Izinhlangano zomphakathi ziye zaba amandla ashukumisayo ekulolongeni isimo somthetho nesimiso sezwe laseNdiya, ngokuvamile esebenza njengezisusa zokushintsha lapho izimiso zokuhlela zibonakala zithatha kancane noma zingasabeli. Le zinhlangano, ezivela kuwo womabili asemaphandleni nasemadolobheni, zihlela izimfuno ezihlangene zamaqembu angaphansi, izisebenzi, nezakhamuzi ezikhathalela ukubusa. Ngokungafani namaqembu alawulayo, ahlanganisa umbono womphakathi, ziphazamisa izombangazwe zansuku zonke, futhi ziphoqelele umbuso ukuba uhlole futhi izinto zazo eziza kuqala. Emashumini eminyaka, kusukela ekunqandeni kwe-666ocroisergist ehlelayo emfutho yamazwe ama-R2010 kuya ekulweni kwemizabalaza abalimi abaduli, lezinhlangano ezingokomthetho, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho engokomthetho, nokulawulwa kwezindawo ezingokomthetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimo ezingokomlando, ukubonakaliswa kwezehlakalo ezingokwenhlalo lwezwe, ukuhla kwezimiso zomphakathi.

Umsuka Womlando: Ukusuka Ekuzimeleni Kuya ERepublic Yakuqala

Isisekelo sezinhlangano zanamuhla zezenhlalo eNdiya sisemzabalazweni wesizwe wenkululeko, ukuthunyelelwa kwesizwe okuye kwahlanganisa umuzwa omelene nombuso wezwe ngokufuna ubulungisa bezenhlalo. Abaholi abanjengoB. R. Ambedkar, abasekela amalungelo eDalilits, neKastiba Gandhi, abasebenzela amandla abesifazane, babonisa indlela inkululeko yezombangazwe eyafanele ihambisane ngayo nomphakathi i-Bennopation. Postsoka1947, igagasi lokuqala lezinhlangano ezikhuluma ngezinguquko zezwe, i-hierchilders, nelungelo labesifazane. [[FT][FLT][FLT]] [FLT] [FOLT] [FOLD: 1] [FOM] [FOLD: 1] futhi ikhiphe intengo yezombangazwe epholishisiwe ukuba inikele ezweni, ukuthonya izwe eliphansi kwezwe.[5] [Fodvom] [Fogsting]

Phakathi nawo 1970 nawo 1980, inhlangano yendawo ezungezile yathola ukuvelela kwesizwe. I-Chipko Movement (1973]) emahlathini e-Himalaya kwasetshenziswa ukubhikisha okungenabudlova ukuze kuvinjelwe ukugawulwa kwemithi, iphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba avimbele isihlahla sezentengiselwano ukuba siwe ezindaweni eziningi futhi ekugcineni sidlulise iHlathili Lemvelo (1980). Ngokufanayo, uNarda Bachao Andolah[[FLT] [[FLT]] [NBA] [[NBA]] impikiswano emikhulu yemikhanka, ukuvimbela amada, ukususwa kwemvelo, ukususwa kwemvelo (GROGNT).

Izinhlangano Ezikhulu Nemithetho Yazo Engokomthetho

Izinhlangano Zedalithi Nezi - Adivasi

Umzabalazo wamalungelo eDalit uye waqhubeka kusukela enkathini yamakoloni. IDalit Panthers [772] eMaharashtra yasusa inkulumo esuka nje ekulinganani okungokomthetho kuya ekwahluleleni kwezenhlalo nezomnotho. Ukulwa kwabo ngonya nokulwa kwezenzo zobuhlanga kwaholela ekuhlonishweni kwezenzo zonya [[FLT: 2] [izibekwe] ezibekwe eCastestects naseSheverandments [imentalbactures] [Izinstrocyties]s (Isivumelwano se-acts) Act, 1989. Lomthetho wobugebengu owenziswayo ngokululaza, ubudlova, nokucwaswa kwe-Dalis, ukulungiselela izinkantolo ezikhethekile nembuyiselo. Iqembu elisanda kufunwa kakhulu, ukuvithwa kwesibonelo sokuvithwa kwemithetho ye-Act Act yomthetho ngoMagulerment.

Izinhlangano ze-Adivasi ziye zasekela amalungelo ezwe, ukufinyelela amahlathi, nokusinda kwempucuko. UMthetho Wezentengiselwano, 2006 waba umphumela oqondile wamashumi eminyaka wobuthakathi bemiphakathi yesizwe. Inqubo yahlanganisa ukucindezelwa okukhulu kwemithetho yezentengiselwano zehlathi ebekwe imingcele yamakoloni enqatshwe indlela yokuphila engokwesiko. Isenzo siqaphela amalungelo ehlathi abahlala kulo ukuba lihlale futhi lilime, liqoqe ukukhiqika okuncane kwehlathi, futhi lilawule amahlathi. Inqubo yalethwale inqubo ehlanganisa ukucindezelwa okukhulu kwemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yezentengiselwano engokoko engokwemvelo ezindaweni zokuziphilisa. Isenzo siqaphela ukunqanda amalungelo ehlathini lokubusa.

Izinhlangano Zabesifazane: Ukubuyisela Imisebenzi Engokomthetho

Izinhlangano zabesifazane eNdiya ziye zafinyelela izinguquko eziguqulayo emithethweni yomuntu siqu, ukuphepha emsebenzini, nomthetho wobudlova obungokobulili. Iminyaka ka-1970 nowama-1980 yabona ukunyuka kwamaqembu abesifazane abazibusayo alahla ukufa kwelobolo, ukudlwengulwa kwezingane, nobudlova basekhaya. [[FLTRA RAP] Case [1980] [FLT: 1]] yabangela ukuvuseka inguquko ezweni lonke, okwaholela ekuhlaseleni imithetho yokudlwengula ngoMthetho wesigebengu (i-Amend) Act, owasusa umthwalo wobufakazi nezijeziso ezandisiwe. [[FLT:] I-Impaka] [1997])[FLT] [FLT] [3] ngemva kwe-BRAN, i-Deravipan; ukusabela okuphakeme kweNka, iNkakhulu leNkathi yeze, iNkathi yeze yeze yeze yeze yeze izigwebo, [evi, 2013], iziqondiso ezibekweyo] ezibekweyoku

Muva nje, i-# i- umzabalazo eNdiya (208) yahlanganisa ukumiswa kwamakomiti okukhononda ngaphakathi ezinhlanganweni eziningi futhi yaholela ekuhlolweni okukhulu kwezimpendulo zohlelo. Lenhlangano futhi yanikela ekudluliseni imithetho yamaTrapicking of Persons (Prevention, Protection and Retabilitation], uBill], nakuba ukusungula kwayo kusaqhubeka kuphikiswana. Amaqembu abesifazane ayaqhubeka esunduza imithetho ye-BMbali, indawo yemithetho ye-ovalk, ne-octivectionry, ithonya ukuvota nomthetho eqinile.

Izinhlangano Zendawo Ezungezile Nesimo Sezulu

Izinhlangano zendawo ezungezile eNdiya ziye zasuka e-Odisha nase [FLT] jusse, Jangle, Zange, amadamu, ugu) ukuya emikhankasweni ebanzi yesimo sezulu. Impimpi ye-Antiposis e-Odisha ne[FLT] [[FLT] ne [FLT] junte, i-Fogle, i-Fogn [F], i-Foctal [Foctal "] ephakathi kwe-Indiya ihlobanise ukuqothulwa kwemvelo nokususwa kwezindawo ngezindawo ngezindawo zemvelo. Lemikhankambi ye-Nightasesss, i-F] engcono engcono emoye-Moye-Moye-Mount. [[F] [F]

Izinkampani Zangesikhathi Esidlule Nemithetho Eshintsha Ngokushesha

I-Anti86Corruption Movement (201-2012)

I-Involution Against Urmon[[FLT: 1] Inhlangano esetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ekulwisaneni nokonakala , eholwa ngu-Anna Hazare, yahlasela izigidi zabantu kulo lonke idolobha ne-Holotown eNdiya encane, ifuna iLokpal (umbudsman) enamandla (i-Foctman) ukulwa nokonakala. Umzabalazo osetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo, inxuse ukulwa kwezentengo yomphakathi, i-wezentengiselwano yezente, futhi ihlaze ukucindezela uhulumeni ukuba ucindezele uhulumeni. Nakuba umphumela [[FLT:[FLT] noLokauktas Act [[200]] ubuthakathaka kunakuqala, wawuphawula ukushintshwa okukhulu kwezinhlangano kwezentengo yombuso womphakathi, futhi waqinisa imfuno yenkane yemithetho efuna kakhulu ye-occultuat , futhi i-octic produces (F.) kahulumeni.[2004]

Izakhelo Zomlimi (207 - 2021)

Awukho umzabalazo wesikhathi esikhona oye wabonisa amandla aqhubekayo, ohleliwe njengokuphikisana kwabalimi nemithetho emithathu yamapulazi eyakhishwa ngo-September 2020. Amashumi ezinkulungwane zabalimi basePunjab, iHaryana, kanye namanye amazwe ayehleli emngceleni kaDelhi isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, ngaphansi kwebhande likaSamukt Kiston Morcha. Izicelo zabo – ukuphikiswa kwemithetho ababeyiphikisa zazingasusa iPuntabil [[FLT: 0]] ISisekelo soMcebo [[FLT: 1] futhi zenza kube buthaka isimiso esiqinile sombuso ophoqelelweyo uhulumeni ukuba ungene izingxoxo, ekugcineni ziholele [[FLD] emiyalweni emithathu ku-November [201] [i-FLT] [if] [iFFFF] [2] [iglect1] kulokhu kuvinjwa okugunyaza ukuvinjwa komthetho omkhulu ogciniwe. futhi nokuvuse ukuvuselelwa kwemiswe kwemishisiwe kwemi yemiyalo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubhikisha kwabalimi kwaletha ukugxila kwenqubo yezolimo yaseNdiya, okwashukumisela uhulumeni ukuba avuselele izingxoxo ngezinguquko zesivuno somshuwalense, ukuthutha ngokunenzuzo, nemithetho yokusebenza kwezokulima. Lenhlangano futhi yanikeza imvume ebanzi yezombangazwe, neqembu elibusayo lihlaziya kabusha isimo sayo ezindabeni ezingokwezimo zangaphambi kokhetho lwezwe.

LGBTQ+ Inhlangano: Ukwamukelwa Okungokomthetho Nomthetho

Umzabalazo we LGBTQ + amalungelo eNdiya uye waba mude futhi ngokuvamile inkantolo yase-2013, kodwa izinhlangano zomphakathi zanikeza ingxube enzima ngemva kwayo. iNaz Foundation icala (2009) ungqingili osuncitshisiwe, kodwa wabekwa eceleni yi-Nkantolo Ephakeme ngo-2013. Impicawa yesizwe - , kuhlanganise nemikhankankaso yezenhlalakahle, nezicelo – ezaphumela ekushintsheni komlando [[FLT]] u-Navte Singhar Jocation (20) umahluleli wonyaka)[FLT.[FLT3] [ect3] enzile i-Leadern Codences. i-Leader enzile ka-Octive, nakuba i-Indiyanvidentine yahost, i-194] i-Exption yahost, i-Activedment, i-Active, nakuba i-Exmosed Revision.[2]

Imishini Yethonya: Indlela Izinhlangano Ezishintsha Ngayo Umthetho

Izinhlangano zezenhlalo eNdiya zithonya ngezindlela eziningi ezididanayo. Ukuvuselelwa kweqembu – ukubhikisha okukhulu, ukugadla, nezenzo ezingokomfanekiso – kudala izindleko zezombangazwe ohulumeni okumelwe baziphendule kuzo. Abalimi bahlala eDelhi imikhawulo ye-Delhi kuwumkhankaso omkhulu walokhu. [[FLT:] [[2] Ukuvuse-Sikhumulweni [[FLT] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] kungomunye umkhondo; izinhlangano eziningi, njengenxanxathelayo ye-[FLT] i-octive [[FFFOLT] ifuna [FFFFF] imfu] ehlonze nezinhla zikahulumeni ze-Humotion: [Fogn, ifuna ukuvinyaza iziphaza iziphaka ze-ogconmoustion:] [Fogn kanye ne-ogconmose.] [F] [ieacencencence iziseke ze-ogconmo

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezinhlangano Zomphakathi

Naphezu kwempumelelo yazo, izinhlangano zomphakathi zibhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu. [[FLT:] Ukumelana nesigaba sezwe kungabonakala ekucindezeleni kwamaphoyisa, ekuhlukunyezweni okungokomthetho, nasekusetshenzisweni kwemithetho yokuvukela umbuso abashisekeli. i-Bhartaliya Union[[ abaholi bebhekene nezimpikiswano eziningi zasenkantolo; abashisekeli bendawo ngokuvamile babizwa ngokuthi i-antivolution. [[FLT:]] i-Political political [[ inye izingozi ezifanelekile zinhlangano ezingasehlela izingcingo kodwa zidebekele izicelo zabo ekufezeni inqubo. [FLT]

Ukuhlukanisa nokungalingani kwangaphakathi nakho kulinganiselwe. Inhlangano yamaDalit, ngokwesibonelo, iye yabona ihlukana phakathi kwamaqembu amele amaqembu ahlukene angaphansi kwe-sagcomp, inciphisa amandla ayo okuhlela. imibandela yezimali nokuntula amandla aqinile enhlangano avimbela imikhankaso emide engu-676. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano ezincike kakhulu ekuholeni kwezenzweni kwegazi zingahlupheka uma umholi ethatha umhlala phansi noma ekhona encishisiwe – njengoba kwenzeka nge Aam Aadmi Party ngemva kwempimbano elwayo elwayo elwa yi-antivolution.

Kusukela enkathini yezibalo, arlivis - kusizana nge-inthanethi okungaguquleli ekusebenzeni ngo-69block transfect - ingathambisa umfutho. Nokho, amathuluzi obuchwepheshe enza futhi ukuba isixuku sisheshe sivuke: [# [He for[FLT:] kanye [FLT:] ne[FLT]#] Ukubembhulomma imikhankankatho yobumbano] ibonisa indlela izinhlangano zembulunga yonke ezingathonya ngayo izingxoxo zasekhaya. Ekugcineni, ukuphakama kwe imizwanovrectionments [[FLT] [FLD7] [g7]] [e.g., amaqembu ahlukene ehlukene ephakathi kwezwe noma imithetho ehlangene) asungula imithetho ehlanganisa i-fonome ehlanganisa i-propatitivelveration.

Amathemba Esikhathi Esizayo: Ukubukeka Okushintshashintshayo

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinhlangano zomphakathi nezwe laseNdiya buzoqhubeka buzivelela. Ngokuya kwanda kokungena kuyi-Internet nomakhalekhukhwini, ukunyakaza kungadlula emithonjeni yezokuxhumana futhi kufinyelele izilaleli ezinozwela ngokuqondile. Nokho, ohulumeni futhi banekhono kakhulu ekusebenziseni ukuqapha nokusakaza ukungavumelani. Isigaba esilandelayo singabona izinhlangano [ eziphithizelayo [ ezihlanganisa ukubhikisha okusemzimbeni kanye nemikhankanyo yamanani ehlangene, njengoba kuboniswa kwinqubeni yabalimi engu-202020202020211. Ukushintsha kwesimo, nokushintsha kwenani lokusebenza kwezindawo kuyokwenza izikhalo ezintsha ezishayo – ukukhulela amanzi angenamsebenzi – lezi zinhlangano ezingenzeka ziyokwenza amafutha.

Ukuze izinhlangano ziphumelele ekuguquleni isimiso sokulungisa, kumelwe zilinganisele ukuxhashazwa kwabantu abaningi ngokuthembisana kwezinhlangano. Ukwakha izivumelwano neprogreaform bureaucrates, izishayamthetho, futhi ucabanga ukuthi ama-grigton angaguqula ukubhikisha kube umthetho. Izinhlangano futhi kumelwe zithuthukise indlela ecacile, isimiso esisebenzayo kunokuba ziphikisane. Impumelelo [[FLT: 0] ekwakheni i-Food Campaig [ ekulondolozeni iNational Food Security Act (2013) inikeza isilinganisi se-thematika: umfela-mphini wabashisekeli, abacwaningi, nabakhankanti bezimiso zozwela bafaka isikhankathi se-mbhulo sokudla nomkhankaso ngokungenamdla.

Ekugcineni, izinhlangano zezenhlalo zibalulekile ekubuseni ngentando yeningi. Zigcina umbuso ulandisa, wandisa amazwi aphucukile, futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso asiphambuki kakhulu ekuthakazeleni umphakathi. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwamaNdiya kubonisa ukuthi ngisho nalapho umbuso umelana, izenzo zezakhamuzi eziphikelelayo zingashintsha izinga lokubusa. Njengoba izwe libhekene nezinselele ezintsha – kusukela ekungalinganini kwezomnotho kuya ezinkingeni zendawo ezungezile – indima yezinhlangano zezenhlalo ekuthuthukiseni ubuntu babantu, inqubo yokusabela kuyobaluleka kakhulu.

Izikhombo (zithathwe ngengobo yomlando/URL):[