. [FLT]] ukumiswa kobulungisa obuzimele, nokuvinjelwa kuhlala kusenkathazweni enkulu ezimpikiswaneni zokumiswa kwekomiti yokwahlulela, isigwebo, ukulungiswa kwesigwebo, nokufinyelela ukumelelwa okungokomthetho.

Ukuvimbela Izinkinga Zasekhaya

Ukuthula kwasekhaya kwakusho ukuvimbela ukuphazamiseka kwangaphakathi nokuvukela. UShays’s Rebel (1786-171787) wayebonise ubuthakathaka bezihloko ekulondolozeni uhlelo. UMthetho-sisekelo wagunyaza uhulumeni ukuba ucindezele ukuvukela, umemezele amabutho, futhi uqinisekise umbuso ngamunye ukuba ube uhlobo lukahulumeni werepublic. Namuhla, lenhloso isekela igunya likahulumeni ezindaweni ezinjengentsabelo yenhlekelele, ukubambisana komthetho, nokulondeka kwesizwe.

Siza Ukuzivikela Okuvamile

Inombolo evamile yezokuvikela ikhuluma ngokhuseleko lwezwe ekusongelwani kwamanye amazwe. IConstitution inikeza uMkhandlu amandla okumisa amabutho, ukugcina imikhumbi yasolwandle, nokumemezela impi. I-fream yokuzivikela njengesibopho esihlanganyelwe sikahulumeni wesizwe, hhayi ukushiyelwa ezindaweni ezithile. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, lo mgomo uye wacashunwa ukusekela ukumiswa kwebutho lezempi lesikhathi sokuthula, ukusungulwa koMnyango Wezokhuselo, negunya lomongameli ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe.

Ukuthuthukisa Inhlalakahle Evamile

Inkulumo yezenhlala - kahle iye yaba enye yezinkulumo eziphikiswa kakhulu ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo. Kuyi-Predigary, imisa umgomo obanzi wesifiso; kamuva, i-Chitting I, iSiqeshana 8 inikeza iKhomishane amandla okukhokha intela futhi ichithe imali yenhlalakahle evamile. Impikiswano yokuthi lokhu kuvumela izinhlelo zikahulumeni eziningi (umz., i-Social Security, iMedicare, izisekelo) noma izinjongo ezilinganiselwe kuphela ziye zaguqula inkulumo yezombangazwe yaseMelika emakhulwini amabili. I-Preagend’s ekudluliseleni inhlalakahle ye- yenhlalakahle ye- [FLD]]] enhlalakahle kahulumeni ikhuthaza umbono kahulumeni ngokuthuthukisa ngokuqhubekayo izakhamuzi zayo.

Siza Silondoloze Izibusiso Zenkululeko Yethu Nenkambo Yethu

Lomthetho-sisekelo uhlanganisa isivikelo senkululeko, hhayi nje kuphela esizukulwaneni samanje kodwa nakwesesikhathi esizayo. Ibonisa inkolelo yabaferame yokuthi inkululeko edingekayo izivikelo ezidingekayo: ukwehlukana kwemibuso, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, i-habeas corpus, kanye nesivikelo ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo. Inkulumo ethi " ukuhlubuka" [ isho uMthetho-sisekelo onezilinganiso ezilandelanayo, isikisela ukuthi umklamo wesandla wesandla kumelwe uhlale njalo. Lezinkulumo ezinomgomo ezithinta umthetho-ampemperruza, ubukhoma.

Ithonya Lefilosofi YaseMelika

Ithonya elikhulu kakhulu le-Preggeery kuyifilosofi yomphakathi lisemazwini ayo okuvula: " Thina bantu. [lenkulumo] imisa ubukhosi obuthandwayo njengetshe lokubusa kwaseMelika] umqondo wokuthi igunya lezombangazwe lisuka ekwakheni izakhamuzi, hhayi emakhosini noma ezikhundleni. Lesimiso saguqula ubuhlobo phakathi kwabantu nombuso, sikhuthaza isiko lokuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi nomthwalo wemfanelo.

Ubukhosi Obuthandwayo Nezici Zomphakathi

Ngokumemezela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo umiswe futhi umiswe yi "Thina Malungu," amaFramers amukela ngokucacile inkolelo-mfantu. Izakhamuzi zivuma ukubuthelwa ukuze zivikele amalungelo azo nokukhuthaza izithakazelo zazo ezifanayo. Lomqondo wabangela ukuba inqubo yentando yeningi yaseMelika ikhushulelwe, kuhlanganise nokuvota, inkonzo yokuvuna, nokubopha izivumelwano zomphakathi. Yabuye yathethelela iBill of Rights, ebala isivikelo esiqondile kuhulumeni oyisiphazamiso. Umqondo wokuthi izakhamuzi ziwumthombo oyinhloko wegunya uye wakhuthazwa yizinhlangano zabesifazane, amalungelo omphakathi, nokuvota.

Imfundo Yesibalo Nokuchazwa Kwesizwe

Isiqalo singenye yemibhalo yokuqala efundiswa izingane zesikole zaseMelika. Ukukhumbula nokuphindaphinda kwayo kuye kwaba isiko lomphakathi, kuqinisa ukuqonda okuhlanganyelweyo kwenjongo yesizwe. Imfundo ye-CBIC prigin ivame ukusebenzisa isiqalo ukuze kwazise imiqondo kahulumeni, ubulungisa, nenkululeko. Izinhlangano ezinjenge iBill of Rights Institute [[ ifaka isigqekezo semisebe yokufundisa izimiso zomthetho-mthetho. Le mfundo iye yasiza ekusekeleni ulimi oluvamile lwezezenhlalakahle ezizukulwaneni nakwezombangazwe.

Imibuthano Yomphakathi Nesandulela

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, abashisekeli benguquko baye banxusa izithembiso ze-Pregagery zokusekela ushintsho. Abashisekeli benkolo baphikisa ngokuthi ubugqila babuphikisana nemigomo yokumisa ubulungisa nokuvikela inkululeko. Izibhedlela zanxusa "Thina Abantu" ukuba sifune ukufakwa ngokugcwele emphakathini wezombangazwe. I-Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s no 1960s yasebenzisa ulimi lwe-Pregagery ukuze ifune ubulungisa obulinganayo nenhlalakahle yezakhamuzi zonke. Muva nje, abameleli bezentelezi zezomnotho, isenzo somoya, kanye nenguquko yezokufuduka baye bacaphuna i-Pregistryings ukuze baphikise ukuthi uhulumeni kufanele usebenze okuhle.

Ithonya Efilosofini Yezombangazwe YaseMelika

Inkulumo yokuqala yathonya ifilosofi yezombangazwe ngokuchaza injongo kahulumeni njengokukhonza izidingo zabantu nokuvikela amalungelo abo.

Ubulungisa Nenkululeko Njengezimiso Zesisekelo

Isibopho sokunikeza ukwahlulela ngokulunga kanye esanduleleni] kushukumisele imizamo yokumisa imithetho ekhuthaza ukulunga nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Lezimiso zisemqoka ekuqondeni komthetho kahulumeni waseMelika. Imibono yeNkantolo ePhakathi ePhakeme ivame ukubhekisela ekwakhekeni kweNkantolo (izinga eliphansi) ayiwona umthombo wamalungelo azimele (incazelo) evumelana nezinjongo zayo ezibanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo iye yabhekisela ekuhlolweni kwecala ezihilela ubukhulu bombuso, inkululeko yomphakathi, nezingalo lwekhono zombuso. Imibono yeSishayamthetho iye yathonya futhi ukuvela kwenqubo efanelekile nesivikelo ngaphansi kwe-14.

Inhlalakahle Evamile Nendima Kahulumeni

Inkulumo ethi "igunyaza inhlalakahle evamile" ibiyindawo ebanzi ezimpikiswaneni zefilosofi yezombangazwe. Labo abasekela uhulumeni olinganiselwe baphikisa ngokuthi isigqebhezana senhlala - kahle sasingahloselwe ukugunyaza izinhlelo zezenhlalo ezibanzi; bakhomba emagunyeni adwetshiwe eSiphakamiso I njengesivimbele. Abanye baphikisa ukuthi ulimi lwe-Preggy, luhlangene ne-Confectal ne-Faned Claus, luvumela uMkhandlu ukuba ukhulumele izidingo zesizwe. Lokhu kubangela ukuphikisana nge-New Deal, iNhlangano Enkulu, i-Affordcable Care, nezingxoxo zamanje zokunakekela impilo nemfundo yendawo yonke. Ngakho i-Pregnignogtion isebenza njenge-prediod shory arects zombili.

Izikhali Ezivamile Namandla Asemkhathini

Injongo yokulungiselela ukuzivikela okuvamile iye yadala izimpikiswano eziphathelene nesimiso sezempi, ukubuthana kokuhlakanipha, kanye nokulinganisela phakathi kwenhlala- kahle nenkululeko yomphakathi. Ukuzivikela kwe-Pregget nenhlalo esekhaya kugcizelela isifiso sikahulumeni wombuso okwazi ukuvikela kokubili ukuhleleka kwangaphakathi nokulondeka kwangaphandle. Lokhu kuye kwalungisa igunya likahulumeni phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo zempi nezwe, kuyilapho kuphakamisa futhi ukukhathazeka ngokuphambana kwezikhulu. Umbango wefilosofi phakathi kwenhlala iyinhloko yezentengo nenkululeko eMelika engosini yezombangazwe.

Inkolelo - mbono Yobunye

Umgomo wokwakha isibopho esiphelele ngokwengeziwe sezombangazwe uye wathonya ifilosofi yezombangazwe ngokuphathelene nombuso wombuso, ubuzwe, kanye nokuhlanganiswa. IMpi Yomphakathi neziNguqulo ze-Reconstructon yabuye yachaza isimo sobumbano, yalahla umqondo wokuthi izifunda zingahlehlela emuva. Ngekhulu lamashumi amabili leminyaka, iPregaggery yakhonjwa ezimweni ezinjenge TEXs v. White [1869]) ukuqinisekisa ukubola kwe-Ubumbano-Ubumba. Namuhla, izimpikiswano ngamandla ombuso, ubukhosi bezwe, nokuzichaza kwesifunda izimpawu ziyaqhubeka zibhekisela ezimweni ezinjengemibono yesizwe esinobunye.

Isiqalo Sencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba isiqalo singanikezi amandla okuzinza, sifeza indima elinganiselwe kodwa enenjongo ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo. Ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zihlola isiqalo ukuze ziqonde izinjongo ezivamile zomthetho-sisekelo lapho umthetho noma isiqondiso sesibonelo sidida. INkantolo Ephakeme isho ukuthi isiqalo singasetshenziselwa ukuxazulula ukungabaza ngenhloso yamaFramens, kodwa asinakuba isisekelo sokungawusebenzisi umthetho. Izazi ezingokomthetho njengoJack Balkin noRandy Barnett ziye zaphikisana ngendima kaPregry kumfundi wokuqala nowamaPregnist.

Ngokwesibonelo, ku uJacobson v. Massachusetts (1905), iNkantolo yabhekisela ekukhulumeni kwenhlala - kahle kaPregry ukusekela imithetho yokugoma ephoqelelwe. United States v. Curtis-Waright Ervet Corp. [193], Justice Sutherland yafaka i-Preagent ukusekela igunya lobumongameli obanzi ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa indlela iProgba engayithonya ngayo ukucabanga kokwahlulela ngisho nalapho ingakuxoxisani ngqo. Ukuhlola okujulileyo, [[FLT:] [FLD]

Ukubuyiselwa Kwaso

I-Pregagery isalokhu iyincwadi ephilayo, ecashunwe ezinkulumo zezombangazwe, izinkulumo zomkhankaso, nokubhikisha komphakathi. Inkulumo yayo isetshenziswa phakathi kwemibono ephikisanayo yokubusa kwaseMelika. Ngokwesibonelo, abameleli bakahulumeni abalinganiselwe bagcizelela "ukulondoloza izibusiso zenkululeko," kuyilapho abasekeli bakahulumeni abasebenzayo beqokomisa "ukuletha inhlalakahle evamile" ukuqamba amanga okuhlala njalo ekuvulekeni kwayo.

Izimpikiswano zanamuhla ngokufuduka, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ukulungiswa komthetho wobugebengu, kanye nesimiso sesimo sezulu zivame ukubhekisela ekwakheni i-Pregnag. I-We the People hashtag iye yasetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa izakhamuzi ngentando yeningi yokuzibusa ngokwezigaba. Izingane zesikole ziyaqhubeka zisho, ngokuvamile ngezindlela ezibonisa izinto eziza kuqala zanamuhla (umzz., "Thina bantu base-United States, ukuze sakhe isibopho esiphelele kakhulu..."). Ukuvumelana kwe-Predgetry kunamandla futhi kungumthombo wokuncintisana okuqhubekayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiqalo siye sathola ithonya lomhlaba wonke. Ukuvela kwemibuso ezimele emisha ekubuseni kwempoqo kuye kwahlola isethulo soMthetho-sisekelo waseMelika njengesibonelo sokuhlanganisa izifiso zesizwe. IMithetho-sisekelo emazweni anjengeNdiya, iJalimane, neNingizimu Afrika ihlanganisa izimemezelo ezinanela izihloko zobulungisa, inkululeko, nenhlala - kahle. Ngakho i-Pregagery yaseMelika inengxenye enkulumweni yomhlaba wonke yomklamo womthetho kanye nokubusa kwentando yeningi.

Incwadi yamuva nje yolwazi, iMazwi Awenza Sazi ngo-Akhil Reed Amar, ihlola indlela ulimi olusekelwe emthethweni-sisekelo (kuhlanganise nesiqalo) samaMelika. I-Yale Law Journal Forum inyathelise izincwadi ezihlaziya indima yesiqalo se-Pregquation emcam. Lemithombo igcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqala okuqhubekayo njengencwadi engokomlando nencazelo ephilayo yezindinganiso zaseMelika.

Isiphetho

Ukugcizelela kwe-Pregagery indima yabantu kanye nemigomo yabo yokufisa kuye kwathonya kakhulu abantu baseMelika abahlala ezindaweni ezithile kanye nefilosofi yezombangazwe. Kuyaqhubeka kusebenza njengesikhanyiso esiqondisayo ezindinganisweni zesizwe futhi sibuse. Kusukela ekudwetshweni koMthetho-sisekelo ezinhlanganweni zezombangazwe zanamuhla, iPregagegry iye yanikeza inkulumo ecacile enamandla yokuthi kungani uhulumeni ukhona nokuthi yini okufanele ulwele ukuyifinyelela. Izinjongo zawo eziyisithupha ziqhubekele phambili. Ithonya lawo elingu-(ukuthula, ubulungisa, ukulondeka, inhlalakahle, nenkululeko ) ihlala isisekelo sokuphila komphakathi waseMelika. Njengoba izimpikiswano eziphathelene nenkambiso mayelana nesiqondiso sezwe, ngokungangabazeki ziyochazwa, zichazwe, ziqikelelwa, ziqiniseke ukuthi ithonya lazohlala kude kakhulu ngemva kwenkathi yokusungulwa.