Isingeniso

Izindlela zokulwa nezenzo zobuphekula ziye zaba isisekelo esiyinhloko samaqhinga esizwe embulungeni yonke. Kusukela ekuhlaseleni ngo-September 11, 2001, ohulumeni baye bamisa izinqubo eziningi eziklanyelwe ukuvimbela, ukuqaphela, nokusabela ekusongelelweni amaphekula. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinyathelo ngokuvamile kudlulela ngalé kwezindawo ezihloselwe zona, ezithinta kakhulu izifinyele nababaleki. Kulamaqembu, asengabhekana kakade nokuvinjelwa okuhlangene okuhlobene nokushenxiswa, ukuma okungokomthetho, nokulungisa amasiko, ukulwa kwemithetho yobuphekula, inqubo yobuphekula ingenza izingqimba zokwenyuka, ukwesaba, nokubekwa emacaleni angaphandle. Ukuqonda imingcele ezindawo ezihlukene ezikhona kuyo kubalulekile ukuze kuvikelwe ukulondeka kwesizwe futhi kuhambisane nezimiso ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho zomphakathi, ukuvumelana nezimiso zomphakathi. Lesi sihloko sihlola imiphumela ezindaweni ezihlukene ezimelene nokuhlaselayo ezihlukene zezindawo zomphakathi, ukuvinjelelwa kwezindawo zomphakathi, nokuvikelwa kwezindawo ezingokomthetho, nokuvikelwa kwezindawo eziqhubekayo.

Ukubukeza Izinyathelo Zobuphekula

Amasu amelene nobuphekula ahlanganisa amathuluzi amaningi kanye nendlela yokungena. Lokhu kungafakwa kumaqembu ahlukene ahlanganisa amaphoyisa aneziqu zokuhlakanipha, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa nokuqapha, izinhlelo zomthetho, kanye nokulwisana nobudlova. Izindawo ngayinye ithinta abafuduki nababaleki ngokukhethekile.

Iqoqo Lezinto Nemininingwane

Izinhlelo zokuqapha eziningi, njengalezo ezambulwa ngabavuli-mali, ziye zandisa ikhono lohulumeni lokuhlola ukuxhumana, ukuthengiselana kwezezimali, nokuqoqa ukwaziswa okuphathelene nesayensi yesayensi yemvelo. Izinhlelo eziningi zithembele ekuqoqweni kokwaziswa okubanzi nokuhlaziywa kwe-algoric ukuze zibone izinsongo ezingase zivele. Abafuduki nababaleki, ikakhulukazi labo abavela emazweni amaningi anezingcingo, baye babhekana kakhulu nokuhlola. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlelo ezifana ne-National Security Agencysting esiverrectiveings neDepartment of Homeland Securitys, ukusebenzisa kwezelelwa i-visa yezembutho yeze maphepha efuna i-visa, izinhlangano ezisekelwe ngokungenangqondo ezizweni noma enkolweni. Imikhuba enjalo ingaba nobukhazi obuningi benziwa abantu ukuba bangene ngezenzo ezivamile ngenxa yokwesaba ukuvalwa kwemizwa.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komngcele Nokufuduka

Ukulawula imingcele okuqinile, ukuthuthukisa izingcingo zesizinda, nokusetshenziswa kwabezindishi sekuyindinganiso. Ukwakhiwa kwezinhlelo ze-memoneal expining Idatabase (TSDB) kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso zokungena kwe-biometric ephumayo kuye kwenza ukuhamba nokufuduka kwabanhlobo kakhulu. Abaholi bamazwe abambalwa amaSulumane abangakwazi ukuphuma phambili, ukukhushulwa kwemibhalo, nokuhlolwa kwezinhlelo zezincwadi ezingaphezulu. Kwezinye izimo, abantu abafakwangahlelwanga izinhlu ezinhlabeni ezisekelwe ebufakazini obuyimfihlo noma ezinhlanganweni ezinephutha. Ukuvalwa kwe-Trump ukuvalwa kohambo, okuvimbela ukungena okuvela emazweni amaSulumane amaningi amaSulumane, kwabonisa indlela ukulunga okumelene nokuncitshiswa kwe-crobithiwe okungaholela ngayo ekuvinjeni kwemithetho ezindaweni ezinsuswe abantu abafuduki abavela kwamanye amazwe.

Amandla Angokomthetho Nawokuphatha

Amazwe amaningi aye amisa imithetho enweba igunya lokugcinwa komthetho lokugcinwa, ukuphenywa, nokuquliswa kwabantu ngezizathu zokuqashelwa kobuphekula. Izitifiketi zokulondeka, ukuvinjelwa, nokusetshenziswa kobufakazi obuyimfihlo kuphakathi kwezinyathelo eziye zagxekwa ngokululaza inqubo efanelekile. E-United States, i-PATRIOTTT Act nomthetho olandelayo wandisa ikhono likahulumeni lokuhlola abantu ngaphandle kwesizathu, kuhlanganise nabantu abangebona abavikeli. Abakhokhi nababaleki ngokuvamile basengozini enkulu yale mibuso ngenxa yokuntula amalungelo aphelele ezakhamuzi futhi bangavikeleka kakhulu ekususweni kweze kususwe izigwebo.

Ukulwisana Nezinhlelo Zokukhipha Ubudlova (CVE)

Izenzo zokuthatha isinyathelo zihloselwe ukuvimbela ukuhlelwa kwemithetho enzima ngokubophana komphakathi, imfundo, nezinkonzo zomphakathi. Nakuba zihlosiwe, lezi zinhlelo zingayishaqisa yonke imiphakathi. Uma amalungu omphakathi ecelwa ukuba abike ngomakhelwane noma amalungu omkhaya, ukuthembana kuyaphela. Eminye imizamo yeCVE iye yagxekwa ngokuhlasela imiphakathi yamaSulumane ngokuqondile, igcizelela ukukholelwa kokuthi abafuduki nababaleki bathambekele kakhulu ekuthatheni isibindi. Lokhu kungaholela ekubeni nomuzwa wokuba amaphoyisa kunokuba asekelwe, kuqhubeke kuhlukanisa leyo miphakathi emiphakathini esemthethweni naseminyangweni kahulumeni.

Imiphumela Emiphakathini Yabafuduki Nababaleki

Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokulwa nobuphekula kuye kwaveza imiphumela eminingi egciniwe emiphakathini yabafuduki nababaleki, kusukela ekucindezelekeni kwengqondo kuya engozini engokomthetho.

Ukwesaba Nokungathembani

Enye yemiphumela esakazeke kakhulu ukuncishiswa kwezimiso zomphakathi. Uma ukuqapha nokukhipha isigwebo kubhekwa njengokuhlasela amaqembu athile esizwe noma enkolo, amalungu omphakathi ayaqapha ngokuhlanganyela namaphoyisa, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, ngisho nezinkonzo zomphakathi. Lokhu kwesaba kungavimbela abantu ukuba babike ubugebengu, bafune usizo oluphuthumayo, noma bahlanganyele ezimisweni zomphakathi. Ukuhlola kwe-Brennan Center for Justice kwathola ukuthi amaMelika angamaSulumane ayesaba ukuqashelwa akunakwenzekanga ukubika imisebenzi esolekayo ekuqikelelweni komthetho, ngokuphambene kakhulu nalokho okuhloselwe ukulwa kwemigomo elwa nomthetho. Ngokufanayo, ababaleki ezifundeni bangahlangana neziphathimandla ezilwayo noshushiso nokuba khona kwamaphoyisa njengosongo kunokuba babheke isivikelo.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Nezibopho

Abafuduki nababaleki babhekene nomthetho ohlukile owenziwe ngokusemthethweni. Abangakhonzi bangaboshwa, badingiswe, noma banqatshwe ukungena ngenxa yobufakazi obuyinxenye noma izinsolo ezibanzi. Ukuvalelwa kwabantu abafuna isikhoselo ezinkundleni ezilondekile kuye kwanda emazweni amaningi, nabantu abagcinwe izinyanga noma iminyaka bengabukeli ngokomthetho. E-UK, ukusetshenziswa kwe-Tertulition Prevention and Investigation Magement (IM) kuhlanganisa abezizwe abangenakudingiswa ngenxa yezizathu ezifanele abantu. E-Australia, ukuvalelwa okungahleliwe ngokusemthethweni kwabafuni bezindawo zokukhosela, ngokwezinsomi, ngokulunga, kuye kwalahlwa yizinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu. Ukuhlukaniswa komkhaya kungumphumela ovamile, njengoba abafuyindiswayo noma abadingisiwe, beshiya izingane ezimweni ezintengayo. Izingane ezisebunziwayo zingabhekana nobuhlungu obuningi bebondwqenjini.

Ithonya Empilweni Yengqondo

Ukucindezeleka okungapheli kokuphila ngokusolwa kubangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwempilo yengqondo. Ukukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, ukucindezeleka kwangemva kwe-post-traumatic streation disorder, kanye nokushesha kakhulu kubikwa ngamazinga aphakeme emiphakathini ebhekene nezinyathelo zobuphekula. Kubabaleki abasuke bebaleka kakade empini, ushushiso, noma ubudlova, izingqimba ezengeziwe zokuhlola nobutha zingababulala. Umbiko we International Refugeency Rights Intelligence ufakaza indlela izinqubo zokuhlola ubuphekula emingceleni ezibangela ngayo ukucindezeleka okukhulu phakathi kwabafuni bezinqili, abanomuzwa wokuthi baphathwa njengezigebengu kunabasinda. Izingane zisengozini kakhulu; izingane zingabhekana nokuhlukunyezwa esikoleni ngenxa yokuthatheka komphakathi wazo, futhi zingafaka isigijimi esicatshangelwayo ukuthi zisolwa.

Ukuhlukanisa Ezomnotho Nezenhlalo

Izindlela zokumelana nezenzo zobuphekula zingaphazamisa ukuhlanganiswa kwezomnotho. Ukucwaswa komphakathi ekuqashweni, ekutholeni izindlu, nasekutholeni izinkonzo zezimali kubikwa ngabafuduki abaningi nababaleki abavela emiphakathini ehlosiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuba negama elifanayo nothile oqashelwayo kungaholela ekuphindisweni kwemisebenzi noma ekuvulweni kwemali. Abani bamabhizinisi bangalahlekelwa abathengi uma umphakathi wabo wesizwe uhlangana nobuphekula enkulumweni yomphakathi. Ukuzihlukanisa kwabantu kwanda komphakathi kungabangela ukuba abantu abazifunele ngokwabo: abantu abambalwa abaxhunyiwe, abangase babhekwe njengabasolayo, futhi abaningi bangaphuma ezikhungweni ezinkulu.

Umphumela Obunyeni Bomkhaya

Ukuhlanganiswa komkhaya, isisekelo sesimiso sokufuduka, kungavinjelwa ngokulwisana nokuhlasela kwezezenhlalayenza. Izicelo zamalungu omkhaya asemazweni aphezulu e-Visa zingabambeka noma zinqatshwe iminyaka eminingi, okuholela ekuhlukanisweni isikhathi eside. Kwezinye izimo, amalungu omkhaya kwamanye amazwe aye abekwa odwebeni lokugada ngaphandle kwencazelo, ngokuphumelela evimbela ikhono lawo lokuvakashela noma ukuthutha. Indaba yomkhaya wababaleki base-Siriya eCanada obenqatshelwa ukuhlanganiswa ngenxa yegama lendodana yawo endala elithi lihambisana nokungena kwemininingwane yezekhodi ezindaweni zokuhlola iveza indlela amaphutha ahlukene ngayo imikhaya. Ukuhlukana okunjalo okungokomzwelo nokucindezeleka ngokomzwelo futhi kungalulaza ukuqina kokuzinza okudinga ukuba ababaleki nabafuduki baseCanada baphinde baphinde baphile ukuphila kwabo.

Ithonya Ekungcoliseni Umphakathi

Ukuhlangana okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuba abantu abasanda kuhlanganyela bazizwe bemukelwa, belondekile futhi bekwazi ukuhlanganyela ngokugcwele emphakathini.

Ukuncipha Kokwethembana Ezinhlanganweni

Uma izenzo zikahulumeni zibhekwa njengeziwubandlululo, ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi kuncipha. Izinhlangano zomthetho zithembele ekuxhunyaneni komphakathi ukuze kuxazululwe ubugebengu futhi kuvinjelwe izinsongo. Uma abafuduki nababaleki besaba ukuthi ukubika ubugebengu kuyokwenza ukuba bahlolwe, bayothula. Ukuhlola okungu-2020 okwenziwa yiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia kwathola ukuthi abafuduki base-Latino e-US babengenathuba lakubika ubugebengu ngemva kokwanda kwemithetho yokuthunyelwa kwabantu ngaphansi kohlelo lwe-Covity Communication. Ngokufanayo, amaSulumane athe abika ukuthi amanqenaku akhona okubambisana nophenyo olulwayo lwe-crobistsss ngenxa yokupheliswa kwe-proficial. Lokhu kuwohloka kwethemba kwenza bonke abantu bangabi nangozi, njengoba izinsolo zangempela zingabikiswa.

Ukuhlukanisa Nokukhipha Ilanga

Izindlela zokulwa nobuphekula zingathuthukisa ukuhlaziywa kwezenhlalo ngokuqinisa ukubheka okuphambene nokungahambisani nezombangazwe. Ukukhulumela kwezezindaba nezezombangazwe okuhlanganisa ukufuduka nobuphekula kungabangela ukuzonda umphakathi ababaleki nabafuduki. Kwamanye amazwe, amaqembu anelungelo eliphezulu aye asebenzisa udwendwe lokulwa nobuphekula ukuze alwe umthetho oqinile wokulawula ukufuduka, okungaholela ekunciphiseni imiphakathi emincane. Lokhu kungaholela ekuzihlukaniseni ngokwayo, lapho abafuduki nababaleki abasezindaweni lapho bezizwa bekhululekile khona, begwema ukuxhumana nomphakathi obanzi ababona ukuthi umelene nobuthano.

Ukubikwa Kobugebengu Benzondo Nobandlululo

Izisulu zobugebengu benzondo noma ubandlululo phakathi kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe nababaleki zingase zingabaze ukuvela uma zesaba ukuthi ukwenza kanjalo kuyodonsa ukunakekela okungafunwa iziphathimandla. Owesifazane ongumSulumane ohlaselwayo angase agweme ukubiza amaphoyisa uma ekhathazekile ngokuphenywa ngemikhuba yakhe yenkolo noma ngesibopho somphakathi. Lokhu kubikwa kuvumela ubugebengu benzondo ukuba bungajeziswa futhi buqhubekisele phambili ukuhlukunyezwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma iziphathimandla zingayivumi inkinga, azikwazi ukunikeza imithombo yokuvikela abantu abasengozini.

Ukulinganisela Ukulondeka Namalungelo

Ukuqaphela lezizimo ezimbi akusho ukuyeka imizamo yokulwa nobuphekula. Kunalokho, kugcizelela isidingo sezimiso eziphumelelayo, ezilinganiselayo, nezihlonipha amalungelo abantu. Indlela elinganiselayo ingaletha ukulondeka ngaphandle kokudela ukwethembana nokubambisana kwemiphakathi yabafuduki nababaleki.

Isabelo Nesidingo

Izindlela zokulondeka kufanele zidingeke kakhulu futhi zilinganiswe nosongo olutholakele. I-tranket ukuhlolwa noma ukufakwa kwe-proficing okusekelwe ohlazweni, enkolweni, noma ebuzweni akuyona nje kuphela indlela yokuhlukanisa kodwa ngokuvamile ayiphumeleli. Izinqubo ezicushwe ngobuhlakani ezihlasela ukuziphatha okuthile kunokusetshenziswa kwenani labantu abaningi zivame kakhulu ukubona izinsongo zangempela kuyilapho zinciphisa umonakalo ohlolwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, amaphoyisa awesizwe akha ubuhlobo namaqembu ahlukahlukene aye aboniswa ukuthuthukisa ukwabelana nokwethembana kunokuqashelwa okukhulu.

Ukuphatha Nokulandisa

Izinqubo zokwengamela zibalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukusetshenziswa kabi kwemibuso elwa nomthetho. Ukuhlola okuzimele, amakomiti ephalamende, nokwengamela kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ukuqapha nokuvalelwa kuvumelane nomthetho. Ukubona kahle ngezimiso ezisetshenziswayo kubaqondisi kanye nenqubo yokuba abantu baphikise ukufakwa kwabo kuyagxeka. ACLU[[FLT] [FLT] [1] [i-FLT] [1] ishonelwa izinguquko esimisweni sonogadatha, kuhlanganise nokunikeza isaziso nethuba lokuncintisana nohlu lwabo. Ngokufanayo, [[FLT:]CRF] [FLT] [F:3] igcizelela ukuthi isivikelo kumelwe sigcinwe ngisho nasemongweni wokuphikisana ne-RGBM, futhi ne-EXPURCT]

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokudla

Abenzi bezenqubo kufanele bahlanganyele ngokuzikhandla nemiphakathi yabafuduki nababaleki ekuklameni nasekusebenziseni izinyathelo zokuphepha. Ukuhlola kungasiza ekutholeni imiphumela engahlongozwanga futhi kwandise ukwethembana. Izinhlelo zokuxhumana nomphakathi, imikhandlu yokuxhumana, nezinqubo zokubika ezingaziwayo zingakha iziteshi zokuxhumana ngaphandle kokwesaba ukujeziswa. Amanye amadolobha aseYurophu aye asungula izinhlelo zokulwa nezinhlangano zomphakathi ezimelene nezimiso zomphakathi kunokuba asekele, agxile ekuxhumeni nasekusekeleni umphakathi esikhundleni sokuqapha.

Indlela Esekelwe Elungelweni Lomuntu

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe zonke unikeza uhlelo lokulinganisela ukulondeka namalungelo. Izwe linomsebenzi wokuvikela wonke umuntu ebuphekula, kodwa futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinyathelo zokulwa nobuphekula aziwahlukanisi noma ziphuce amalungelo anjengezemfihlo, inkululeko yenkolo, nenqubo efanele. UN Special Rapportureur [Umgomo okhethekile] ekuvimbeleni ubuphekula namalungelo abantu [ uye wabiza ukuba aqhube izigwebo zokuhlola amalungelo abantu ngaphambi kokusebenzisa izinyathelo ezintsha. Ukuhlola lokhu kungazisiza ekugwemeni izimiso zokuthika kwezindawo ezihlukanisayo futhi zilulaze ukuphepha isikhathi eside.

Isiphetho

Izindlela zokumelana nezenzo zobuphekula zinezimiphumela engenakuphikwa emiphakathini yabafuduki nababaleki, kusukela ekumesabeni okwandayo nasekungathembini izingozi ezingokomthetho, ukuhlukana komkhaya, nokubekwa indinganiso emphakathini. Lemiphumela ayikona nje imiphumela eyingozi engalindelekile; ingayilulaza ngokuzikhandla imigomo yokulondeka ngokususa ukubambisana nokususa inzondo. Ukugxila kakhulu ekuhlonishweni okufushane okungalindelekile kungadala umonakalo owesikhathi eside kubudlelwane obuphakathi nomphakathi. Ngakho abaphathi-kahulumeni kumelwe bamukele umbono owengeziwe olinganisela izindleko zezenzo zokulwa nonyanzelo olumelene nezinzuzo zabo. Ngokufaka isilinganiso esilinganisweni, ukuvaleka, ukulandisa, ukuthembeka komphakathi, kungenza izindlela zokuvikela ukuthi wonke umuntu ahloniphe amalungelo nesithunzi kubantu abavela kwamanye amazwe. Inselele ukuba ahlale eqaphileni ngokumelene nobuphekulaphazini ngaphandle kobuthelelwa izinhlangano.