Kulelikhulu lama-21, ukuqina kwezombangazwe kwamazwe kuyahluka kakhulu kuye ngohlobo lukahulumeni. Izimiso ezimbili ezivelele `i-monarcharias' ne republic__zinikeza izisekelo ezihlukene zokubusa, ngalinye elinezinqubo ezihlukene zokulondoloza ukuhleleka, ukufaneleka, nokuqhubekela phambili. Ukuqonda umehluko wawo, amandla, nokwehla kwemibono kubalulekile ekuhloleni indlela amazwe alawula ngayo izishayo zezomnotho, ukushintsha kwezenhlalo, ukucindezela kwezesayensi yezwe, nokungavumelani kwezwe. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlaziywa ngokuqhathaniswa kokuzinziwa kwezombangazwe ezindaweni ezihlangene ne-Riphabliki, ukudwebela emiklanyweni engoko yomlando, umklamo weze, nezolwazi lwesikhathi esikhona ukuze kunikeze umbono ocacile ngempikiswano engokwezombangazwe ehlala njalo.

Ukuchaza Imibuso Nezifunda

Imibuso Ebusayo: Isiko Nesimiso Sobufundisi

Inkosi inguhlobo lukahulumeni lapho umuntu oyedwa − imonarch isebenza khona njengenhloko yezwe lokuphila noma kuze kube sekuhlulekeni. Amamonara ahlukene kakhulu abe yizinhlobo ezimbili. i-monarchy isebenzisa amandla anganqandekiyo, ngokuvamile athethelelwa yiziphakamiso zaphezulu. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iSaudi Arabia, i-Oman, ne-United Arabhu Emitrates, lapho i-modentium igcina khona igunya phezu komthetho, i-judiary, nemisebenzi yesikhulu. [[FLT:] umbusi owezwelome [[FLT] [FLD2] omiswe ngokwamandla aphezulu [FOLD:3], iMimandla enkosi ilinganiselwe ngesimiso sombuso noma i-palme, isetshenziswa khona izikhulu ze-United Kingdom, i-Demone, i-demist, futhi i-devine, lapho ibusa khona imibuso esingumthetho esingundayo.

AmaRepublic: Ubukhosi Obuthandwayo Nokumelelwa Kwabantu

AmaRepublic ayizimiso lapho inhloko yezwe ikhethwa khona, kungaba ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, uhulumeni wesizwe. Ubukhosi buhlala kubantu, futhi uhulumeni ugunyaza izigunyazo ezikhethiwe futhi unamathele ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo. AmaRepublic ayahluka kakhulu ngokwesimiso: izimiso zobumongameli (umz., iUnited States, Brazil) agxilisa amandla aphethe kumongameli okhethiwe; amaRepublic asepala (umz., i-Indiya) akhetha ungqongqoshela kuhulumeni omkhulu okhethwe (umz., i-Indiya) kuvela umongameli omkhulu ovela kumthetho-mthetho futhi ngokuvamile unomongameli wenkolo (umz., iFrance,) ihlanganisa umongameli okhethwe ngokuqondile nomphathi omkhulu onomthwalo wasepalapala ephalamendeni. Nakuba amashelimu amaningi engekho ngaphansi kwe-demodurali, ama-Scheladecieton noma ngaphansi kwe-Celka noma ngaphansi kwe-Celka.

Ukuqina Kwezombangazwe Emakhosini

Imibuso Ebusayo Yomthetho - sisekelo: Amasiko Azinzisayo

Imibuso yezomthetho-mthetho ihlala isendaweni eqinile kakhulu emazweni omhlaba. Indima yenkosi yezombangazwe nobunye obungokomfanekiso kunganikeza umuzwa wokuqhubekeka kwesizwe okudlula ukwehlukana. EUnited Kingdom, inkosi yamakhosi ihlala iyinhlangano ehlonishwa kakhulu eqinisekisa ushintsho olushelelayo phakathi neziyaluyalu zezombangazwe − njengokumemezela okusheshayo kombusi omusha ngemva kokufa kweNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth II ngo-2022. Ngokufanayo, umkhaya waseJapane ophethe ukhonza njengophawu oluhlanganisayo kusukela ngemva kwe-19662 umthetho wenkolo wezombangazwe ubeke imingcele elinganiselwe, usiza izwe ukuba lilondoloze ukuqina kwentando yeningi naphezu kokuwohloka kwezomnotho nezinhlekelele zemvelo.

Amandla asungulwe emibuso ye-monarchy engokomthetho-mthetho ngokuvamile ahlobene nemithetho ecacile elandelanayo. Ngokungafani namarepublic, lapho ukushintsha amandla kungabangela khona izingxabano noma kudinge ukuba kuphikiselwe okhetho, ama-monarch anikeza ukulandelana ngokuzenzakalela, anciphisa ukungaqiniseki okungaphazamisa amarepublic amasha. Lokhu kuqhubeka kwefa kungakha futhi ukuthembela okude ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, njengoba izakhamuzi zazi ukuthi umholi ongokomfanekiso ngeke ashintshe ngawo wonke umjikelezo wokhetho. Amazwe anjengeSweden, i-Norway, ne-Denmark aye ajabulela ukubusa kwentando yentando yeningi okungalawuleki kweminyaka engaphezulu, kanye nekhulu, kanye ne-romastery esebenza njenge-ankile eqinile.

Imibuso Yamakhosi Ephelele: Ukulawula Okuphakathi Nemingcele Yayo

Imibuso ye-monarchy ephelele njenge Saudi Arabia ilondoloza ukuzinza ngegunya eligcwele, ngokuvamile isekelwa yimishini yokuvikela ebanzi nengcebo kawoyela. Izwe laseSaudi liye laqeda ukuphikisana ngokuphumelelayo, izikhulu zenkolo ezihlangene, futhi lathuthukisa umnotho walo ngesikhathi sokulawula kwezombangazwe. Nokho, ukuzinziseka okunjalo kubangelwa ukulahlekelwa kwenkululeko yezombangazwe futhi kusengozini yokulandelana kwezimo. ESaudi Arabia, ukunqwabelana kombuso ka 2016 kuHulumeni uMhomani wasungula ingxabano yangaphakathi emkhayeni wasebukhosini nokugxekwa kwezizwe ngezizwe ngezindlela ezingafanele abantu. Ngokufanayo, umbusi wase-Oman wabhekana nezinselele ngemva kokufa kukaSultans ngo-202020, nakuba ushintsho olushelele kuMbhosholoshele uHun Mohamman wavimbela ukuntengantenga.

Imibuso ye-monarchy ephelele futhi ichayeke ekucindezeleni kwangaphandle kwenguquko. Ukuvukeleka kwe-Arabian Spring kwango-2010-2011 kwahlola imibuso yamakhosi eMpuma Ephakathi; kuyilapho amarepublic anjengeGibithe ne Tunisia abona izinguquko zombuso, imibuso ye-monarch eJordan, iMorocco, ne-Gulf yasinda kakhulu ngokunikeza inkululeko elinganiselwe nokulawula isimilo sawo esingokwesiko. Nokho, lokhu kuqina kungaba kwesikhashana uma ukuchuma kwezomnotho kuhluleka noma ukukhuphunyuka kwenani labantu ngaphandle kokwabiwa kwezindawo zobukhokha. Amabhundeli ahluleka ukubhekana nengozi yokuvukelwa kwelungelo lawo, aholela ekuvukelelweni kwenguquko noma ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho yemithetho yesizwe eNepal (2008) nase-Iran (1999).

Ukuqina Kwezombangazwe ERepublics

IDemocratic Republics: Ukubuyisela Izinhlangano

I-democratic Republic(elapho kuhlonishwa khona ama-republic entando yeningi) amashende enkululeko, ukubusa umthetho, nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, okuhloniphiswe ukuzola okuphakeme esikhathini eside. Amazwe anjenge-Jalimane, iCanada, ne-South Korea aye amelana nezinkinga zezomnotho, ushintsho lobuholi, kanye nezinxushunxushunxushu emphakathini ngaphandle kwehlela phansi kwe-autocracy. Ama-prigation akhiwe ngosizo lwe-practic anikeza izimiso zokulungisa izingxabano ngokuthula: ukuncintisana kwezingosi yeziteshi ezingekho gesi, izishayamthetho zemithetho elawulayo, nemithetho ezimele isekela imingcele ye-Economist Intelligency Unity’s Device Index Index, wonke amazwe ahlukene “njengamachiodemocratic , kanye nezingantenge zokuhlanganyela komphakathi wonke.

Nokho, amarepublic entando yeningi awembulwanga ukuntengantenga. Izindawo ezizimele zezombangazwe, njengoba kuboniswa e-United States ngemva kokhetho lwama-2020, zingaqeda ukuthembela ezimisweni zokukhetha nokubangela izinkinga zomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuhlasela kwe-Capitol ngo-January 2021 kwembula indlela ukuhlukana okujulile kweqembu lezentando yeningi okungasongela ngayo izindinganiso zentando yeningi. Noma kunjalo, izinhlangano ezizimele , zenzakalelamabhuliki kanye nohulumeni zisekela ukufaneleka kokhetho, kubonisa ukuthi amandla enhlangano angathonya izinhlekelele zesizwe eziqinile. AmaRepublic Republic anemistric, imithombo ekhululekile, futhi ukubusa okusobala ngokuvamile kululama ngokushesha kulezozimo ezingekho izakhiwo ezinjalo.

IziRepublic Zomgunyathi: Ukuqina Okungaqinile

Akuwona wonke amarepublic awentando yeningi. Emazweni amaningi, ukubusa ngokhetho ngezikhathi ezithile, i-Venezuela, eyake yaba yidemokrasi eqinile, iye yawela ekuweni kwezomnotho nasekucinezelweni kwezombangazwe ngaphansi kombuso we-autocracy. Izinhlangano zerepublic zasuswa yi-republic eyandumasi uHugo Chávez noMphathiswa wayo, ishiya umthetho wesishayamthetho ulawulwa yiqembu elibusayo kanye neqembu lezehlulele elincishisiwe ukuzibusa. Umphumela uyinika nenhlangano yesizwe, ngokuzinziwa kuphela ngempoqo nangobuqotho bempi. Ngokufanayo, ngaphansi kuka-Aleksandre Lukashen uye wabona ukuvukela okukhulu nokudlobeka kobudlova, nombuso osindayo kuphela ngokuncika kwezokuzibusa kwezentengo yokwayo kanye nokusekela.

Amarepublic abaphathi bamazwe ngokuvamile abhekene nezingozi eziphakeme zokuntengantenga ngenxa yokuntula imikhondo engokomthetho yokuveza okungokombangazwe. Uma ukunganeliseki komphakathi kukhula, imibuso kumelwe ikhethe phakathi kokucindezelwa, okubhebhethekisa izikhalo ezithatha isikhathi eside, noma ukuvunyela okungase kunikeze ezinye izimfuno. I-Arabian Spring yabonisa ukuthi amarepublic abusa ngempoqo abonakala eqinile . [1] Angathi abusa iMubarak . Ngokungafani, ama-monarchism ahlala kule ndawo ayaqhubeka ngenxa yokuthi ababusi bawo babenezimiso ezingokomthetho futhi bangazenza izinguquko ezilinganiselwe ngaphandle kokuvela.

Ukuhlola Okuqhathanisayo: Izici Eziyinhloko Ezivimbelayo

Ukuba Isekela Lomthetho Nokusekela Okuthandwayo

Ukuzimisela ekugcineni kuxhomeke ekutheni uhulumeni ubhekwa njengosemthethweni kubantu bawo. Amamonarch athola ilungelo elingokomthetho ngesiko, ufuzo, nobunye besizwe obungahlala buqinile ngisho nalapho ohulumeni bengathandwa. Ebusweni be-monarchy obungokomthetho-sisekelo, i-monarch ivame ukusebenza njengesembozo sokushisekela izwe ngokwehlukana nezombangazwe ezihlukene, inciphisa ingozi yokuthi ukwehluleka kukahulumeni ngokwawo kuyo. AmaRepublic, ngokungafani, athola ubuqotho ezimisweni zentando yeningi; uma ukhetho lubhekwa njengonyazi noma izinhlangano ezonakele, ukusekela okuthandwayo, ukukhuphula amathuba okukhona kwemibhishobhi, ukuvukela, noma izingxabano zombangomphakathi. [[FLT:] [FLD:]] [FLD1] lubonisa ukuthi ama-Rommodecialism (g. Hungary, noma ukuwohloka kwezombangazwe kwezombangazwe zezombangazwe.)

Ukuphumelela Nokushintsha Kwezimboni

Kucacile, ukulandelana okulindelekile kuthuthukisa ukuzinza. Imibuso ivame ukuthatha imithetho ecacile − i-primogenetura noma izindlalifa ezimisiwe − kuyilapho amarepublic avame ukubhekana nokushintsha okuguquguquka kwamandla. E-United States, ushintsho lukamongameli luhlanganisa inqubo yokukhetha ethatha izinyanga ezingu-769 enciphisanayo, njengango- 2000 no-202020. KulamaRiphabliki amaningi, imingcele yeminyaka noma ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yokulandelana kuyahlukahlukahluka, okuholela ezinkingeni zezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, unyulo lwa 202020 eBolivia lwangcoliswa ubudlova ngemva kokuphambana kwemila, futhi umbano lwe-20192020 eGeorgia (izwe) luqubuka phezu kokulawula kwephalala ipalamende. Izikhulu ngokuvamile zigwema izimpi ezinjalo, nakuba kungenjalo njalo: inkinga elandelaneni lempi eRososhanti (i produm) ehlangene) ngo-2014, ukudlodlodlomana kwemithetho ehlangene okuncintiswayo.

Amandla Ezinhlangano Aqhathaniswa Nokubusa Komuntu Siqu

Izinga lezinhlangano zikahulumeni .⁠Izinga lokubusa komthetho, ukubusa kwezezezimali, umsebenzi wezemisebenzi yomphakathi, okuwuphawu olunamandla lokuzinza kunendlela kahulumeni. Nakuba imibuso eminingi ye-monarchy iye yaziqinisa izinhlangano, amanye amarepublic ayaziswe. i-World World World World Goverdance Provicidence Device [[[FLL:1]] ibonisa njalo ukuthi amazwe anezimo zenhlangano eziqinile, ($] angenalutho lwamanyunyana noma i-republicractic ) anezisekelo ezinkulu zezombangazwe. Ngokungafani, i-Saudia Arabia (ibsommouse) ne-Venezuela (inkulu) aphansi kakhulu emthetho nakuntengantengokwe yezombangazwe. Ukuhlukahlukahluka akukho ukubekwa kwe-mendeliti yenhlangano yeze-omcom, i-desh, i-Denesh kanye ne-echismsballballballsss.

Ukubambisana Kwezomnotho Nezenhlalo

Ukuzinza kwezomnotho nokulingana kubaluleke kakhulu ekuzinzeni kwezombangazwe. I-oyilebly Gulf monationaly ingathenga ukuthula kwezenhlalo ngezimiso zezenhlala - kahle eziphanayo, igweme ukucindezela kokuguqula kwezombangazwe kuze kube muva nje. Nokho, njengoba amanani kawoyela eshintshashintshashintsha futhi anda, lezi zimo zenkosi zibhekene nezinselele ezikhulayo. Ngokuphambene, amarepublic asebenzisa kabi ezomnotho zezomnotho (nezuela, Zimbabwe) abheka ukuntengantenga ngokushesha. I-comcosheationtiontionism isebenza njengezimpawu ezihlanganisa izizwe, njenge-Iraq noma i-Lebanon, ngenxa yokuthi ngokuvamile i-votationstionssss iqinisa ukwethembeka kwezenkolo kunendawo eyodwa. I-mithematilike ehlukene kakhulu ephakathi kwezizwe zezombangazwe zezombangazwe zezombangazwe zezwe. Nokho, i-[FFM.][FM.[1]

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ngokujula

IThailand: Inkosi Enezinkinga

IThailand iwumbuso womthetho ngokomthetho owenziwe ngomthetho-sisekelo onenkosi ehlonishwa kakhulu, kodwa izwe liye labhekana nokugumbuqelwa okukhulu kunanoma yimuphi omunye enkathini yanamuhla .Kusukela ngo 1932. Ithonya elivamile lezombangazwe lombuso livame ukulwa nohulumeni abakhethiwe, kuholele ekungeneleni kwempi okulandelanayo. Umbuso wango-2014 wagumbuqela uhulumeni okhethiwe onezibopho ezibekelwe isibopho eziqinile zenkosi. IThailand ibonisa ukuthi ngisho nombusi womthetho-moguduli ungabhekana nokuntengantenga okungapheli uma inkosi isebenzisa amandla okungenela ezingxabanweni, ilulaza izinhlangano zentando yeningi. Umthetho womthetho ka-201717 uyaqhubeka uqinisa ukulawulwa kwempi-mash , kodwa ukuzinza okuqinile ngenxa yokuhlukana kwezombangazwe nokungaqiniseki.

ISpain: Ukuthutha Nesihluku

Ukushintsha kweSpain ekubuseni kukaFranco (umbuso ongaphansi kobushiqela) ukuya embusweni womthetho-sisekelo ogcwele kwakuyimpumelelo ephawulekayo. INkosi uJuan Carlos I yenza indima ebalulekile ekususeni umbuso omdala nasekuvikeleni umbuso wentando yeningi phakathi nomzamo wombuso wombuso wentando yeningi ka 1981. Nokho, amahlazo okonakala alandelanayo kanye nobunzima bokuzibusa komthetho kaCatalan ngo-2017 kwavivinya ukufaneleka kombuso wobukhosi. Ngo-2014, uJuan Carlos wayeka ukusekela uFelipe VI, owazama ukuzehlukanisa namahlazo amaphutha. ISpain ibonisa ukuthi nakuba inkosi yenkosi ikwazi ukuqinisa ukuqina kwedemokrame phakathi noshintsho, kuhlala kusengozini yokudumazeka obala uma umkhaya wasebukhosini ubonakala njengomthetho owenziwe njengobuPrivigido noma ngowezombangazwe.

IUnited States: Ukubuyela ERepublic ngaphansi Kokuphazamiseka Kwezimo

I-United States, irepublic endala kakhulu esebenzayo emhlabeni, iye yacindezeleka ngenxa yokuthutha abantu ngokuthula, ukuphikisana nokhetho, ngisho nokuvukela okunobudlova ngo-2021. Kodwa izinhlangano zayo `i-Electoral College classing nqubo yokwahlulela, inqubo yokwahlulela, i-constalism, .Iqiniso lokuthi ukhetho lwama 2020 lwaveza ukudluliselwa ngokuthula kwamandla (ngemva kokusongelwa ukuphazamisa) lubonisa ukuthi izimpande ezijulile zenhlangano zingabamba isibindi. Nokho, ukukholeka kokuthembela komphakathi ekhonzweni kokhetho naseNkantolweni Ephakeme kufanelekile ngokuphathelene nezimpawu. Indaba yaseMelika ibonisa ukuthi amaRiphabliki adinga ukugcinwa njalo kwezimiso zentando yentando yeningi nokuhlanganyela komphakathi ukuze ahlale eqinile.

Imikhuba Ebanzi Ekhulwini Lama - 21

Ikhulu lama-21 alizange libone ukuhlangana okucacile kwemikhakha yokubusa kwenkosi noma yeriphabliki kulandela uhlobo olulodwa. Kunalokho, zombili lezi zimiso zibhekene nezinselele ezintathu ezivamile. Esokuqala, ukuhlanganiswa kwembulunga yonke nokuhlanganiswa kwezomnotho [ kuphoqelela ohulumeni ukuba bathathe indinganiso ezibucayi zezizwe zonke], iziphepho, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukushintshashintshashintsha isimo sezulu, ukuhloba okungakhomba ukuma kwesimo. Okwesibili, [[FLT:] imithombo yezindaba nempi yolwazi isusa ukwethemba nokusheshisa nokuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa izishaya umthetho nokwenza ugesi ezinqikelelweni ezikhona lapho uhulumeni ungena ukucindezela okungaqonda umfanekiso wombuso womthetho-mongomhlaba. [FLT:], [FLT]

Ngokuthakazelisayo, amanye amarepublic aye ahlanganisa izinto zobumbusi ukuze athuthukise ukuzinza. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli i-oligarchs eRussia nase-Belarus ulingisa ukulandelana kwe-dinastic ngokulawula ngokucophelela i-dinastic, nakuba ingenayo imithetho engokwefa. Ngokuphambene, amanye amamonarch ayaqhubekela ezimweni ezengeziwe zerepublic: ukuvuselelwa komthetho-sisekelo kaJordan kwavimbela amandla enkosi, kanye nomthetho-Morocco wa 2011 waqinisa indima yondunankulu. Imigqa ifica, kodwa ifa elihlukile lesimiso ngasinye lisathuthukisa isiko sezombangazwe.

Isiphetho

Ukuqhathanisa ukuqina kwezombangazwe ezibusweni zenkosi kanye namarepublic kwembula ukuthi uhlobo lukahulumeni luyisici esisodwa kuphela phakathi kwabaningi. Imibuso ye-democratic, ngokuhlanganyela kwayo okungokwesiko nokulandelana kwayo okungokomthetho, ivame ukuveza ukuqina kwezikhathi ezinde, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini ehlukene ngokwezinhlanga noma ngokwezilimi. Amamonarchy angagcina ukuhleleka okukhulu kodwa abhekene nezingozi ezinkulu phakathi nokulandelana kwezomnotho. Ama-demokramenti anikeza ukuvumelana ngokusemthethweni ngokuhlanganyela okuthandwayo, kodwa ukuqina kwawo kuxhomeke ezinhlanganweni eziqinile, okhetho olulungile, nokuthembanakekeli kwezenhlalo. Ama-Riphabliki abusayo anciphithika kakhulu, ngokuvamile anciphiswa izakhiwo zawo zokuzilawula. Kulelikhulu lama-21, ukuhleleka kombuso wezwe, ukuhleleka kombuso wezente, nokubusa kwezombangazwe, kanye nokubusa kwezentengosiko yezombangazwe, namakhono okuhlangabezana nemibuso yezombangazwe, kunquma ukubusa nezimiso zezwe eliyizwe eliphansi, kanye nezomthetho.