Ukusungulwa kwenqubo yomphakathi kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi nevame ukuxabana, eklanywe yinqwaba yabadlali namabutho. Phakathi kwalaba abanethonya elikhulu kunamaqembu ezombangazwe. Njengamaqembu ahleliwe afuna ukulawula uhulumeni futhi aqhubekisele phambili izici ezihlukene, amaqembu afeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekumiseni uhlelo lwemithetho, ukukhuthaza ukusekela komphakathi, nokuguqula izithembiso zomthetho. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi eziboshwe ukuba ziqonde indlela amaqembu asebenzisa ngayo leli thonya ukuze aqonde amandla okubusa kwentando yeningi nemisuka yemithetho ebumba ukuphila kwansuku zonke.

Imvelo Nemisebenzi Yezinjabulo Zezombangazwe

Amaqembu ezombangazwe awawona amaqembu ahlangene angabantu ngabanye, asukela kwabashisekeli botshani ukuba bakhethe izikhulu − zihlanganiswe yifilosofi efanayo yezombangazwe nesifiso sokuhlela isimiso somphakathi. Imisebenzi yazo eyinhloko ihlanganisa ukujoyina nokufaka abazokufaka izintambo, ukwakha iqophelo leqembu elichaza izinto eziza kuqala ezingokwesimiso, nokunxusa abavoti ukuba bangene ekuhloleni. Ngaphandle kwalemisebenzi ekhethiwe, amaqembu asebenza njengebhuloho phakathi komphakathi nohulumeni, ahlanganisa izithakazelo ezihlukahlukene zezimiso zomthetho, futhi alungiselele isakhiwo sokubambisana kwemithetho.

Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, amaqembu alandelana ngezindlela ezihlukene kusukela kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla, nakuba izikhundla eziqondile zihluka-hlukene ngokwezwe. E-United States, izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko `isigaba se-Democratic neRepublican(i-encompass) zemibono ehlukahlukene, kusukela ekuthatheni intuthuko kuya ekulinganiseni imingcele. Lemibono ehlukahlukene ephakathi kwamaqembu ngokuvamile iholela ezimpikiswaneni zangaphakathi nasebukhoneni bobukhomanisi, kodwa futhi ivumela amaqembu ukuba athathele eqenjini elibanzi labavoti.

Izinqubo Zeqembu Njengemigqa Eyinkimbinkimbi

Iqembu ngalinye elikhulu liveza iqophelo eliyiqophelo eliyiqophelo elivamile lokuhlela ngezikhathi zokhetho oluthi luchazele izikhundla zalo ezindabeni ezisukela ezisukela ezintelayo nasezempilo kuya ezifundweni nakwezokuhlalisana. Nakuba amapulatifomu engabophi, anikeza uphawu olucacile lwezinhloso zeqembu futhi asebenze njengendawo yokuhlanganisa abasekeli. Ngokwesibonelo, ipulatifomu yesiRepublican igcizelela izintela eziphansi, ukunqanda ukugcinwa kwemithetho, nokungaphathiswa kwemithetho, kanti idemocratic platifomu ivame ukusekela izinkonzo ezandisiwe, isivikelo semvelo, nokulingana kwezomnotho. Le zincwadi ziwumphumela wokuxoxisana okukhulu phakathi kwamaqembu, amaqembu ethakazelayo, nabaholi abacabangayo, futhi zihlela isimiso senqubo iminyaka eminingi yokuphikisana.

Imishini Yethonya Leqembu Lomthetho Womphakathi

Lezi zingaqondwa njengomjikelezo oqala ngokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo futhi uqhubeke ngokumiswa, ngokutholwa, ngokusetshenziswa nokuhlolwa.

Ukuhleleka Kwe - Agenda: Ukunquma Okubalulekile

Elinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu iqembu elinawo ikhono lokuhlela uhlelo lomphakathi. Ngokukhetha ukugcizelela izindaba ezithile njengokungathi ukungalingani kwezomnotho, ukulondeka kwesizwe, noma ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu (hhosho ebhekisa ukunakekela kwezezindaba, umphakathi, kanye nabanye abadlali bezombangazwe. Lokhu kwenziwa ngezinkulumo, ngemihlangano yezizwe, izikhangiso zomkhankaso, nokuqondisa isigijimi. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi ne-2020 Umongameli we-U.S., ukukhetha kwe-DEmocratic Party ngokungaguquki kwaqala ukunakekelwa kwezempilo nobulungisa bezinhlanga, kuyilapho iRepublican Party igxile emthethweni nokuhleleka nokuthuthukisa kwezomnotho. Impikiswano evelele ukudlulisa izimpikiswano ezidla ngokuba yizinganiso ezibusayo ezibusa ukushaya umthetho.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemithetho: Amakhambi Obuciko

Uma nje isici sendaba ihleliwe, abamelelwayo basebenzela ukusungula iziphakamiso ezithile. Lenqubo yokuhlela ihlanganisa abaholi beqembu, ochwepheshe bezimiso, izinqola zezemfundo, amaqembu ahlangene neqembu. Abaqondisi bemithetho yokulungisa amafomu, amaphepha amhlophe ajikelezayo, kanye nokuqulwa kwemithetho yamakomiti kugcinwa ukuze kulungiswe imiqondo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukufezwa kwe-Affordable Care Act (ACA), inkambiso yesimiso se-Didemocratic Party, yasungulwa ngokubambisana okukhulu phakathi kwendlu kaWhite, iKomiti ye-Prooma komiti, nezimiso zezempilo. Ngokufanayo, iTaxcox noJobs Act ka-201717, ukumiswa komthetho weRepublicralitenti, kwalo oluqinile wenkampane. Izivumelwano zezentengo yezente yentela encibilikiswa encishini yeze-accuase.

Ukwakha Ukusekela Komphakathi Nombono Ophambene

Amaqembu ezombangazwe afaka imali eningi ekulolongeni umbono womphakathi ukuze asekele izinqumo zawo zezimiso. Lokhu kufinyelelwa ngokuvela kwezezindaba ezingokwesiko, imikhankaso yezokuxhumana, izinyunyana zotshani, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zotshani, nokukhangisa. Abaholi beqembu basebenza njengezithunywa, bafaka iziphakamiso zabo ngezindlela ezivumelana nabavoti. Ngokwesibonelo, amaRepublican avame ukuhlukanisa intela njengendlela yokuthuthukisa ukukhula kwezomnotho futhi azuzise “abakhiqizi,” kuyilapho amaDemocrat elawula ukusetshenziswa kwemali njengezindlela zokunciphisa ubumpofu nokuthuthukisa ubulungisa. Amapulatifomu asebenzisa amapulatifomu awo ukugxeka iziphakamiso zokuphikiswa, ukuhlukanisa nokuqinisa isisekelo sabo.

Ukusebenzisa Umthetho: Ukuguqula Imigomo Ibe Imithetho

Uma iqembu lilawula amagatsha aphethe nemithetho, linethuba elinamandla kakhulu lokufeza imigomo yalo yezimiso. Nokho, ngisho nokulawula okuhlangene akuqinisekisi impumelelo. Ukungavumelani ngaphakathi, izithiyo ze-procedia, nemithetho ye-producbuster kunganciphisa noma kuvimbele umthetho. I-paries kufanele ilawule ama-caucse, izwane ngokulinganisela, futhi ngezinye izikhathi yenza ukuvumelana ukuze igcine amavoti adingekile. Ukudlula kwe-A ngo-Democratic izicelo ze- Herculean ukuze ihlanganise i-atrune, kuyilapho ukuhluleka ukubuyisela i-AAA ngo-201717 kubonise ubunzima bokubusa ngisho nokuphatha iningi elihlangeneyo. Uma nje umthetho udlulisiwe, iqembu liyaqhubeka ukuthonya kwalo ngenhlangano nokuqoqa imali.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zethonya Leqembu Lezombangazwe

Ukuhlola lezi zenzakalo kwembula ukuthi inqubo yemibono, icebo lezombangazwe, nokucindezela okungaphandle kunikeza izibonelo ezicacile zendlela amaqembu alawula ngayo umthetho.

I - New Deal Coalition Nokuncishiswa Kukahulumeni WaseMelika

I-Democratic Party ngaphansi kukaMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt yakha i-act ebanzi yezinhlangano zezisebenzi, amaqembu asemadolobheni, ama-Afrika, abamhlophe baseNingizimu, kanye nezihlakaniphi ukuze kudluliswe izinhlelo ze-New Deal phakathi noKuwohloka Okukhulu Komnotho. Lomfelandawo, owakheka enzima, waveza umthetho oshintshayo ohlanganisa iSocial Security, i-Wagner Act (ukuvikela amalungelo ezisebenzi), nokumiswa kwe-Tennessee Valles Auth Authority. I-New Democratic Ac ayizange ithathe indima kahulumeni wezwelonethi yeze isigaba sezombangazwe esiyinhloko amashumi ambalwa eminyaka. Kwabonisa indlela iqembu elalingasebenzisa ngayo inkinga yokumisa umthetho ohlala njalo ukuze lithathe ifa eliphilile lelo sivumelwano sezenhlalo.

Ukuvukela KweReagan: Inqubo Eshintshayo

Ngonyaka ka-1980, uRonald Reagan neRepublican Party basungula ushintsho olukhulu enkambisweni yomphakathi ngokusekela ukuthengwa kwemali, ukunqanyulwa kwentela yesizwe. Ukunqanyulwa kwentela kaReagan, ukunqanyulwa kwezimboni (njengezezindiza nezokuxhumana), kanye nokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo zezenhlalo kwabonisa ukuhlelwa kwemibono engokwesiko esekelwe eqophelweni lezentengiselwano eRiphabliki. Le “Nguquko yenguquko” ayenzekanga ngezikhathi ezithile; yayiwumphumela weminyaka ehleliwe yokwakha izinhlangano zezentengiselwano, icabanga njengamaHlamfa, nabaholi beqembu. Umthetho wamuva ka 1980 wanciphisa izinga lentela ephakeme kusuka ku-70% kuya ku-28% futhi waguqula ingxoxo yesizwe eqonde ukuncithano yentela ezindaweni eziphambili zezentengongongongo. [Fokist]

UMthetho Wokunakekela Ongenakuntengantenga Njengephawu Lokuhamba Ngeqembu

Ukudlula kwe-ACA ngo-2010 kwamelela isiphetho samashumi eminyaka emizamo yeDemocratic yokwandisa umshuwalense wempilo. Ngemva kokhetho lwango 2008, uMongameli uBarack Obama nomholi weDemocratic eKhongolo yakwa-Congress wathatha ithuba lokumisa inguquko yezempilo ebanzi. Umthetho wandisa iMedicaid, wasungula izimakethe zomshuwalense, futhi wanqabela abaxhasi ukuba banqabe ukukhokhwanywa okusekelwe ezimweni zokuzinzela ngaphambili. Naphezu kokuphikisa okunonya iRepublicracratic noxanduva lwezimpi zedemocra ngendawo yomphakathi, ekugcineni iqembu elihlangene ekudluliseni umthetho eqenjini yeqembu. I-A ihlala iyimpikiswano enkulu kwezombangazwe kwezombangazwe kwezombangazwe eMelika, kanye neziRepublicralican ayaqhubeka nokuzimela ukuvinja kwayo ivikela nokufuna. Lokhu kugcizelela indlela empikiswa ngayo ukuphumelela kakhulu kweqembu lezempikiswa kwezombangazwe eminyakeni ezombangazwe.

Izinselele Zethonya Leqembu Embusweni Wanamuhla

Naphezu kokuma kwazo enqubeni yenqubo, amaqembu ezombangazwe abhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu ezinganciphisa ithonya lawo. Ukuqonda lezinselele kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni ikusasa lokwenziwa kwesimiso seqembu.

Ukwehla Kwemibono Yezombangazwe Nokuvaleka Kwemizwa

Phakathi namashumi eminyaka ambalwa adlule, lamaqembu amabili ayinhloko aye ahlukana kakhulu ngokwemibono, enciphisa ukuhlangana kwamalungu alinganiselayo angavumelana. Lokhu kuhlahlelana kuye kwaholela ekubekeni umthetho we-pronogration lock, njengoba izigaba zingazimisele ukuwela i-pachel ukuze zidlulise izikweleti. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-palbuster e-U.S. iSigeqe seNkathiwele kuye kwaba okuvamile, kudinga ukumiswa kwe-amandla amakhulu kakhulu ukuze kuqhutshekiswe umthetho ongaphansi kakhulu. [Prew Research Center] njengomphumela, ngisho nalapho iqembu lilawula womagumbi womabili amaBhungane ne-Precial, ukuthatha izinyathelo ezinkulu kungagcinwa uma bengenakuvota ama-60 eqoqoni lemithetho. Lemigoqolo lemithetho yokuguqula isigaba somthetho.

Amandla Akhulayo Amaqembu Nezibopho Ezinesithakazelo

Nakuba abahlanganyeli besalokhu benethonya, kumelwe bancintisane nesimiso esikhulu sezenhlalakahle, amakomiti ezombangazwe (PAC), kanye nabacebisi abacebile. Laba bakhangisi ngokuvamile banezinhlelo ezithile ezingase zingqubuzane nesigaba esibanzi seqembu. Ngokwesibonelo, iNational Rifle Association (NRA) ithonya elinamandla ngokwengokomlando ngesimiso sokudubulana kweRiphabliki, kuyilapho izinyunyana zothisha namaqembu emvelo egqugquzela amaDemocrates ezinhlangothini ezithile. Ukuphakama kwamaPCs kungaphikisana nesigaba esibanzi seqembu [[FLT: 0]] i-United i-Citns [ignects] inqute inqunulo enkulu yamazwi abantu abacebile kanye nezinhlangano, ngezinye izikhathi idla isigaba esiyinhloko sokhetho. Ingenza ababhishoshosholo oluvamile uma befuna ukuna nokuzisekela kweqembu lezokuxhumana.

Ukunganeliseki Komphakathi Nokuphakama Kwempi Yesifunda

Ukudunyazwa kweqembu elimisiwe kuye kwakhula embusweni wentando yeningi, kubhebhethekiswa imibono yokuthi amaqembu esigaba sombuso wentando yeningi, awonakele, noma athunjwe abantu abaphezulu. Lomuzwa ubangela izinhlangano zempompo, abathathi-ngxenye yesithathu, kanye nosopolitiko abangaphandle ababhikisela i-omza ngokumelene nokumiswa kweqembu. E-United States, ukuvela kwe-Tea Party ngo-2010 futhi umzabalazo olandelayo kaTrump ngo-2016 waveza ukukhungatheka okujulileyo phakathi kweRepublican Party kanye nomholi wayo. Lezinhlangano zaphumelela ezingxabeni zezentengiselwa phambili zezentengiselwano − [1] ngezindaba zezentengiselwano kanye nezokufuduka. Ngokufanayo, umkhankaso ka-2016 phakathi kwe-Democratic Party waqhubekisela phambili iqembu leze izimpikiswano zezentengiselwano. Lezi zikwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba kulondolo olulawulayo.

Indima Eshintshayo Yezinkolo Zezombangazwe Enqubweni Yomphakathi

Izimo ezihlukahlukene cishe ziyothonya indlela amaqembu athonya ngayo isimiso emashumini eminyaka azayo.

Ubuchwepheshe, Imithombo Yezindaba Nezinsimbi Eziqondile

Ama-palishi asebenzisa amathuluzi e-minuctures ukuze adlulise izinqubo zezezemidiyamu futhi axhumane ngokuqondile nabavoti. Amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana anjenge-Twitter, Facebook, ne-TikTok avumela abaholi beqembu nabahlohli ukuba bamise uhlelo ngaphandle kokuthembela kubacosheli bezindaba. Lokhu kubonise ukulawulwa kwemiyalezo kodwa futhi kuhlukanise amaqembu omphakathi, okwenza ukuba kusetshenziswe iziteshi ezisheshayo zokudayisa nokudayisa ulwazi lwezimemezelo kanye nokwaziswa okuthi kubangelwa yi-Obama’s 2016 noma umsebenzi ka-Trump 2016 2016 ngokuphumelelayo abasekeli bezokulungisa izimpikiswano nezimiso zokwakheka. Nokho, amathuluzi ezifanayo zingasetshenziswa amaqembu angaphandle ukuze athonye ithonya, ubunye ubunye obunamandla.

Ukushintsha Kwezibalo Nokumiswa Kwendawo

I-Democratic Party iya iqala ukuhlukahluka ngokobuzwe, ngobuhlanga, ngobuncane, nangokungokwezwe. Lokhu kushintsha kwenani labantu kuphoqelela ukuba bobabili baphinde bahlole izivumelwano zabo. I-Didemocratic Party incike kakhulu kumavoti angewona amalungu nabasebasha abasekela ukuma okuqhubekayo ekushintsheni isimo sezulu, izikweleti zabafundi, nokunakekela impilo. Okwamanje, iRepublican Party iyaqhubeka ithola ukusekelwa okunamandla emakhaya, amadala, namavota amhlophe, kodwa ibhekene izinselele ekuhendeni izakhamuzi ezimbalwa ezikhulayo. Izimiso zesikhathi esizayo ziyothonywa kakhulu yilokho iqembu elizivumelanisa ngokuphumelelayo kulokhu kushintshashintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngokwesibonelo, iziphakathiwe zezentengobo ekholishini yonke nenkululeko yezemfundo yasekhaya iklabhulikishi, kuyilapho i-Riphablikian iklani ezindaweni ezisezindenkolo ezivamile.

Okungase Kubangele Izimpi Zesithathu Nezinhlangano Ezizimele

Nakuba isimiso esinezingxenye ezimbili sisagxilile ngenxa yezici zokwakha ezifana nokuthatha impumelelo kuzo zonke okhetho, kunesithakazelo esikhulayo ekuthatheni indawo ephakathi kwesithathu naleyo ezimele. Izinhlangano ezinjengeGreen Party neLibertarian Party ngezikhathi ezithile zithonya isimiso ngokuphakamisa izimpikiswano amaqembu amakhulu angazinaki. Eminyakeni yamuva, ukunyuka kwe- “Nobelts” namanye amaqembu amaqembu azama ukuvala indawo ephakathi phakathi kweqembu. Nakuba amaqembu amathathu engawi kancane ekuwineleni kokhetho, ukuba khona kwawo kungathinta imiphumela [1] njengango- 2000 lapho i-Ralph’s Green Party cishe idlands cishe kwabiza u-Al Gore Florida Florida. Uma ukungenwa ithonya lezimiso ezimbili ezihlukene liyaqhubeka nokukhula, iqembu lingasehla ithonya noma linciphe kakhulu kwezombangazwe.

Isiphetho

Amaqembu ezombangazwe ahlala ebalulekile ekusungulweni kwesimiso somphakathi. Amisa izinqumo zengxoxo, izihlongozo zomthetho zobungcweti, ukuqoqa izakhamuzi, nokusebenzisa ithonya lapho esebusa. Ithonya lawo lingabonakala emithethweni nasemithethweni elandelanayo yekhulu elidlule leminyaka (kusukela eSocial Security nase New Deal ku-Affordal Care Act kanye ne-Trump intest. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaqembu asebenza phakathi nodweshu lwezithi: ukucindezela kwezenhlalakahle, isithakazelo, ukugxeka umphakathi, kanye nemingcele yokwakha engavimbela ngisho nezinhloso eziphambili.

Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukutadisha indima yamadipo akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo; kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda indlela izimiso zentando yeningi ezisebenza ngayo nendlela izakhamuzi ezingahlanganyela ngayo ngokunenjongo. Ukuqaphela amandla ezindawo ezithile (nemingcele yazo) abantu ukuba bahlole ngokunemba izihlongozo zemithetho, bahlanganyele ezinqubweni ezikhethayo, futhi basekele ushintsho. Njengoba isimo sezombangazwe siqhubeka sivuleka, ubuhlobo phakathi kwamaqembu nezimiso zomphakathi buyohlala buyimfakela emfundweni yokubusa.