Izwe laseJapane sekuyisikhathi eside lilolongwa uxhaxha lwezinguquko zezombangazwe, phakathi kwazo izithakazelo zebhizinisi zinendima evelele nehlalayo. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-computenten Japan nezinhlangano zezombangazwe zezwe bugxile kakhulu, buthinta yonke into kusukela ekuxhaseni izimali nenkambiso kuya ekuhlelekeni kwezindawo eziphambili zokubusa namaqembu aphikisayo. Ukuqonda lokhu kunamandla kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani eTokyo, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezisukela ekuhwebeni ngokukhululeka nasekushintsheleni kwezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano nezokubusa kwezentengiselwano. Nakuba ithonya lezentengiselwano livame ukubekwa njengesivumelwano sezentengiselwano ebangela ukukhula kwezomnotho, futhi kuphakamisa imibuzo ephawulekayo mayelana nokuzibophelele kwezentando yomphakathi, ukuphatha izinzuzo yomphakathi, nokulinganisela phakathi kwenzuzo yomphakathi.

Indima Yebhizinisi Kwezombangazwe ZaseJapane

Izithakazelo zebhizinisi eJapane azisebenzi ezingxenyeni zenqubo yezombangazwe; zigxile kakhulu kuyo. Izinhlangano nezimboni zihlanganyela ngentshiseko ngeminikelo yezimali, ukunxusa okungokomthetho nokungahleliwe, nokutshalwa kobuhlobo besikhathi eside nezazi zezombangazwe eziyinhloko kanye nezikhungo eziphambili. Lokhu kuthembisana akuyona nje inqubo nje kuphela kodwa ngokuvamile kunezimo eziphambili, namaqembu ezamabhizinisi afuna ukuhlela uhlelo oluhle lwemithetho ukuze avikele imiphumela emirandweni yezentengiselwano, imithetho yentela, kanye nezinyathelo zokusekela imboni. Umphumela yindawo ebusayo lapho izinhlangano zenkampani zimelelwa khona njalo, ngokuvamile ngesisindo esiphawulekayo.

Isizinda: Unxantathu Wensimbi

Inkathi yangemva kweMpi Yezwe II yayiyilungele ukuhlobana kwanamuhla phakathi kwebhizinisi nezombangazwe eJapane. Phakathi nenkathi yokwakhiwa futhi nokukhula kwezomnotho okusheshayo, kwavela umfelandawonye onamandla, ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi "Iron Triangle" leligama lichaza ubuhlobo obuqinile phakathi kwamaqembu amathathu: iLiberal Democratic Party (LDP), eye yabusa iJapane ingxenye enkulu yenkathi yangemva kwempi; uhulumeni ovelele obizwa ngokuthi i-Busaucatracy emhlabeni we-1980 (i-Ecomy, i-Trantial ne-USTRA (MET) nenkonzo yezezimali; kanye nomholi wezinhlangano ezinkulu zezezezezezezezezezezezemboni.

Lobububunye basebenza ngesimiso sezinzuzo eziphinde ziphumelele. Abezombangazwe babethembele ebhizinisini leminikelo yomkhankaso nokusekela kwezombangazwe. Abaphathi be-Bureaucrates babethembele ekubambisana kwezinhlangano ukuze basebenzise isimiso sezezimboni futhi balondoloze ukuqina kwezomnotho. Kwathi amabhizinisi athola iziqondiso ezivumayo, ukufinyelela izinqubo zokwenza izinqumo, nokuvikeleka ekuncintisaneni kwamanye amazwe. Iron Triangle yayingesona isikhungo esingokomthetho kodwa iqoqo eliqinile lezithakazelo ezakha isimo seze "isimo esingokwezimo" saseJapane, lapho uhulumeni nebhizinisi lasebenza khona ngokuncintisana kwezomnotho. Nakuba lesimiso saletha amashumi eminyaka yokuchuma, sakhanyanisa nokumelana nenguquko, njengoba izikhulu ezifanayo zazuza esimweni se-Octrine.

Ithonya Nezinselele Zanamuhla

Namuhla, ithonya lezithakazelo zezebhizinisi lihlala liqinile, nakuba indawo yokusebenza iye yashintsha ngokuphawulekayo. Ukuqhuma kwenani lentengo ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, ukuwohloka kwezomnotho okulandelayo, nezinguquko zezombangazwe konke kuye kwaguqula indawo. I-iron Implear eyake yaba yi-dominant Triangle iye yancipha, ikakhulukazi amandla ezisebenzi eziphethe zezentengiselwano nabaholi bezebhizinisi. Nokho, ithonya lezinhlangano liye lashintsha futhi laqhubeka libonakala ngokucace ngokwengeziwe, nakuba lingathinti nakancane, izindlela.

Izinselele zanamuhla zihlanganisa ukucubungula umphakathi okhushuliwe kwemali esetshenziswa ezombangazwe, ukufuna ukukhokha izinhlangano zezemisebenzi, kanye nendawo yezokuxhumana ehlukene kakhulu. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ithonya lezebhizinisi eliphakeme lingaholela ezimisweni ezisekela amabhizinisi amakhulu emabhizinisini amancane, izisebenzi, nabathengi. Ngokwesibonelo, imizamo yokususa uhulumeni ngokuvamile izuzisa izinhlangano ezinkulu ezinemithombo yemali ukuze zikwazi ukuvumelana ngokushesha, kuyilapho izinguquko zezemisebenzi zingabangela ukuthotshiswa kwabaqashi ekuncipheni umsebenzi. Ukucindezela phakathi kwezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano yezomnotho nokuvikela izinhlelo zentando yeningi ngokumelene nethonya elingafanele kulokhu kuyimpikiswano eyinhloko kwezombangazwe zamaJapane.

Imishini Yokuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe

Izithakazelo zamabhizinisi zisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuthonya amaqembu ezombangazwe aseJapane. Lezizindlela zisukela ezibonelweni eziqondile ezingokwezimali kuya ezindleleni ezicashile zokwakha ubuhlobo nezimiso. Ukuqonda lemikhondo kubalulekile ekuhloleni izinga namandla ezinhlangano zezombangazwe.

Iminikelo Nezimali Zezombangazwe

Iminikelo yezimali eqondile ingenye yezindlela ezibonakala kakhulu nenempikiswano. Ngaphansi kwePolitical Funds Control Act yaseJapane, izinkampani nezinye izinhlangano zivunyelwe ngokomthetho ukwenza iminikelo kumaqembu ezombangazwe nakwezombangazwe, ngaphansi kwemingcele ethile nezimfuneko zokuveza. Ngokwesiko i-LDP ibiyindlalifa eyinhloko yeminikelo yenkampani, ithola imali eningi ezimbonini ezinjengezezimali, ezokwakha, ezemithi, nezokukhiqiza. Leminikelo ivame ukuthunyelwa ngezinhlangano zezinhlangano zezombangazwe ezisekelayo noma ngokuqondile amaqembu angosisebenzi ngabanye bezombangazwe, eyaziwa ngokuthi .

Isilinganiso sezimali ezixhaswa izinhlangano zenza amabhizinisi abe nenzuzo enkulu. Izinhlangano zezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi lezo ezingenazo izisekelo ezinkulu zamalungu, zithembele kulezi minikelo ukuze kuxhaswe imikhankaso yokukhetha nemisebenzi yeqembu ebizayo. Abanikazi abanikezi ngaphandle kokulindela; ngokuvamile bafuna ukutholakala nokuthonyeka. Lokhu kudala ithonya elikhulu lapho amapulatifomu ezimiso angase afaneke ngokuqondiswe ngokuqondisisa nezithakazelo zezentengiselwano, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zobuchwepheshe lapho ukunaka komphakathi kuphansi kodwa kuphakeme khona ngokomnotho.

Ukuzitika Nokungalawuleki

Ngaphandle kweminikelo yezimali, izithakazelo zebhizinisi zihlanganyela ekufuneni inzuzo enkulu nesimiso sokulawula. Imoto evelele kakhulu yalokhu yiJapani Business Federation, eyaziwa ngokuthi Keidan. IKeidan iyisinxusi sezentengiselwano sezentengiselwano ezinkulu nesemikhankasweni yezezimboni eziphambili, imelela izinkampani ezinkulu ezingaphezu kuka-1 500 kanye namanhlangano amaningi emboni. Ihlanganyela ngokuqhubekayo namaqembu ezombangazwe, uhulumeni, nehhovisi lomphathi omkhulu wezikhulu ezikhankampani zemithetho, kusukela ekulungiseni intela nakusebenziseni inqubo yombuso yezentengo.

Ithonya likaKeidanren aliveli nje kuphela engxenyeni yamalungu ayo kodwa nasekhonweni layo lokuveza iziphakamiso zezimiso eziningi nokuhlela izikhundla ezihlangene nezimboni. Inhlangano ikhipha njalo izimemezelo zezimiso nokutusa, okuthathwa ngokungathi sína ngabenzi bemithetho. Izinkampani ngazinye zibuye zifune ukuqasha ngokuqondile, zisebenzise amabhulabureaucrates noma abezombangazwe njengezisebenzi zokuqondisa ukuqondisa indawo yezombangazwe nezimiso zokuqondisa. Lenhlangano ihlanganisa umnyango phakathi kwemikhakha yomphakathi neyodwa, eyaziwa ngokuthi amadagri (ikhulu]), isebenzisa imishini yeminyango yezethulo lemisebenzi ehleliwe.

Umnyango Oshintshayo Phakathi Kwebhizinisi Nohulumeni

Isimiso samadudari isici esihlukanisayo sesimiso sombuso waseJapane esiqinisa ithonya lezebhizinisi. Abaholi be-feor baluaucrates, lapho bethatha izikhundla zokuphatha ezisemkhakheni wenkampani yezezimali ababezilawula. Lokhu kudala izisusa ezinamandla zokuhlela izinqumo zabo ze-bureaucractal kanye nezithakazelo zezebhizinisi, njengoba amathemba abo okusebenza eposi axhomeke ekulondolozeni ubuhlobo obuhle nemboni. Nakuba inguquko eminyakeni yamuva iye yafuna ukulinganisela izici ezizihambelayo uJudah[FLT], ukuqhuba kuqhubekela phambili emigqeleni ephakathi kwe-'injini.

Kwezombangazwe, izazi zezombangazwe eziningi ezithathe umhlalaphansi zishintsha futhi zibe izikhundla zezinhlangano zezinhlangano noma izindima zokuzisebenzela. Lenhlangano yezisebenzi phakathi kwezingxenye ithuthukisa isiko lokuqondana nokuthakazelelana, kodwa futhi iphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngezingxabano zesithakazelo nokuncishiswa kokuqondisa okuzimele. Iminyango esusayo iqinisekisa ukuthi imibono yezebhizinisi ivezwa kahle phakathi kukahulumeni futhi iyaqhubeka ikhona futhi iqinile.

Ithonya Ekwenqabeni Kwesimiso Nokubusa

Ithonya lezindaba zebhizinisi aliyona into ecatshangelwayo; linemiphumela esobala emiphumeleni yesimiso nezinga lokubusa eJapane.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwesimiso Sezomnotho

Izithakazelo zebhizinisi bezilokhu zimelela ukuncishiswa kwemithetho yezentengiselwano nokungaguquguquki kwezomnotho, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngawo 1990 lapho ukuwohloka kwezomnotho okuthatha isikhathi eside kwaseJapane kubangela ukufunwa kwezinguquko zokwakha. I-Keidanren namanye amaqembu amabhizinisi aye aqhubezela ukuncishiswa kwentela yenkampani, imithetho yezisebenzi ekhululekile, kanye nokuncishiswa kwemingcele yemincintiswano yakwamanye amazwe emikhakheni enjengezezimali nezokuthengisa. Izicelo eziningi zalokhu zithole izilaleli ezisabelayo phakathi kwe-LDP, eziye zaphishekela izinqubo zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano zeze-omkhatho ngaphansi kwemithetho elandelanayo.

Nokho, ukunqandwa kwemithetho akuzuzisi wonke amabhizinisi ngokulinganayo. Izinkampani ezinkulu ezinamandla okuncintisana ezimakethe ezivulekile zivame ukuzuza kakhulu, kuyilapho amabhizinisi amancane nezimboni ezivikelekile zingazama ukuzivumelanisa nezimo. Lokhu kuye kwanciphisa ukungalingani kwezomnotho futhi kwabangela ukuwohloka kwezomnotho zezifunda. Izinqumo zezimiso ezindabeni ezinjengokungena kwezentengiselwano zezolimo kanye nomthetho wokudayisa ziveza isenzo esilinganiselayo phakathi kwezithakazelo zabenzi bamazwe angaphandle nezingxenye eziphambili eziphambili, kanye nezikakhulu ezivame ukuphumelela ngenxa yesimiso sabo sezombangazwe.

Izinguquko Zezemisebenzi

Inqubo yezisebenzi inye inkundla lapho izithakazelo zezebhizinisi zinethonya elikhulu khona. Emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule, iJapane iye yaqalisa uchungechunge lwezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano zemisebenzi eziye zandisa ukusetshenziswa kwezisebenzi ezingezona ezezezigebengu, njengezisebenzi zengxenye nezokusebenza kwesikhashana. Lezinguquko zakhuthazwa kakhulu amaqembu amabhizinisi afuna ukuqasha nokudubula ngokuvumelana ngokwengeziwe, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuncintisana kwembulunga yonke nokuntenga kwezomnotho.

Nakuba lezinguquko ziye zathuthukisa inzuzo yezinhlangano kanye nezinombolo zemisebenzi, ziye zanezela ekunyukeni kokungalingani kwenzuzo kanye nokungalondeki kwemisebenzi engxenyeni ekhulayo yezisebenzi. Ithonya lezezombangazwe lezebhizinisi liye lakwenza kwaba nzima ukumisa izinyathelo zokulwa, njengesivikelo esiqinile sezisebenzi ezingezona izifundazwe noma izinguquko emaketheni amabili. Izinyunyana zezisebenzi, ngokwesiko ezihlangene namaqembu aphikisayo, ziye zazama ukulingana namandla ashukumisayo enzuzo yezinhlangano zezinhlangano zezinhlangano, okuphumela emiphumeleni yezimiso ezithi zithonyekelele ezithekweni ezithandwa abaqashi.

Izivumelwano Zezohwebo Nezamazwe Ngamazwe

Indlela yeJapane yokusebenzisa izivumelwano zezentengiselwano zamazwe ngamazwe ithonywe kakhulu yizithakazelo zebhizinisi. Ukuphishekela kukahulumeni i-Trans-Pacific Pantership (TPP) kanye ne-Pcehensence and Procence Convension for Trans-Pacifificial Partiveshipship (CPTP) kwaqhutshwa kakhulu ngokunxenxela ezimbonini ezisemkhakheni ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi abakhi bezimoto nabakhiqizi bamagesi. Lezi zinkampani zabheka izivumelwano njengezibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuthengiswa kwezindawo zakwamanye amazwe nokuncintisana nezimbano eNingizimu ye-Korea naseChina.

Ngokuphambene, izingxenye ezivikelweyo njengezolimo nonosizo lwezempilo zaveza ukuphikisa okunamandla ekuhwebeni ngenkululeko, ukwesaba ukuncintisana ngezithako ezishibhile. Ikhono le-LDP lokulawula lezingcindezi ezincintisanayo libonisa ithonya lemisebenzi ehlukene yebhizinisi phakathi kweqembu. Ukuyekethisa ekugcineni, kuhlanganise nokusekela imali eningi kwabalimi kanye nokuncitshiswa kwezentengiselwano kancane kancane kancane, kubonisa indlela ibhizinisi elibungamele ngayo ngenqubo yezombangazwe. Ithonya elifanayo liyadlala ngokuphikisana ne-Europe Union nangezingxoxo eziqhubekayo zezentengiselwano zamandla eJapane, lapho i-omasipala nabathengi bezimboni besekela khona impikiswano emandla enuzi namandla avusemgangathweni kanye namandla avusemzingeni.

Ukuhlola Ithonya Lebhizinisi

Ukuhlola izindaba ezithile kunikeza umbono ocacile wendlela amandla ezinhlangano athonya ngayo ezombangazwe nemiphumelelo yezimiso.

IKeidanren NeNhlangano Yebhizinisi YaseJapane

Keidanren uyisibonelo esivelele sethonya lezebhizinisi elihleliwe eJapane. Sasungulwa ngo-1946, ukufakwa kwemithetho kuye kwasuka endikimbeni ehlelayo yangemva kwempi yabandlu yesizwe yaba yinhlangano enamandla ehlela uhlelo lwesimiso sezwe. Ithonya likaKeidanren lihlelwa ngemihlangano yasikhathi sonke nezikhulu zikahulumeni eziphezulu, ukuhlanganyela emikhandlwini yezembutho kahulumeni (shnikaikai[), futhi ithonya lezimiso ezibanzi libekwa phambili ezinqunyweni zemithetho ebanzi zemithetho enqunyiweyo nezinqunyiweyo.

Enye yempumelelo ephawulekayo kaKeidan yayiyindima yayo ekuqondiseni izinguquko eziqhubekele phambili enkampanini elawulayo kuma-2010. Ukufakwa kwe-corporate Governance Code ne-Mastership Code, eyayihloselwe ukuthuthukisa ukubonakala nokuphendula. Nakuba lezi zinguquko zabekwa njengezinga lokulawula okuhle, futhi zavumelana nezithakazelo zababenemali abaningi abasebenzela izinhlangano kanye nezinkampani ezithengwa kwamanye amazwe ezifuna ukudonsa inhloko - dolobha yangaphandle. UKeidan ubuchule bakhe bokuhlela izimfuneko zazo zomthetho njengezinto ezifunwa yizwe lonke, kunokuba kube izithakazelo zenkampani ezilinganiselwe, ziwumthombo wokuphumelela kwazo.

Nokho, ithonya likaKeidanren aliphelele. Ezindabeni ezinjengomthetho wamandla ngemva kwenhlekelele yenuzi yase-Fukushima, ukuphehla ihlombe kwabhekana nomphambano womphakathi nokungabaza amaqembu ezombangazwe amandla enuzi. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ngisho nomnyango wezebhizinisi onamandla kunawo wonke kumelwe ulwe nemikhosi yokulwa, kuhlanganise nomphakathi, ukuhlola imithombo yezindaba, kanye nokuhlukana kwezindawo.

Umthetho Wezokwelapha Nezokwelapha

Imboni yemithi inikeza ithonya elinamandla lengxenye. Imakethe yezemithi yaseJapane iyiyesithathu enkulu kakhulu emhlabeni, futhi abenzi bezidakamizwa basekhaya sekuyisikhathi eside belondoloza ubuhlobo obuseduze neNkonzo yezempilo, i-Labour ne-Welfare kanye nezombangazwe ze-LDP. Lobu buhlobo buye baguqula inqubo yokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, isivikelo esisemthethweni, kanye nezinqubo zokuvuma.

Ukunxusa kwezemisebenzi kuye kwaphumelela kakhulu ekulondolozeni amanani aphezulu ezidakamizwa eJapane uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amazwe athuthukile. Isimiso sikahulumeni sokuhlela imbuyiselo yemithi sinqikaza kakhulu, futhi abameleli bezimboni bahlanganyela kumakomiti akhuthaza ukusungulwa kwezinqumo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekugxekeni ukuthi isimiso sivumela abakhiqizi bamazwe ukuba basekele inzuzo yemali yesimiso somshuwalense sezempilo sezwe. Imizamo yokulungisa ukuncishiniswa kwezidakamizwa ibhekene nokuphikiswa okunzima kwezemboni, abaphikisa ukuthi intengo ephansi ingavimbela inguquko. I-eroff ibonisa indlela izithakazelo zebhizinisi ezigxilile ezingalisela noma ushintsho ngisho nalapho inzalo yomphakathi isobala.

Imboni Yokwakha Nemisebenzi Yomphakathi

Imboni yokwakha ibingenye yezingxenye ezinethonya kakhulu kwezombangazwe zamaJapane, ikakhulukazi phakathi nenkathi ephakeme. Inkathi ebizwa ngokuthi "i-construction State" ([[FLT: 0]] i-doken kokka) ibhekisela ebudlelwaneni obuseduze phakathi kwezinkampani zokwakha, i-LDP yezombangazwe emelela ama-contituepies, neNkonzo yezwe, i-Infrature, i-Furture and Tourism. Lomfactive waqhuba imisebenzi emikhulu yomphakathi echitha ihleli emigwaqweni, amabhuloho, amada, neminye imisebenzi yezekelo, ngokuvamile ezindaweni ezinhlandlayo kanye nokulunga kwezomnotho okungantenga.

Izinkampani zokwakha zaziphakathi kwezinkampani ezinkulu kakhulu ezazinikela ngezimali zezinhlangano zezezinkampani ze-LDP, ikakhulukazi lezo ezivela ezifundeni zasemaphandleni lapho imisebenzi yomphakathi yayiwumthombo omkhulu khona wemisebenzi nomsebenzi wezezomnotho. Isimiso sakha imvume enamandla: abezombangazwe ababoshelwe ukuxhasa imisebenzi ezifundeni zabo, izinkampani zathola izivumelwano ezingenisa imali eningi, futhi zombili zazuza ekuqhubekeni kwemali namavoti. Nakuba izinguquko kusukela kuma 2000 ziye zanciphisa ukuchithwa okukhulu kwemali, isakhiwo sisenamandla enqubweni yezakhiwo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisebenzela kuzo izimali zomphakathi. Lokhu kubonisa indlela ithonya lezebhizinisi eliqhubekela ngayo ngisho naphambi kokuncitshiswa kwemali kanye nokushintsha kwenani labantu.

Ukugxekwa Nezinguquko

Ukuhlanganiswa okujulile kwezithakazelo zezebhizinisi esimisweni sezombangazwe saseJapane akuzange kuthathe indawo. Abagxeki kuwo wonke amaqembu ezombangazwe baye baphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngemiphumela yokubusa kwentando yeningi, ukulingana kwezomnotho, nokuphumelela kwezimiso. Lokhu kugxeka kuye kwabangela uhide lwezinguquko, nakuba ithonya labo liye laxubana.

Ukukhathazeka Ngokulandisa Ngentando Yeningi

Ukugxeka okuyisisekelo kuwukuthi ithonya lezinhlangano ezeqisayo lilulaza ukulandisa ngentando yeningi. Uma izinkampani ezicebile zingathenga ngokuphumelelayo isimiso sokuthola nokuhlela, isimiso somuntu oyedwa, ukuvota okukodwa kuyaphela. Izakhamuzi ezivamile namabhizinisi amancane antula imithombo yokuncintisana namandla ashukumisayo efemu enkulu. Lokhu kuzama ukuthonya ithonya lesimiso sobushiqela kuphumela ekuthandeni inhloko - dolobha ngaphezu komsebenzi, nasekufuneni kakhulu ukuchitha izimpahla zomphakathi.

Abagxeki futhi bakhomba ekungabini nokwenzeka kwezimali zezombangazwe. Naphezu kwezimfuneko zokudalulwa, imali yezinhlangano eziningi igeleza ngezindlela ezifiphele, kuhlanganise nama-akhawunti eqembu lezombangazwe namaqembu asekelayo ezombangazwe. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ngabavoti ukuba balandele ukuhlobana phakathi kweminikelo nezimiso zemithetho. Amaqhinga ahlanganisa iminikelo engabikwanga nengxabano yesithakazelo, akhuthaza ukugxeka umphakathi ngenqubo yezombangazwe. Ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni zezombangazwe eJapane kuphansi kakhulu, futhi umbono wokuthi izombangazwe ziboshelwa emabhizinisini amakhulu uyimbangela.

Ukusabela Okucacile Nokuqondisa

Isabela kulokhu kukhathazeka, iJapane iye yasebenzisa izinguquko eziningana ezihloselwe ukwandisa ukubonakala kwangaphandle nokulinganisela izinhlobo zethonya ezizimele kakhulu. I-Political Funds Control Act iye yalungiswa kaningi ukuba iqinise izimfuneko zemali yenkampani futhi inciphise indima yemali egciniwe. Imingcele yezezimali iye yabekwa, futhi amaqembu ezombangazwe manje kuyadingeka ukuba abike iminikelo phezu kwemigoqo ethile. Nokho, ukuphoqelela akulingani, futhi kushiyekile. Ngokwesibonelo, iminikelo eqeshiwe kumaqembu asekela amaqembu ezombangazwe azimele ingaphansi kokubika okungalingani kakhulu kunalawo ezindaba zamaqembu athile.

Isimiso samadudari futhi sihloselwe izinguquko. Umthetho manje ulinganisela ikhono labaphathi be-injini abathatha umhlalaphansi lokuthatha imisebenzi ezinkampanini ababezilawula ngaphambili, futhi udinga isikhathi sokulinda ngaphambi kokuhamba okunjalo. Nokho, izingqapheli eziningi ziphikisa ukuthi lomkhuba uyaqhubeka ngemikhondo yemida yethuna nokuthi izimiso zamasiko ze-Iron Trial ziyaqhubeka. Ukuphumelela kwalezinguquko kuphikisana, ngokuphikisa okuthile ukuthi ziye zaba nethonya elibalulekile ekunciphiseni ukonakala, kuyilapho abanye bephikisa ngokuthi bamane nje bathonya imisebenzi eyenzeka emgodini.

Izinhlangano zomphakathi zomphakathi nezintatheli eziphenyayo zinendima ebalulekile ekuhloleni ithonya lezentengiselwano futhi zibeke amacala ezombangazwe. Izinhlangano ezingezona ezohulumeni ezigxile ekubonakaleni nokulandisa ziye zanda ngokuvelela, nakuba zihlala zingaphansi kwemithombo yezebhizinisi. Imithombo yezindaba, nakuba ivame ukugxeka isibopho sayo esiseduze negunya, iye yadalula amahlazo futhi yagcina indaba yemali kwezombangazwe zibheke umphakathi. La mandla aphikisanayo anikeza i-e - ekhoneni lenkampani, ngisho noma ingawushintshile umehluko wethonya.

Isiphetho

Ithonya lezithakazelo zezebhizinisi emaqenjini ezombangazwe aseJapane liyisici esichazayo sesimiso sokubusa sezwe. Sisungulwe esizweni sangemva kwempi futhi siqhutshekiselwa phambili ngezindlela zokuxhasa imali, ukuthonya, nezisebenzi, ukuhlelwa kwamandla enkampani kuphumela cishe kuyo yonke imikhakha yenkambi yomphakathi. Nakuba lobu buhlobo buye baba neqhaza empumelelweni yezomnotho yaseJapane, buphakamisa futhi imibuzo eqhubekayo mayelana nokugunyaza kwentando yeningi kanye nokusakaza izinzuzo nemithwalo emphakathini.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwaleli thonya kubonisa ushintsho olukhulu kwezomnotho zeJapane kanye nezombangazwe. Ukuncipha kwe-Iron Triangle, ukukhula kwemikhuba edlulisayo, nokuvela kwabaxhasi abasha abafuna ukuguqulwa kanye nomphakathi wonke kuye kwayiguqula yonke indawo. Kodwa ukuncishiniswa kwengcebo phakathi kwabadlali bezentengiselwano namanye amaqembu kusalokhu. Amaqembu ezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi i-LDP, ayaqhubeka encike ekusekeleni kwezebhizinisi, futhi isimiso sesimiso siyaqhubeka siveza izinto eziza kuqala kwezezebhizinisi.

Ukuqonda indima yezebhizinisi kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ezombangazwe zamaJapane. Kuchaza ukuthi kungani ezinye izinqubo zithathwa noma zivinjelwa, ukuthi kungani ezinye izigaba zichuma lapho ezinye ziwohloka, nokuthi kungani inguquko ivame ukuncintisana futhi incintiswane. Ukuze idemokrasi yaseJapane ihlale iphilile futhi isabela ezidingweni zazo zonke ithonya lezentengiselwano kumelwe lihlolwe ngokuqhubekayo, ukubonakala, nokuphikisana. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwemali nezombangazwe ayiyona inselele eJapane kuphela, kodwa isimo sayo kanye nemiphumela isekelwe kakhulu ezimgangathweni zezombangazwe nezinhlangano zezwe.

[[Umthetho:0] Imibono kanye nokufunda okwengeziwe[[Umthetho:1]

  • Ukuze uthole ukucubungula okuningi ngezikhundla zenkambiso nemisebenzi ye-Keidan, vakashela i-website esemthethweni ye- ye-Japani Business Federation (Keidan).
  • Isenzakalo se "Iron Triangle" sihlolwa ngokuningiliziwe emisebenzini yezemfundo enjenge-"Iron Triangle: Politics yeJapane ne-University of a Development State" ka-Gerald L. Curtis.
  • Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa ngezimiso zeminikelo yezombangazwe eJapane, bhekisela kumthetho we- we-Prolitical Funds Control Act njengoba ufingqwa yi-Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications.
  • Ithonya lokugqugquzela kwezinhlangano ezisebenzela ukuhweba ngezemisebenzi eJapane lihlolwa kwethi “I - Economy of Labor Market Reform eJapane" nguYoshio Higuchi noMasako Kurosawa.
  • Ukuze uthole umbono ogxekayo ngethonya lezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano zezezombangazwe, bheka i "Umbuso Wokwakha eJapane: Ezombangazwe nePropatical Econmony of Public Works" kaSteven K. Vogel.