Imvelaphi Yesivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu

Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu sango-10 April 1998 singenye yezifemu eziphawuleka kakhulu emlandweni wanamuhla waseYurophu. Saqeda iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yengxabano enobudlova eNyakatho Ireland eyaziwa ngokuthi iZinkathazo, futhi ngokuyisisekelo salungisa ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-Ireland ne-United Kingdom. Isivumelwano asizange sibe impumelelo esheshayo kodwa sasiyimpumelelo yeminyaka yokuxoxa ngokuhluzekile, izinkulumo eziyimfihlo, nesibindi sezombangazwe kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Sakhuluma ngezingxabano ezijulile ezisekelwe ingxabano phakathi kwe-Unists, ezifuna i-Northern Ireland ukuba ihlale iyingxenye ye-UK, ne-Nationalismus, ezifuna ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Ireland. Ngokumisa isisekelo seminyaka yokuqaphana amandla, amalungelo omba izifunda, nokubambisana kwesizwe, isivumelwano saveza ukuthula okuye kwabangela izinselele zezulu, kuhlanganise ne-Brum.

Impi yasenyakatho Ireland yaqala ekuhlukaniseni i-Ireland ngo-1921, eyashiya iningi lamaProthestani anamandla enyakatho nakuyiqembu elincane lamaKatolika. Emashumini eminyaka, umphakathi wamaKatolika wabhekana nokucwaswa kwezimiso zokuhleba emakhaya, imisebenzi, namalungelo okuvota. Lokhu kungabi nabulungisa kwabangela ukuvela komphakathi wamalungelo abantu phakathi kwawo-1960, okwabhekana nokuphikisa okunobudlova kwamaqembu athembekile namabutho avikelayo. Isimo sakhula saba yimpi ehlolweni ehlanganisa i-Irish Republican Army (IRA), i-asterism, i-arstives, ne-British Army. Ngonyaka ka-19909, abantu abangaphezu kuka-500, babebulewe futhi amashumi ezinkulungwane. Ingxabano futhi yabhidliwe phakathi kohulumeni base-Dublin naseLondon, kanye ne-Ireland eyayivame ukugxeka i-Britishan Arristristism ebhekene ngokunyukwa kwe-irland.

Indlela eya e-Good Wearvey Agreement yahlelwa yizenzakalo eziningana eziyinhloko. Isivumelwano se-Anglo - Irish sango 1985 sanika uhulumeni wase-Ireland indima yokuhlola izindaba zase-Northern Ireland, i-Union ethukuthele kodwa imisa umzila osemthethweni wezezoburhulumente. Izinkulumo eziyimfihlo phakathi kukahulumeni waseBrithani ne-IRA, kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwe-Social Democratic and Labourt Party (SDLP) neSin Féin, kwakhiwe i-Sin Féin. Unyaka ka-19949 wayeka ukuvutha kwe-IRA ne-Riphabliki ethembekile zakha ifasitela lezingxoxo zezombangazwe. Inteko ye-Unitor George Mitchell, izinkulumo eziningi zaqala ngo-19969 futhi ekugcineni zathola indawo yokuhlalana. Isivumelwano samiswa yi-Cinveinland nase-Rrienter ngo-2079, ngo-1998.

Amalungiselelo Esivumelwano

I-Good Wear Agreement iyincwadi eyinkimbinkimbi elinganisela izimiso zokuzinqumela, ukuvumelana, ukulingana, namalungelo abantu. Izihloko zayo ezintathu eziyinhloko zikhuluma ngobudlelwane phakathi kwe-Northern Ireland, phakathi kwe-Ireland ne-Rwanda yase-Ireland, phakathi kwe-Ireland ne-United Kingdom. Izakhi eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Owodwa: I-Northern Ireland Assembly ne-Auditive - - Izihlalo ezincishisiwe ezibekwe ngokwesilinganiso kuma-Union nama-National. Izinqumo eziyinhloko zidinga ukusekelana okunqamule, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho nolulo olungabusa.
  • Esambili: uMkhandlu Okhonzayo wasenyakatho-nyakatho - Lendikimba ihlanganisa izikhonzi ezivela e-Northern Ireland Assembly nohulumeni wase-Ireland ukuze zisebenzisane ezindabeni zesithakazelo somunye nomunye, njengezolimo, ezokuthutha, ezokuvakasha. Ihlela ukubambisana emngceleni.
  • Kasithathu: iBritish-Irish Council - A forum yohulumeni baseBrithani ne-Irish, kanye nabaphathi abahluzekile eScotland, eWales, naseNorthern Ireland, ukuxoxa ngezinselele ezifanayo. Ibonisa umoya omusha wobuhlobo.
  • Ukuthola i-CFLT [ - Isivumelwano sivuma ilungelo labantu eNyakatho Ireland ukubizwa ngokuthi iBrithani, i-Ireland, noma zombili. Sisho futhi ukuthi isimo somthetho-sisekelo wasenyakatho Ireland singashintsha kuphela uma abantu bayo bevuma.
  • Amalungelo abantu nokulingana – Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo aseNyakatho Ireland kwahlongozwa, futhi i-UK yahlanganisa i-European Convention on Human Rights nomthetho wekhaya. Kwamiswa iKhomishane yokulingana ne-Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission.
  • Ukukhipha izikhali [ - Amaqembu empi abophekile ekususweni ngokuphelele kwezikhali zawo, inqubo engangamelelwa yikhomishane ezimele. Lena kwakuyindaba ebucayi kakhulu, kodwa yagcina ifinyelelwe.
  • Ukuguqula kwe-Police – i-Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) yathathelwa indawo i-Police Service yase-Northern Ireland (PSNI), enezinyathelo zokwandisa ukuma kwamaKatolika nokwakha ukwethenjwa komphakathi.
  • [ Isifo seziboshwa [ – Ngaphansi kwesivumelwano, iziboshwa ezihlangene namaqembu amabutho amabutho avimbela umlilo zakhululwa kusenesikhathi, isilinganiso esiphikisayo kodwa esibalulekile sokwakha ukuqiniseka.

Isivumelwano samisa nezinqubo zokusingatha ifa lesikhathi esidlule, kuhlanganise nokusungulwa kweKhomishane yeNkathi Yezisulu neQembu Lezezisulu ukuze kubukezwe ukubulawa okungaxazululwanga. La malungiselelo aklanyelwe ukunikeza iqiniso nobulungisa kuyilapho kugwenywa ukuncishiswa kwenqubo yokuthula.

Ukushintsha Ubuhlobo Base-Ireland

I-Good Wear Agreement yaguqula ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-Ireland ne-United Kingdom ukusuka kwenye yokusolana nenzondo ngezikhathi ezithile yaba ubudlelwano obuhlelile obusekelwe ekuhlonishweni nasekuhlanganeni. Ngaphambi kuka-1998, uhulumeni wase-Ireland wacela i-Ireland enobunye ne-Irish egxekwayo eNyakatho. Uhulumeni waseBrithani, wabheka ubuzwe base-Ireland njengobuzwe obukhulu. Isivumelwano sashintsha lobungqabavu ngokususa umngcele njengephuzu lokuphikisana. Bobabili ohulumeni baba abaxhasi benqubo yokuthula, basebenza eduze ne-Interernorgated Council yase-Southern.

Isivumelwano futhi saba nethonya elikhulu esiqhingini sase-Ireland. Ukususwa kwezindawo zokuhlola ukuphepha emngceleni kwaqeda amashumi eminyaka empikiswano nobunzima emiphakathi ehlala eduze komngcele. Ukuhweba nokuhamba phakathi kweNyakatho ne-South kwanda ngokuphawulekayo. Umnotho wezwe lonke wachuma, izinkampani zisebenza ngokungenamcimbi emngceleni. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwezomnotho kwaqinisa ukuzinza kwezombangazwe okwabangelwa yisivumelwano. Ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni base-Ireland nabase-British baqala ukusondela kangangokuba baqala ukuhlanganisa imithetho ehlangeneyo ngezindaba ezisukela empilweni kuya empilweni, futhi bahambisana nokuhambelana komholi bezizwe.

Isilinganiso esiyinhloko sobuhlobo obuthuthukisiwe ukuphindeka nokufudumala kobudlelwane obuphezulu. Izingqungquthela zaminyaka yonke phakathi kweTaoisseach (uNdunankulu) noNdunankulu waseBrithani zaba yinqubo. Ngo-2014, iNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth II yenza ukuvakashela kwezwe eRiphabliki yase-Ireland, okokuqala kwenkosi yaseBrithani eminyakeni eyikhulu, ibonakalisa ukufaneleka okuphelele kobuhlobo. Ngokufanayo, omongameli base-Ireland bavakashela i-UK izikhathi eziningi, kuhlanganise nekhelidi ePhalamendeni laseBrithani ngo-2022. Lezenzo zezokuxhumana zazingeke zicabangele ngaphambi kweSivumelo Esihle SoLwesihlanu.

Isivumelwano futhi sashukumisa ezinye izindawo nezingxabano emhlabeni wonke. Saphawulwa njengesibonelo sezinqubo zokuthula eBasque Country, eNingizimu Afrika, eSri Lanka, nasezingxenyeni zeMpuma Ephakathi. Izimiso zokusekela amandla, ukuvumelana, nokuhlangana okunqamule izikhawu zaba yizitho zokuqeda izimpi zombango nezingxabano zobuhlanga. Nakuba isimo ngasinye sihlukile, i-Good Wear Revince Revision yabonisa ukuthi ngisho nezingxabano ezinkulu ezingalawuleki zingaxazululwa ngentando yezombangazwe, ukuxoxa okuphelele, kanye nesibopho sokulwela amalungelo abantu.

Izinselele Nethunzi Le - Breexit

Naphezu kwempumelelo yayo eminingi, i-Good Wearth Agreement iye yabhekana novivinyo olunzima. Izinhlangano ezidambisa imingcele eNyakatho Ireland ziye zaphakanyiswa izikhathi eziningana ngenxa yezingxabano zezombangazwe, ngokuphawuleka kakhulu ngenxa yendaba yokunqanda izikhali futhi, kamuva, ngokuphatha ulimi lwase-Ireland nefa lezinkinga. Umphakathi wenhlangano wezokuhlangana ubunye uye waba nomuzwa wokuthi isivumelwano siye sazuzisa abesizwe ngokwengeziwe, kuyilapho abezwe baye babona izithembiso ezithile, njenge-Irish Language Act, eziye zahlala zingafezeki. Lokhu kukhungathekisa kuye kwaholela ekuntengantengiza ngezikhathi ezithile, ngoMhlanga waseNyakatho Ireland noMhlanga kaNgila ihlala iminyaka eminingi.

Nokho, inselele enkulu kakhulu eMbusweni we-Good Wesihlanu, yavela e-United Kingdom yokushiya i-European Union e- 2016 e-materidum. Isivumelwano sakhiwa emngceleni ovulekile phakathi kwe-Northern Ireland ne-Riphabliki yase-Ireland, njengoba zazinjalo zombili zaziyi-EU. I-Brexit yasongela ukuphinde iqale i-evetroduce imngcele onzima, owawuzophazamisa inqubo yokuthula futhi uphazamise umnotho wezwe lonke. Ingxoxo yaholela e-Northern Ireland Protocol, eyagcina i-Northern Ireland ihlangene ne-EURLAND nemithetho yezentene yemake yezentene yempahla eyodwa, yenza ukuba kube ne-deo ekholishi emngceleni e-Irish . Leli lungiselelo lalizomelana ngonyazwezwe yi-Unistriterry, eyayithiwe yi-Urrited Ireland.

Ukuwa kwezombangazwe kumthetho kwakukubi kakhulu. I-Democratic Union Party (Dupu) yasuka kumphathi-mandla ngoFebruary 2022, okwaholela ekuweni kwe-Orrow. Eminyakeni engaba mibili, i-Northern Ireland yayingenawo uhulumeni oncitshisiwe. I-UK ne-EUUP ekugcineni yavumelana nge-Windsor Frameswork (Ubusomvulist) ngoFebruary 2023, eyayihlose ukudambisa ukuxabana kwezentengiselwano nokunika i-Northern Ireland i-Urly isishongo esikhulu semithetho ye-EUR. Isakhiwo sasekelwa kakhulu amaqembu amaningi e-pro-avreement, kodwa i-DUP yabuyela ezindaweni zokubusa amandla kuphela ekuqaleni kwe-2024 ngemva kokuqoqwa kwe-o. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi uLwesihlanu, ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa, kuyilapho i-Expressy, kungabangelwa kakhulu yizimond.

Ezinye izindaba eziqhubekayo zihlanganisa ukubhekana nefa leNkingo. Isithembiso senqubo yokuzivuselela yeqiniso esibanzi asifezeki kakhulu. Umsebenzi we-Paradoy, nakuba uncishisiwe kakhulu, uyaqhubeka uqhubeka emiphakathini ethile, nasemaqenjini athile alwela amalungelo abantu, kanye nohulumeni wase-Ireland, ophikisana nawo, ululaza umoya we-Good Wear Reconf Revention. Isithembiso senqubo yokubuyisela iqiniso elibanzi asikagcwaliseki kakhulu. Umsebenzi wezempi, nakuba uncishisiwe kakhulu, usaqhubeka njalo emiphakathini ethile, namaqembu amaphekula aphikisanayo aye ahlasela ngezikhathi ezithile.

Ukukhuthazelela Ifa Namathemba Esikhathi Esizayo

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, i-Good Wearth Adventing ihlala iyindawo yokuthula nokubambisana eNorthern Ireland naphakathi kwe-Ireland ne-United Kingdom. Isize isizukulwane ukuba sikhule ngaphandle kosongo olungapheli lobudlova. Ukuguqulwa kwezomnotho nezenhlalo eNyakatho Ireland kuye kwaba okuphawulekayo: iBelfast iye yaba idolobha elichumayo, ezokuvakasha ziye zachuma, futhi izimali zanda kakhulu ngaphakathi. Idolobha laseDerry/Londonderry, kanye indawo ekhona, manje liphethe iSiklo seSiklo seSiklo seMidla yoMklo weMilawu. Ukuthula kuye kwavunyelwa ukuba kuvuse ukuchuma kokuqala kokuqala kweUK City of Culture. Idolobha lase-1970 no 1980.

Izimiso zesivumelwano ziyaqhubeka ziqondisa inkulumo yezombangazwe nomklamo wokuhlela. I-Irish - Intergational Conference inikeza i-instructum ehlala njalo yokubusa. Uhulumeni wase-Ireland uye walondoloza isibopho sawo sokuvumelana, ngisho naphakathi kwezinkathi lapho uMhlangano ungasasebenzi, uqinisekisa ukuthi ukubambisana okuphakathi komkhawulo kuyaqhubeka. I-British-Irish Community Conference inikeza i-um ehlala njalo ukuze ilawule i-biverseast. Uhulumeni wase-Ireland uye walondoloza isibopho sawo sonke sesimiso semvume, wenza kucace ukuthi noma isiphi isimo somthetho-mthetho-mthetho we-Nyakatho ye-Ireland kumelwe sivunyelwe yi-Rhovisiwe abaningi kuzo zombili izingxenye zesiqhingi.

Ukubheka phambili, ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-Ireland ne-United Kingdom bungahlala buseduze kodwa bungabhekana novivinyo olusha. Ukushintshela kukahulumeni we-UK ekungathathi hlangothi eNorthern Ireland, kanye nobudlelwane obuqinile bezohwebo namazwe angewona ama-EU, kungadala ukungezwani namalungu e-EU yase-Ireland. Nokho, lohulumeni ababili baye babonisa ikhono eliphawulekayo lokusingatha ukungaboni ngasonye, njengoba kuboniswa ukulandisa kwe-Windsor Framework. Umgomo ohlangene wokulondoloza ukuthula nokuchuma eNyakatho - ntshona ye-Ireland unikeza isikhuthazo esinamandla sokubambisana okuqhubekayo.

Ithonya le-Good Wear Agreement lidlulela ngalé kwesiqhingi sase-Ireland. Ivame ukuvezwa njengesibonelo esiphumelelayo sokuxazulula izingxabano, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini ehlukene kakhulu. Izimiso zokuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa, ukuphatha amandla, ukuvikela amalungelo abantu, nokusetshenziswa kwe-apendium ekuvumeni okulondekile manje kuqashelwa kabanzi njengamathuluzi abalulekile okwakha ukuthula. Isivumelwano futhi samisa isiqalo sokuhileleka kwabalamuleli bangaphandle, njenge-United States, ekuxazululeni izingxabano zangaphakathi. I-US yafeza indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokuthula, futhi ukubophela kwayo okuqhubekayo kusetshenziswa ku-Envoy ye-Northern Ireland kuye kwaba yigugu.

Ekuphetheni, i-Good Wear Advement yayingesona isivumelwano sokuthula. Yayiyincwadi ebonwayo eyaveza ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-Ireland ne-United Kingdom, iguqula omakhelwane abasondelene nayo babe abangane. Yanikeza indlela yama-Union and Nationalist ukuba bahlanganyele amandla futhi bahloniphe i-Austrip. Yakha uhlelo lokuthula okuhlala njalo, naphezu kwezithiyo zezikhathi ezithile, oluye lwasekela ikota yekhulu leminyaka. Ifa lesivumelwano alibonwangasekho emigwaqweni, ezikoleni, ezikoleni, nasezibhedlelani ezakhiwe ngaphesheya kwe-Nyakatho ye-Ireland, kodwa emapaki ansuku zonke izingane ezazise zikhona kanye izindawo zokudlala. Njengoba izwe liqhubeka libambene izingxabano nengxube, i-Actrial ehlangene itshe elinamandla ukuze likhethele ukulwa kwezithakazelelwa yizi ezithayo.

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