I - Constitution Foundation of Marriage e - U.S.

Amalungelo omshado e-United States anesikhundla esiyinkimbinkimbi ngokwehlukile esimisweni somthetho. Ngokungafani nezinye izici eziningi zomthetho ezingohulumeni noma ezikhethekile, umshado ulawulwa yisimiso esimbaxambili lapho womabili amazinga kahulumeni elawula khona ngokuphumelelayo. Lengxenye isuka ngokuqondile kumthetho-sisekelo, onganiki igunya likahulumeni eliqondile ebuhlotsheni basekhaya. Ngenxa yalokho, amandla okuchaza, ilayisense, futhi alawula umshado awehlelekile emazweni ngaphansi kwemibuso yawo yamaphoyisa avamile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhulumeni wezwe uyaqhubeka unethonya elibalulekile ngegunya lakhe lokufuduka, intela, isolithi, ukuvikela intela, ukuqaphela intela, ukuphatha amalungelo esizwe.

Lelilungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo aliklanyelwanga ukudala izingxabano. Nokho, kungokomsebenzi, liye laveza imithetho enziwa ngokulandelana engahluka kakhulu ngokwengxenye ukusuka kwelinye izwe ukuya kwelinye. Umshado owenziwa ngokwezinga elifanelekile kwelinye izwe ungaqashelwa ngokwengxenye. Izinzuzo ezihlobene nokuma komshado ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni zingase zingavumelani nendlela umbuso ochaza ngayo umshado ngezinjongo zawo. Lokhu kuphikisana akuyona imiphumela engokomthetho engekhonakaliyo engokomthetho — zinemiphumela ecacile, engokoqobo ezigidini zamaMelika okumelwe zihambele ezindaweni ezisemthethweni ezihlukene nsuku zonke.

Igunya Elihlangene Nokholo Olugcwele No Claus

I-Fil Low Faith and Creade of Article IV ye-Constitution ngokuvamile ifuna amazwe ukuba ahloniphe futhi aphoqelele izenzo zomphakathi, amarekhodi, kanye nezokwahlulela kwamanye amazwe. Ngokubona kwawo, lesi sisho singagunyaza ukuqaphela imishado ehlukene phakathi kwezindawo zikahulumeni. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme ibilokhu ikholelwa ukuthi akudingekile ukuba izifunda ziqaphele imishado lapho imibhangqwana ingashadiswa khona enqubeni yasobala eqinile. Lenqubo ebizwa kanjalo ngokuthi "inqubo kahulumeni ehlukile" yayisetshenziselwa ngokomlando ukuvumela izivumelwano ezihlukene ngokwezinhlanga, imishado nemishado ehlanganisa amazinga athile okungalabala.

Umthetho kaFederal ngezikhathi ezithile uye wathatha inyathelo lokuphoqelela ukufana. Ngokwesibonelo, iDefense of Marriage Act ka-1996, ivumela amazwe ukuba enqabe ukuqashelwa kwemishado efanayo yobulili evela kwezinye izifundazwe futhi ichaze umshado njengesibopho phakathi kwendoda nomfazi oyedwa ngenjongo kahulumeni. Lokhu kwakha isimiso sokusebenza okumbaxambili esaqhubeka kwaze kwaba yilapho iNkantolo Ephakeme igumbuqela igumbuqela i-DOMA ngo-2013 futhi kamuva ifuna ukuba zonke izifundazwe zifeze imishado efanayo futhi ziqaphele imishado efanayo yeze naleyo exxhwepheni ngo-2015.

Amaphoyisa Kahulumeni Nomthetho Wezobuhlobo Basekhaya

Imfundiso engokomthetho yokuthi umshado uyindaba yomthetho kahulumeni ihlala igxile kakhulu eMalalika. Ohulumeni banikeza amalayisense omshado, imisa iminyaka nezidingo zomshado, imisa izikhathi zokulinda, inquma ukuthi ubani ongenza imikhosi, futhi imise imithetho yokuhlukanisa ngesahlukaniso nokudilika. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izici eziyisisekelo njengenkathi elinganiselwe yomshado, imfuneko yokuhlola igazi, nezizathu zokulahla imishado zingahlukahluka ngokwemithetho. Ngisho nangemva kwesizwe seNkanto ephakeme yeNkantolo eshaya imishado yokushada ngemibhangqwana exubile, ezinye izici eziningi zomthetho womshado zisekhona ngaphansi kokulawula kwendawo.

Igunya likahulumeni ngokuphathelene nobudlelwane basekhaya lihlanganisa namalungelo empahla, ukusekelana kobungane, ifa, kanye nokuthola ifa. Umbhangqwana oshadile esabelweni sempahla somphakathi othuthela esabelweni sempahla somthetho somphakathi ungathola ukuthi amalungiselelo awo ezimali aphathwa ngendlela ehlukile kakhulu kunalokho ababekulindele. Ngokufanayo, umzali oqashelwa ngokomthetho njengombuso othile angase angaqashelwa ngokuzenzekelayo komunye, ikakhulukazi lapho ethola usizo lobuchwepheshe bokuzala noma ukutholwa. Lokhu kwenzela imikhaya, abahleli bezindawo, nabenzi bomthetho womkhaya abamele balandise ngemithetho eminingi emsebenzini wabo.

Izingxabano Ezingokomlando Phakathi Kwemithetho Yemishado Yasesifundazweni NeyaseHulumeni

Umlando womthetho womshado e-United States uwumlando wempi phakathi kwesivikelo samalungelo omphakathi nemingcele yezinga lombuso. Izwe lisebenzise amandla alo amaningi phezu komshado ukuphoqelela izinhlanga, inkolo, nemithetho esekelwe ebulilini. Ukungenela kwe-Frederal kwahlolwa, kuza kuphela ngemva kokuqhubeka kwempimpi yamalungelo abantu nemithetho engokomthetho. Isibonelo siye sasebenzisa ngokungaguquguquki: ukuzama imithetho evimbelayo, abantu ngabanye, ukubekela leyomithetho enkantolo inselele, futhi ekugcineni uhulumeni kahulumeni ohlangene uphoqelela indiswa ukuba isilinganiso esifanayo ngenqubo yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho noma ngezenzo zomthetho-mthetho- sisekelo.

Imithetho elwa neMisindo neLouval v. Virginia

Esinye sezibonelo ezicacile kakhulu zokucindezeleka kwezwe likahulumeni sihlanganisa imithetho enqabela ukushada kwabantu abahlukene ngokwezinhlanga. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yombango, imibuso eminingi yabekwa imithetho enqabela imishado phakathi kwabantu abamhlophe nabantu bezinhlanga. Lemithetho elwa nokunqanda ukuhlukana yayingesona nje isibonakaliso; yayiphethe izijeziso zobugebengu futhi yanyanzelwa ukuba iqine, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu. INkantolo Ephakeme yaqale yenqaba ukubulala imithetho enjalo, ngokuphawulekayo kakhulu Pace v. Alabama [183], eyayikholelwa ukuthi imibhangqwana ehlukanisayo ehlukanisayo izinhlanga yayinonya kakhulu kunaleyo emele ukuvikela uClawulweni olulinganayo.

Kwakungonyaka ka-1967 lapho iNkantolo isingatha khona ngokuqondene nendaba ngokusemthethweni ezindaweni ezingu-16. Virginia. Ngombono ovumelanayo, iNkantolo yathi ukushada kungumthetho oyisisekelo futhi ukuhlelwa kwezinhlanga ezisemithethweni yomshado kudinga ukucusumbulwa ngokuqinile. Isinqumo esiwenzile sinciphe imingcele emelene ne-anti - miscegention ezindaweni ezingu-16 futhi simise isimiso sokuthi amazwe awakwazi ukusebenzisa amandla omshado ukuze asebenzise ukucwasana kwezinhlanga. Nokho, isinqumo asizange siqede lonke igunya lombuso. Ngisho nangemva kokuba Livet , siyaqhubeka sibeka eminye imithetho, kuhlanganise nokuvinjelwa komshado ofanayo, ukuthi angeke sikhululwelinye ingxenye yesinye sesigaba sesigaba sesinye.

Ukuvinjelwa Komshado Ongasheshi Nokuvikelwa Komshado

Impi yokulwa nomshado ofanayo wobulili yalandela icebo elifanayo, kodwa ngolwengeziwe lokuhileleka kwemithetho kahulumeni. Ngo-1990, njengoba iNkantolo ePhakeme yaseHawaii yacabangela ukuthi imibhangqwana efanayo engosasini yayinelungelo lokushada ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho kahulumeni, iKhomishane yayisayina i-Defense of Marriat Act (DOMA) ngo-1996. I-DOMA yayinemilungiselelo emibili eyinhloko: yachaza umshado ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni njengenyunyana wendoda eyodwa nowesifazane oyedwa, futhi yavumela ngokusobala imibuso ukuba inqabe ukuqashelwa kwemishado efanayo eyayenziwa kwamanye amazwe. Umthetho wasayinwa nguMongameli Bill CNTBINS futhi wabonisa umbono owadlangile ngesikhathi sokuthi umshado wawuyindaba yesizwe yemithetho yomthetho kanye neyo, hhayi izinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Emashumini amabili eminyaka alandelayo, ukuguqulwa komthetho- sisekelo okungalingani nomthetho-mthetho owenqabela ukushada okungokobulili obufanayo kwaqothula izwe. Ngo-2004, amazwe angu-13 ayesedlulise lezo zinguquko, futhi ngo-2008, inani lalemithetho lase likhule laba ngaphezu kwe 30. Lemithetho yadala indawo engalingani kakhulu. Imibhangqwana efanayo-sexxthene yangashada eMassachusetts, Connecticut, nase-Io kodwa yashada ngegama kuphela uma ihlala eTexas, eOhio, noma eVirginia ngezinjongo zomthetho. Izinzuzo zesifunda sesifundazwe zazingatholakali ngokuphelele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umbhangqwana uhlalaphi. Le mithetho yaqhubeka ikhona kwaze kwaba yiNkadedeli e [FLD: 0] evumelana nayo yomibili isholo.[2]

Obergefell v. Hodges noGunyazo lokufana

Isinqumo se-Obergefell sasiyisikhathi esichithiwe sokulingana komshado. Ukubhalela iningi, uMahluleli uAnthony Kennedy wakholelwa ukuthi ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada lidlulela emibhangqwana efanayo engokobulili ngaphansi kwakho kokubili i-Seed Proced Clause ne-Livice Provice Provice Claus e-Intemplement ye-14th. Isinqumo esahlelwa ngokuphumelelayo ilungelo lokushada futhi sasusa ikhono lemibuso lokuphika amagunya omshado emibhangqwana ehlangeneyo noma ukwenqaba ukuqaphela imishado ehlangene obufanayo obungameleneyo.

Nakuba yayisisombululo ingxabano kahulumeni esobala kakhulu ekhona mayelana nomshado, ayisusanga konke ukungavumelani. Ukubusa kwamisa isakhiwo somthetho-sisekelo, hhayi uphahla lwangaphakathi. Amazwe aqhubeka negunya phezu kwamakhemikhali emishado, imininingwane yamalungelo omshado, nezinqubo zokuhlukanisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isinqumo asizange sixazulule imibuzo ephathelene nesithembu, ubuqotho, noma ukuqaphela imishado yakwamanye amazwe. Njengomphumela, nakuba indawo ifana kakhulu kunangaphambi ko 2015, intengo yezwe ishiyekile.

Imibono Yanamuhla Ephikelelayo Ngemva Kokwehla Kwe - Obergefell

Ngisho nasemuva obergefell[ inkathi, ukuphikisana kwezwe kuyaqhubeka kudala ubunkimbinkimbi, futhi kwezinye izimo, ukungalingani okuqondile. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kwehlela ezigabani eziningana, ngayinye enemiphumela esebenzayo kwimibhangqwana nasemikhayeni. Ukuqonda ukuthi lezikhala zibaluleke kuphi kunoma ubani oshadile noma ohlela ukushada, ikakhulukazi uma belindele ukuthutha phakathi kwamazwe noma ukusebenzelana nesimiso sokufuduka sikahulumeni.

Izimfuneko Zelayisense Yomshado Nemithetho Yokuzivumelanisa

Enye yezindawo eziyisisekelo kakhulu zemithetho ehlukene yilayisense yomshado ngokwayo. Izimfuneko zokulinda, ukuhlola igazi, iminyaka yokuvuma, izimfuneko zokuthola imvume, nemali ehambisana nokuthola ilayisense. Ezinye izifundazwe zidinga imibhangqwana ukuba isebenzise imbala; ezinye zivumela izicelo ze-intanethi ezisezimweni ezilinganiselwe. Ezinye izimfuneko zokuvumelana nemithetho ye-intanethi ziyahluka: ezinye izimfuneko, njenge-Nevada, azinazo nhlobo imfuneko yokuhlala, zizenza zibe izindawo ezithandwayo zemishado, kuyilapho ezinye zifuna imibhangqwana ukuba ihlale esifundeni esithile ngaphambi kokuba ithole ilayisense.

Lokhu kungafani kubaluleke kakhulu kunalokho okungase kuvele. Umbhangqwana oshada esifundazweni esinezimfuneko ezithathekayo ungathola ukuthi umshado wawo uhlolwa ngokuseduze lapho ubuyela esifundeni sekhaya esinemingcele eyengeziwe. Nakuba uLukhulu Lokholo no Clausle ngokuvamile ludinga ukuqashelwa komshado ogunyaziwe kwesinye isifundazwe, umthetho womphakathi ohlukile usakhona emfundisweni, futhi izinkantolo ziye zawusebenzisela ukuphikisana nemishado nemithetho yomshado engenele ukulahla imithetho yezwe lasekhaya. Lokhu ngezinye izikhathi kubizwa ngokuthi "imfundiso yokweqa," futhi kuhlala kuyimpikiswano ekhona ngeminyaka eqinile yemvume noma imithetho ebophakele.

Ukuqashelwa Kwemishado Yakwamanye Amazwe Neyokuhlala Ngaphandle Kwesimo

Kubantu abashada kwamanye amazwe, indaba yokuqashelwa ingagcwala kakhulu. I-United States ayinaso isimiso esifanayo sokuqaphela imishado yakwamanye amazwe. Kunalokho, ukuqaphela kunqunywa umthetho wezwe, ngokuvamile osebenza isimiso somthetho: umshado ongene ngokomthetho ngokomthetho wezwe langaphandle uyoqashelwa eUnited States, uma nje ungangqubuzani nesimiso somphakathi esinamandla sombuso lapho kufunwa khona.

Lokhu kushiya imishado elinganayo inzima ukuchaza. Imishado efanayo eyenzeka emazweni lapho imishado enjalo isemthethweni manje iqashelwa ngokufanayo ngemva kwe- Obergefell[, kodwa ezinye izinhlobo zemishado zingase zingabi khona. Imishado ehloniphekile, imishado yabantwana esemthethweni esemthethweni, futhi imishado ehilela ukuvunyelwana okuphoqelelwe ingabhekana nazo zonke izinselele e-U.S. Umphumela uyisimiso lapho umshado osebenza kahle ezweni elilodwa noma ongenakuqashelwa kuye ngokuthi isiphi i-U.S. kusho ukuthi imibhangqwana ihamba.

Ukwehluka Ezinzuzoni Ezingenakulinganiswa Nezivikelo Ezincane

Umthetho we-Federal unikeza inzuzo enkulu emibhangqwana eshadile, kuhlanganise nezinzuzo zentela, izinzuzo zenhlala- kahle, amalungelo okuxhasa ukufuduka, nokuthola ikhefu lomkhaya nelokwelapha. Nokho, ukuba khona kwalezinzuzo kuxhomeke emshadweni osemthethweni osemthethweni, futhi uhulumeni uncike kumthetho kahulumeni ukuze anqume ukuthi umshado uyasebenza yini. Lokhu kudala inkinga ebanzi: Izinzuzo zikahulumeni zikhona ngokuqashelwa uhulumeni, kodwa izifundazwe azivumelani njalo ukuthi imishado ifaneleke kuphi.

Ngokwesibonelo, umbhangqwana oshadile osesimweni esingadingi idili elingokomthetho lomshado oqashelwayo ongokomthetho owenziwe esimweni sasekhaya kodwa hhayi ngesimo ozothathwa kuso kamuva. Lowombhangqwana ungazithola ushadela izinjongo zentela zikahulumeni kodwa ungashadile ngezinjongo zomthetho kahulumeni, udala ukudideka necala elingenzeka. Ngokufanayo, umbhangqwana oshadayo oqaphela imishado phakathi kwezihlobo eziseduze (njengezihlobo zokuqala) ungathola ukuthi umshado wawo ufanelekela izinjongo zokungena emakhaya kodwa ungasebenzi ngezinjongo zokukhokha intela kahulumeni.

Imiphumela Yangempela Yezwe Yokuphamba Okungokomthetho

Umehluko ongokomthetho phakathi kwemithetho yomshado kahulumeni nohulumeni awukhona nje ngokwemfundo. Ithonya elikhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwemibhangqwana eshadile, ikhono lemikhaya lokuhlala ndawonye, kanye nokulondeka kwezezimali komshado. Lemiphumela iba mikhulu kakhulu kubantu abasengozini, kuhlanganise nemikhaya yabafuduki, imibhangqwana ethola imali ephansi, nemikhaya eyakhiwa ngobuchwepheshe bokuzala noma ukutholwa.

Izinselele Zokuhlala Emakhaya Nezokungahlali Komkhaya

Enye yezindawo ezilandelana kakhulu lapho imithetho yomshado kahulumeni nohulumeni ihlangene khona nokufuduka. Umthetho we-U.S. uvumela izakhamuzi zase-U.S. kanye nezakhamuzi ezisemthethweni ukuba zixhase abangane bazo abangaphansi komkhaya namakhadi aluhlaza. Nokho, ukufaneleka komshado ngenxa yezinjongo zokufuduka ekugcineni kunqunywa umthetho wezwe lapho umshado wawenziwa khona. Uma uhulumeni enqaba ukuqaphela umshado nganoma isiphi isizathu, uhulumeni ungakwenqabela ukuqaphela ukushada ngenxa yezizathu zokufuduka.

Lokhu kubangela ubunzima obukhulu emibhangqwaneni eshadile engaphansi kwemithetho yezwe elilodwa kodwa ehlala noma ethuthela esimweni esingawuqapheli umshado wayo. Imibhangqwana efanayo engowesini yayisengozini kakhulu yalenkinga ngaphambi obergefell[, kodwa ngisho nangemva kwalokho kubusa, izinkinga zingaphakama. Ngokwesibonelo, umbhangqwana ongenela umshado esimweni esishintsha imithetho yawo yokuqashelwa, noma umbhangqwana oshada kwelinye izwe ongazifinyeleli izimfuneko, ungazithola ungakwazi ukusekela umngane womshado ngenxa yokufuduka. Lezi zimo ngokuvamile zidinga ukuhlukanisa okukhulu futhi zingaphumela ekuchitheni umkhaya ohlala isikhathi eside.

Ukutholakala Kwentela, Ukulondeka Kwezenhlalo Nezempilo

Umthetho wentela kazwelonke ulandela umthetho kahulumeni ekunqumeni ukuthi umbhangqwana ushadile yini ngenjongo yentela. Ngaphansi kwe-Internvotion Code, umshado uqashelwa ngezinjongo zentela kahulumeni uma uqashelwa yizwe lapho umbhangqwana uhlala khona. Nokho, i-IRS isebenzisa umthetho wezwe lokuhlala, hhayi isimo somkhosi, ukunquma isimo somshado. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umbhangqwana oshadayo esizweni esiqaphela umshado wawo kodwa uphinde udlulele esizweni esingazitholi singenakhombalo njengowodwa noma njengenhloko yomkhaya, hhayi njengombhangqwana oshadile, onemiphumela emikhulu yentela.

Isimiso esifanayo siyasebenza ezinzuzoni zeNhlala - kahle. I - Social Security Administration isebenzisa umthetho kahulumeni ukuze inqume ukuthi umngane womshado osele ukulungele yini ukuthola izinzuzo ezisindile. Umngane womshado owayeshade nomuntu osemthethweni kodwa owathuthela esimweni esingawuqapheli umshado angase angamukeleki ukuze athole izinzuzo, ngisho noma umshado wawusebenza lapho wawukhona. Lokhu kubangela umphumela obuhlungu kakhulu kubantu abashadile abasinda ababelindele ukuthola izinzuzo ezisekelwe emshadweni ongokomthetho ngesikhathi ewungenele.

Ukutholakala kwempilo kuyinto enye lapho ukuphikisana kwezwe kuzwakala khona. I-Family and Medical Let Act (FMLA) ivumela izisebenzi ezifanelekayo ukuba zithathe ikhefu ezingakhokhelwa ukuze zinakekele umngane womshado onesimo sempilo esingathi sína. Nokho, incazelo ye "spouse" ngaphansi kwe-FMLA ihlanganisa umthetho kahulumeni. Umbhangqwana oshadile esifundazweni esisodwa kodwa ohlala esizweni esingawuqapheli umshado ungathola ukuthi isisebenzi asikufanelekeli ukuphuma sinakekele umngane waso, ngisho noma ushadile ngokomthetho esizweni lapho umshado wawenziwa khona.

Amalungelo Abazali Nezingane Ezindaweni Zokugwetshwa Kwezwe

Mhlawumbe indawo ecasule kakhulu ngokomzwelo ihlanganisa amalungelo abazali. Uma imibhangqwana eshadile inabantwana, bobabili abashadile ngokuvamile kucatshangwa ukuthi bangabazali abangokomthetho. Nokho, lokhu kucabanga kungaphazamiseka uma umshado ungaqashelwa esimweni lapho umkhaya uhlala khona. Imibhangqwana efanayo engowesini, lokhu kwakuyimsuka omkhulu wokungavikeleki ngokomthetho [ [umzali ongashadile nomzali wemvelo] othile angathola ukuthi amalungelo ayo omzali akamukeleki ngokuphelele uma umkhaya ushukunyiselwa esimweni esingawuqapheli umshado.

Ngisho nangemva obergefell, izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka emikhayeni eyakhiwe ngokufakelwa, ukukhulelwa, noma ukutholwa. Izwe linemithetho ehlukene kakhulu ngokuphathelene nezivumelwano zokuzala umntwana nokuqashelwa njengomzali. Umbhangqwana oshadile osebenzisa isivumelwano esithile esimweni esivumela umkhuba ungathola ukuthi amalungelo awo abazali awaqashelwa ngaphansi kwesimo esivimbela ukuthatheka noma ukubeka izimfuneko ezengeziwe. Ngokufanayo, umbhangqwana oshadile othathe umntwana komunye umbuso ungabhekana nezinkinga uma udlulela esimweni esimelene nokuphatha okumelene nokuphatha okungathandeki, nakuba ukutholwa ngokwawo kumelwe kuqashelwe ngaphansi kokholo olugcwele no Claus. Lokhu kungazitholela kubazali abashadile, kodwa abangaqashelwa komunye umbalwa komunye umbango.

Indima Yomthetho Wesifunda Ekuvimbeleni Amagebe

Uma kucatshangelwa ukungqubuzana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwemithetho yomshado kahulumeni nombuso, umthetho kahulumeni uye wafeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekumiseni isivikelo esiqinile nasekuqinisekiseni ukugcinwa kwamalungelo omshado ezinhlwini zikahulumeni. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yabeka umthetho ngokomthetho ilungelo lokushada nemibhangqwana efanayo engokobulili obuhlukile, uMkhandlu uye wathatha isinyathelo futhi sokunikeza imishado isivikelo sokuvumelana kwemithetho nokuvimbela amazwe ekuhlukaniseni imibhangqwana eyayishade ngokusemthethweni kwezinye izindawo.

Inhlonipho NgoMthetho Womshado (2022)

Inhlonipho nge-Doma Act yomshado, eyasayinwa umthetho nguMongameli Joe Biden ngoDecember 2022, imelela umthetho kahulumeni obaluleke kakhulu kusukela eDOMA. Umthetho ufeza izinjongo ezimbili eziyinhloko. Okokuqala, i-DoMAs futhi inikeza imishado esemthethweni ngaphansi kwemithetho yezwe lapho yayenzelwa khona kumelwe iqashelwe yizo zonke ezinye izizwe, kungakhathaliseki ubulili, uhlanga, noma umsuka wesizwe wabangane bomshado. Okwesibili, iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uchaza umshado ngendlela efanayo ehlanganisa imibhangqwana ehlanganisa i-ex ne-6, inikeza isivikelo somthetho wemishado noma iNkanto ephakeme ukuba iqedwe [[FL:] [FL:] noma [FLD] [2] [FFOK]

Nokho, iSpecial for Marriage Act ayifuni ukuba kunikezwe imibhangqwana yonke izivumelwano zomshado. Kudingeka kuphela ukuba kuqashelwe imishado eyenziwa ngokusemthethweni kwenye indawo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma iNkantolo Ephakeme ibingagumbuqela Obergefell[[, uhulumeni ungayeka ngokusho ukuthi ukunikeza imishado yemishado esemthethweni imibhangqwana efanayo, kodwa kusengadingeka ukuba iqaphele imishado efanayo exweni ehlangene namanye amazwe. Ngaleyo ndlela umthetho unikeza indawo ephansi yomthetho ephakeme yokuqaphela okudlula izimfuneko ezimiswe yiNkanto.

Amagebe Aqhubekayo Nesidingo Sezinguquko Ezengeziwe

Naphezu kokudlula kweThe Honence for Marriage Act, izikhala eziphawulekayo zikhona. Umthetho awukuxazululi ukuhlukana kwemithetho yokuchitheka komshado, ukwahlukana kwempahla, noma ukusekela kobushadi. Awuvumelani nemithetho yezwe ngokuqaphela abazali, ukuqapha, noma ukusiza ukuzala. Futhi awukuxazululi ngokugcwele ukungezwani phakathi kwenqubo kahulumeni ehlukile nemfuneko yokuqaphela imishado. Amanye amazwe angazama ukusebenzisa umthetho womphakathi ukuze aphikise ukuqashelwa kwemishado, ngisho noma umthetho ufuna ukuqashelwa ezimweni eziningi.

Isenzo sikahulumeni esiqhubekayo singathatha amafomu amaningana. Izishaya-mthetho zingamisa imithetho efuna izifundazwe ukuba zithathe izindinganiso ezifanayo zokumisa nokuqaphela umshado, ezifana noMthetho Womshado we-Fractal and Divorce owahlongozwa yi-National Conference of Systems on Universal Laws. Okanye, izinhlangano zikahulumeni zingakhipha iziqondiso ezicacisa ukuthi noma yimuphi umbhangqwana oshadile oshadile ngaphansi kwemithetho yanoma yimuphi uhulumeni, ngaphandle kokucabangela umbuso lapho uhlala khona umbhangqwana. Ekugcineni, igatsha eliphethe lingaqinisa ukugcinwa kwawo kwesivikelo esikhona, liqinisekisa ukuthi imishadolo ehlukanisayo evela kwezinye izindawo izifunda izikhulu linecala.

Izicelo Ezingokoqobo Zemibhangqwana Nochwepheshe Bezomthetho

Kubantu abashadile noma abahlela ukushada, kubalulekile ukuqonda indawo esendaweni kahulumeni. Nakuba indawo esemthethweni ikwazi ukutshelwa kangcono kunangaphambi ko-2015, ukuphikelela kwesilinganiso sikahulumeni kusho ukuthi imibhangqwana ayinakuthatha umshado wayo uzakuphathwa ngendlela efanayo kuyo yonke indawo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba imibhangqwana ehlela ukuthutha, enabantwana, enayo impahla ezifundeni eziningi, noma enezikhundla zokuthuthela kwamanye amazwe icabangele ukuthatha indawo.

Lokho Imibhangqwana Okufanele Yazi Ngokufaneleka Komshado Wesitestamente

Umthetho uyavuma ukuthi umshado owenziwa ngokomthetho esifundeni esisodwa uzoqashelwa kuzo zonke ezinye izifundazwe. Lesi simiso manje sihlanganiswe eSpenice for Marriage Act futhi sisekelwa amashumi eminyaka esibonelo seNkantolo Ephakeme. Nokho, imibhangqwana kufanele yazi ukuthi umshado "oqinile" womthetho kahulumeni uxhomeke ekuthobeleni izimfuneko zalowo mbuso zokuvimbela ukushada kanye nemikhosi. Umshado owenziwa ngaphandle kwemvume, ngaphandle kofakazi, noma owenziwa yi-ofakazi abangagunyaziwenga, ungase uthathwe njengobalulekile ngisho nasesimweni lapho wenziwa khona, futhi ungase uqashelwe nomaphi.

Imibhangqwana eshadayo phesheya kufanele ithathe izinyathelo ezengeziwe zokuphepha. Kufanele ithole ikhophi esemthethweni yesitifiketi sayo somshado wakwamanye amazwe futhi, uma kungenzeka, ukuba sihunyushwe futhi sishiywe. Kufanele futhi ithintane nommeli ojwayelene nemithetho yokuqaphela umshado kazwe womabili lapho ihlala khona nanoma isiphi isimo esingase sithutheleke kuso esikhathini esizayo. Ezinye izizwe zifuna ukuba imibhangqwana ibhalise umshado wangaphandle nehhovisi lonobhalane wendawo ngaphambi kokuba uqashelwe, futhi ihluleke ukwenza kanjalo kungakha izithiyo zokuphatha.

Indlela Ama - navigate Aphikisana Ngayo Nezimpikiswano

Kubameli bomthetho womkhaya, abahleli bezindawo, nabameli abavela kwamanye amazwe, umsebenzi wemithetho ehlukene yomshado uletha izinselele eziqhubekayo. Abagadi kumelwe baqaphele imithetho yomshado yazo zonke izifundazwe lapho amakhasimende abo ehlangene khona, hhayi nje kuphela isifundazwe lapho ummeli esebenzela khona. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezicini zesehlukaniso, lapho kungase kudingeke khona ukuba umshado ngokwawo umiswe ngaphambi kokuba inkantolo iqhubeke ngokuwohloka, ukuhlukaniswa kwempahla, noma izinqumo zokuwinwa kwabantwana.

Umshado uqashelwa kuphela uma umbhangqwana ushadile ushadile usesimweni esiqaphela umshado kodwa ufe esimweni esingavumelani namalungelo omshado. Owesilisa anganikezwa isabelo esikhethelweyo sefa lomngane womshado oshonile ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, kodwa uma umbhangqwana uqaphela izingozi ngokufaka izivumelwano zomthetho we-prenu evumayo, uthanda, futhi uthemba ukuthi usho ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba ufe esimweni esingawufuni, umngane womshado osele angashiywa ngaphandle kwesivikelo esinikezwa umthetho kahulumeni kubafelo.

Isiphetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwemithetho yomshado kahulumeni nombuso bungenye yezindawo ezinamandla neziwumphumela womthetho womkhaya waseMelika. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yamisa ilungelo elingokomthetho lokushada kuyo yonke imibhangqwana, futhi nakuba iSishaya-mthetho siye sanikeza isivikelo somthetho wokuqashelwa komshado, ukuphikisana okuphawulekayo. Lokhu kuphikisana kuthinta yonke into ngenxa yesikhundla sokukhokha intela nenzuzo yokuzinzisa ukufuduka namalungelo obuzali.

Kubhanqwana nemikhaya, isihluthulelo siwukuthi ukushada akuyona imibandela engokomthetho eyodwa nemiphumela efanayo. Kuwubuhlobo obungokomthetho okumelwe buqondwe ngokomongo wemithetho eqondile yendawo lapho umbhangqwana uhlala khona, isimo lapho wawushadile khona, nezinhlelo zikahulumeni ezinikeza izinzuzo ezisekelwe esimweni somshado. Ukuhlela okungokomthetho nesiqondiso sobuchwepheshe kubalulekile kunoma ubani onezintambo zikahulumeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usuka kwenye indawo, ukuvakasha, noma ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusizayo. Njengoba indawo engokomthetho iqhubeka ivuleka, ukuphishekela isivikelo esigcwele kuyo yonke imibhangqwana eshadile kuhlala kungumsebenzi entuthukweni, kudinga ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo kwabasekeli bezekeli bemithetho, izinkantolo.