Izinhlangano zezenhlalo sekuyisikhathi eside zisebenza njengethonya elinamandla ekulolongeni izinqumo zezombangazwe embulungeni yonke, futhi iJapane iyisibonelo esishukumisayo salokhu okunamandla. Ukusukela ekuthuleni ngemva kwempi kuya ekuthatheni indawo ezungezile, izinhlangano zotshani ziye zacindezela amaqembu ezombangazwe ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuba avumelanise iziteji zawo, izinto eziza kuqala, futhi athathe imiqondo emisha. Ukuqonda indlela lezizinhlangano eziguqula ngayo umuzwa womphakathi zishintshele kushintsho lwezombangazwe oluqinile kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ekuthatheleni idemokhrasi ezweni lezwe nakuxoxisana okuqhubekayo phakathi komphakathi nombuso.

Isizinda Esingokomlando Sezinhlangano Zezenhlalo EJapane

Umlando wanamuhla wezinhlangano zezenhlalo ungalandelelwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nelama-20, ngokuphakama kwezinyunyana zezisebenzi, ukubhikisha kwabalimi, nemikhankaso yabesifazane eguquguqukayo. Nokho, inkathi engcono kakhulu yaqala ngemva kokunqotshwa kweJapane eMpini Yezwe II. Ngaphansi kweNkathi Yombuso Oxkup (1945 - 1995), kwamiswa umthetho omusha owagcizelela ukuthula, amalungelo abantu, nobukhosi obuthandwayo, okwakha indawo engokomthetho nengokwesiko lapho izinhlangano zezenhlalo zingachuma khona.

Igagasi Langemva Kwempi: Ukuthula Nentando Yeningi

Ngo-1950 nango-1960 kwaboniswa ukubhikishwa okukhulu kweSivumelwano soNyuselo sase-U.S. sase-Japan (esaziwa ngokuthi i-Ampo sespect), esahlanganisa abafundi, izisebenzi, nezifundiswa. Lokhu kuphikisa kwaphoqelela ukuhoxa koNdunankulu uNobuke Kishi futhi kwabonisa amandla okuzilungiselela ukuthonya isimiso sombuso. Inhlangano i-Ampo yasiza futhi ukuqinisa ukubizwa kweQembu lobu laseJapan loSocialist njengegunya eliyinhloko lokuphikisa ukunqanda ukulwa kwempi kanye nokulwa ne-miliatary.

Ngezikhathi ezithile, iQembu lobuKhomanisi laseJapan (JCP) laqinisa izibopho zalo ezinyuselwayo ezinyulweni zezisebenzi namaqembu okuthula, lihlanganisa izikhundla ezimelene nenuzi nezimelene nempi endaweni yayo ephakathi. Ukuma okungaguquguquki kwalo kulezindaba kwalinikeza uphawu oluhlukile olwahlobana nabashisekeli esikhathini eside ngemva kosayinwa kwesivumelwano.

Izinhlangano Zendawo Ezungezile Nezentengiselwano Ngawo - 1970

Ukwanda ngokushesha kwezomnotho ngawo-1960 nawo 1970 kwabangela ukungcola okukhulu kwendawo ezungezile, kwabangela ukumangalelwa okukhulu kwezakhamuzi nokubhikisha. Izenzakalo ezidumile njenge-Minamata disease mercury politic, iYokkaichichi asmas ezimbonini ze-petrochicketic, nesifo se-itai-icadmium ukungcola kwaphoqelela ohulumeni bendawo kanye namaqembu esizwe ukuba athathe imithetho eqinile yendawo ezungezile. Iqembu labaphikisi (8) i-JCP kanye ne-Japanisocial Party·champions yazisusa lezimbangela, kuyilapho i-Liberal Democratic Party Party (LDDRD) eyamiswayo yasuswa ukuba idlulise imithetho yendawo ezungezile ekuqaleni kuka-1970.

Ithengiselwane nayo yavela, ifanekiselwa umzabalazo wabathengi oholwa amaqembu anjengeShuferen (Inhlangano YaseWareve), eyayicindezela amaqembu ukuba akhulume ngokuphepha komkhiqizo nangamanani. Lenkathi yaqinisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwama - clowroot askivism nokuzivumelanisa nesigaba seqembu.

Ngawo - 1980 Nango - 1990: Izinhlangano Ezintsha Zezenhlalo

Ngawo-1980, iJapane yabona ukunyuka “kwezinhlangano ezintsha zezenhlalo” zigxile ekulinganani kwabesilisa, amalungelo ongqingili, kanye nezindawo. I-Oumedial Obbectoid Opportive Law (eyasungulwa ngo-1997, yabukezwa ngo-1997) yaba umphumela oqondile wokunxenxa kwamaqembu abesifazane kanye nokuqapha okukhulayo kwezombangazwe phakathi kwabavoti besifazane. Imikhosi yaqala ukuhlanganisa iziteshi zezimiso zabesifazane hhayi nje njengezindaba eziwuphawulo kodwa njengezikhundla ezingokomthetho.

Ukuwohloka kwezomnotho ekuqaleni kwawo - 1990 kanye nokumiswa kwezombangazwe okwalandela kwaholela ekusungulweni kwamaqembu amasha njengeQembu Elisha iHarbinger neDemocratic Party of Japan (DPJ). Lamaqembu ngokuvamile ayeboleka iziphakamiso nezimiso ezivela ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nalawo agxile enhlalakahleni, ekuncishisweni kwezikhali zenuzi, nasekulondolozweni kwendawo ezungezile.

Imishini Yethonya: Indlela Izinhlangano Zezenhlalo Ezithonya Ngayo Iqembu

Izinhlangano zomphakathi zithonya iziteji zeqembu lezombangazwe laseJapane ngezinqubo eziningana ezihlobene:

Ukuphikisa Nesenzo Esiqondile

Imiboniso emikhulu, ukushaya imoto, nokuhlala phansi kwakha umuzwa wokuphuthuma nokubonakala komphakathi amaqembu angenakuwushaya indiva. Ngo-2012 ingqungquthela yezikhali zenuzi yaseTokyo eyadonsa abantu abangaphezu kuka - 100 000, ababecindezela ngokuqondile amaqembu ukuba athathe izikhundla zokumelana nenuzi ngaphambi kokhetho oluvamile lwalowonyaka.

Umbono Wezindaba Nomphakathi

Imithombo yezindaba engokwesiko isebenzisa kokubili imithombo yezindaba − amashadisparter, ithelevishini, ithelevishini, kanye nezokuxhumana ukuze kuklanywe inkulumo yeningi. Izindlela ezifana ne-Twitter ne-TRIL zivumela izinhlangano ukuba zidlulise izisefo zokumisa futhi zifake izimpikiswano ngezindlela eziphoqa amaqembu ukuba aphendule ngazo. Ukusakazeka okusheshayo kwe-# MeToo eJapan (208 kuqhubeke) kuyisibonelo esiyinhloko, okuholela ekubukezweni kokuqala kwemithetho yokulwa kwemithetho yokuhlasela ngokobulili emashumini eminyaka nakugqugquzela amaqembu ahlanganisa ukuvinjelwa kobudlova obusekelwe ebulilini bawo.

Ukucindezela Okunamandla Nokuqina Kwezintambo

Izinhlangano eziningi zezenhlalo zihlela abaqondisi bamavoti, abancomela, noma ngisho nabameleli bazo. Ngokwesibonelo, inhlangano emelene nenuzi isekele abazimele nababezothatha isigaba esincane ngo-2012 no-2014, isunduza i-LDP ukuba ithambise ukukhulumela kwayo kwe-yultlet. Ngokufanayo, iqembu lendawo ezungezile iJapane[ isekelele ukuhlola okuthonya izinhlanga zendawo.

Iziteshi Zezinhlangano Nezingosi Zezimiso

Ezinye izinhlangano zimisa ubuhlobo obuhleliwe namaqembu ngemikhandlu yezenkolo, ukuhlola izimiso, noma izikhungo zokucwaninga. IJapan Trade Union Confederation (] I-Rengo), umsebenzi wesizwe omkhulu kakhulu, sekuyisikhathi eside usebenza njengesisekelo esiyinhloko se-Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan, ithuthukisa inhlalakahle nezimiso zomsebenzi. I-NCOMATIONCERY NJOS nayo iye yasebenzisana nezisulu zamandla avuselelwe ukuvuselela.

Ukuhlola Ithonya Lenhlangano Yomphakathi Ngezimo

Inhlangano Emelene Nenuzi Ngemva KweFukushima

NgoMatshi 2011 iFukushima Daiichi yayiyisikhathi esichithwayo kwezombangazwe zamaJapane. Ngaphambi kwengozi, iJapane yathola amaphesenti angaba ngu-30 kagesi wayo kumandla enuzi, i-LDP kanye nezinxulumani zayo ze-bureaucracra yanamathela ngokuqinile “kulelodolobhana lenuzi.” Le nhlekelele yabangela ukubhikisha okukhulu kwezenhlalo kusukela e-1960s Anto. Imikhosi yamasonto onke ngaphandle kwendlu yomphathi omkhulu wamazwe yadonsa izixuku ezingu-50 000 kuya ku-100 000 kusukela ngo-2010 000 kuya ku-20202010.

Kukhetho oluvamile lwango-2012, i-LDP eyayiholwa nguShinzo Abe ekuqaleni yakhankasela ukuma kwe-athomu elibukhali kodwa yazivumelanisa ngokuqinisekisa ukubukezwa kwezindinganiso zokuphepha. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-DPJ, eyayisenamandla phakathi nobunzima, yayixhumele “kwesizumbulu senuzi” ngeminyaka engu-2030. ISiqithiso seJapan Resolution kanye neQembu Lakho lamukela futhi amapulangwe ngokumelene nezikhali ezinhlahlahla. Nakuba i-LDP ekugcineni yawina ukhetho, isikhululo seqembu laqala ukuhlanganisa i-motratium ekwakhiweni entsha nesibopho sokunciphisa kancane kancane ukunciphisa ukuncika kwezikhali zenuzi.

Ohulumeni abalandelayo ngaphansi kwe-Abe bencishiselwa izikhali zenuzi, futhi ukuphikiswa komphakathi kwahlala kuphakeme. Ngo-2018, ngisho ne-LDP yaphoqeleka ukuba ithole amandla enuzi angamashumi amabili namashumi amabili nanhlanu ngo-2030, aphansi kakhulu kunemigomo yangaphambi kwe-Fukushima. Umzabalazo omelene nenuzi wabonisa ukuthi ikhona, i-applivism ebonakalayo ingaguqula yonke inkambiso yamandla kagesi.

Inhlangano Yabesifazane Yamalungelo Nokulingana Kwabantu Ngabo

Inhlangano yaseJapane yokulingana kwabobulili obufanayo isuka ekujuleni, kodwa yathola amandla amasha kuma-2010. i-# Me Too, ihlangene namaphutha asekhaya njenge Shiori Ito ecala (intatheli eyamangalela obala obala intatheli edumile yokudlwengula), iphoqelela amalungu ukuba akhulume ngobudlova obungokobulili nokuhlukunyezwa emsebenzini. Ekuphenduleni, i-LDP yadlulisela umthetho obukeziwe wokudlwengula ngo-2017 owandisa incazelo yokuhlasela ngokobulili, nakuba abashisekeli beyigxeka ngokuthi ayinele.

Amaqembu abesifazane futhi akhankasela kakhulu “isimiso sokulawula” ngaphansi kwe-Abe, eyayifuna ukwandisa ukuhlanganyela kwabesifazane ekusebenzeni. Nakuba lenkambiso yagxekwa ngokungabhekisi ukungafani kwezakhiwo, noma kunjalo iphakamisa ubulili njengempikiswano enkulu yezombangazwe. Kokubili i-LDP neCDP manje ihlanganisa izingxenye eziningi zokulingana kwabesilisa eziqenjini, zihlanganisa izindawo ezinjengemali ekhokhelwayo, ikhefu labazali, kanye nezigaba zezikhulu zezombangazwe.

Umphumela obonakala kakhulu ukwanda kancane kancane kophawu lwabesifazane kuDiet. Kukhetho oluvamile lwango-2021, umbiko werekhodi 186 abesifazane bawina izihlalo (cishe amaphesenti angu-18 awo wonke ama-MP), ngokwengxenye ngenxa yezenzo zobuProfini kanye nemikhankaso yemfundo yamavoti enziwe amaqembu anjenga i Network of Change[.

Izinhlangano Zendawo Ezungezile Nesimo Sezulu

Izenzo zokufuna ukumelana nendawo ezungezile zaseJapane ziye zasuka ekulweni kokungcola kwendawo kuya ekulweni okubanzi kobulungisa besimo sezulu. Iphefumlelwe yisiteshi sesikole sikaGreta Thunberg, intsha yaseJapane yahlela uLwesihlanu lwesikhathi esizayo iJapane ngo-2019, idonsela izinkulungwane zabafundi emibhikishweni eTokyo nakwamanye amadolobha. Lezenzo zacindezela i-DPJ ne CDP ukuba zithobe izisulu eziphambili zokuncishiswa kwegesi eshisayo.

Ngo-2020, i-CDP esanda kwakhiwa yahlanganisa umgomo wokufinyelela intuthu enenetha ngo-2040, ukudlula i-LDP's 2050. I-LDP yasabela ngokuqinisa uhlelo lwayo lwesimo sezulu, imemezela ukwehla kwamakhulu amane% kusuka ku-2030 emazingeni ka-2030 (isiqinisiso esiphawulekayo esisukela kuma-26% angaphambili. Lo nyakatho lwaqhutshwa ngokuyinhloko ukucindezela komhlaba wonke kanye nezenzo zobuProvi, kanye nezinhlangano zentsha ezifuna ukuthatha isinyathelo esinzima kakhulu phakathi nemikhankatho yokhetho.

Intshukumo yendawo futhi ifeza indima. Ukushoshoshoza uNo ku-Cal kwamelana nokwakhiwa kwezindawo zamandla amalahle amasha, kuthonya i CDP ukuba ihlanganise ukuvinjelwa kwezitshalo ezintsha zamalahle endaweni yayo yesikhululo. I-LDP, nakuba ingasabeli kahle, iye yaphoqeleka ukuba ivume ukuphikiswa ngokunqikaza kwemvume nokwandisa amandla.

Ukusebenza Nezinhlangano Zomsebenzi Eziphambili

Ukunyuka komsebenzi ongekho mthethweni nowengxenye yesikhathi (obizwa ngokuthi “amahhala” kanye“ nezisebenzi ezingasebenzi ngokusemthethweni”) kwakhuthaza igagasi elisha lemisebenzi kusukela ngawo 1990 kuqhubeke. Izinhlangano ezinjenge Unionts [ ne [FLT]General Union [[[FLT:]] Geondrome Union [ ilwele ukukhokhela iholo elilinganayo, ukulondeka komsebenzi, kanye namalungelo enyunyana. Lezinhlangano ziye zathonya amaqembu esobunxele, ikakhulukazi amaCDP noJCP, ukuze zilungise umthetho wemisebenzi ezindaweni zazo.

Ngo-2018, uhulumeni waseJapane wamisa umthetho wenguquko wesitayela owathatha isikhathi esengeziwe futhi wagunyaza iholo elilinganayo ngomsebenzi olinganayo − impikiswano eyaphakanyiswa abashisekeli bezisebenzi isikhathi eside. Nakuba umthetho wawunezaba ezicathulo, ukudlula kwawo kwaphawula impumelelo enkulu yalenhlangano. ICDP ne JCP iyaqhubeka isekela isivikelo esiqinile, njalo iphawula izimfuno zenhlangano ezisemikhankasweni yabo.

IOkinawa Base Collegia

Sekungamashumi eminyaka izakhamuzi zase-Okinawa ziphikisa ukuba khona kwempi enzima yase-U.S. esiqhingini sazo, zifuna ukuba kuvalwe i-Marine Corps Air Station Futenma kanye nokwehla kobugebengu obuhlobene nomsindo. Lokhu kuphikisa bekuyimpikiswano ephikelelayo kwezombangazwe zaseJapane. i-Okinawa People’s Assembly iye yathonya i-JCP neCDP ukuba imukele iziteshi eziqinile ezimelene nomthetho owesikelayo, ibiza ukubukezwa kwe-U.S-Japanestatestry of Marces Revecectives ne-parts enzilections ngaphandle kweJapane.

I - LDP ngokuvamile isekela ukuvumelana ne - U.S. kodwa iye yavumela ukuhlaziywa kwendawo ezungezile nomsindo, futhi iye yavuma ukulungisa okuncane emikhankasweni eyisisekelo. Ukucindezela okuqhubekayo kwalenhlangano kuqinisekisa ukuthi iOkinawa ihlala iyimpikiswano evelele okhethweni lwesizwe, kanye nezinhlangano ezinikeza amazinga ahlukene obunye nezimfuno zomphathi.

Izinhlangano Neqembu Lanamuhla Kuyasabela

LGBTQ+ amalungelo

I-LGBTQ yaseJapane isenze intuthuko ephawulekayo eminyakeni yamuva. Naphezu kokuntuleka kwesilinganiso somshado wesizwe, izimiso ezifanayo zobulili ziye zanwebeka komasipala abangaphezu kwekhulu. Inhlangano yathola ijubane ngo-2021 lapho inkantolo yaseSapporo inquma ukuthi ukuphika umshado ofanayo kwakuwubugqila. Naphezu kwalokho, iCDP yahlanganisa ukulingana ngokuqondile eqophelweni layo lokhetho lwe-2021. I-JCP futhi iyaqhubeka ihlukanisa, ngemithetho ephikisa amaqembu athile, kodwa abaholi abakhulu baye baqala ukuqaphela lempikiswano. Ukuphikelela kwenhlangano kuye kwenza ukubheka ubulili nokuzichaza kwezombangazwe kwaba yimpikiswano ebanzi engenakungawunaki ngokuphelele.

Indaba Yokuphila Okunsundu EJapane

I-Black Live Matter ye-Black eJapane ngo-2020 yenqaba kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezenzakalo zokucwaswa kwamaphoyisa abantu bakwamanye amazwe nabezinhlanga ezixubene. Abashisekeli baseJapane bahlela ukubhikisha kobunye eTokyo, e-Osaka, nakwamanye amadolobha. Lezenzo zacindezela amaqembu ukuba akhulume ngobandlululo lwezinhlanga emapulatifomu awo ngokokuqala ngqá. ICDP no JCP manje ihlanganisa izingxenye ezilahla ukucwasa kwezinhlanga nokusekela imithetho elwa nobandlululo. I-LDP ayizange ithathe hlangothi kodwa yamisa ikomiti yokubukeza imikhuba yokulwa kwe-popul.

Ukusabela Enhlekeleleni Nomsebenzi Wokuzithandela Owenziwa Ngomsebenzi Wezandla

Okuhlangenwe nakho kweJapane ngezinhlekelele zemvelo − ukuzamazama komhlaba kweKobe kwango-1995, ukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu kwaseMpumalanga Japane ngo-2011 kanye neziphepho ezalandela, kuye kwakhuthaza inhlangano yokuzithandela eqinile. Lamaqembu ezakhamuzi aye afuna ukulungiselela kangcono inhlekelele, ukusekela impilo, nokusekela izimali zokwakha kabusha. Imikhosi iye yasabela ngokuhlanganisa nezimiso zokulawula izinhlekelele emapulatifomuni ayo, kanye ne-CDP igcizelela ukusabela okusekelwe enhlekeleleni kanye ne-LDP ekuzinziseni kwezenhlalakahle.

Isiphetho

Izinhlangano zezenhlalo eJapane ziye zalungisa ngokungaguquki iziteshi zezinhlangano zezombangazwe, zibonisa ukuhlangana okunamandla phakathi komphakathi nezombangazwe ezivamile. Kusukela emzabalazweni wokuthula wangemva kwempi kuya ekuthatheni inqubo yesimo sezulu, ukucindezela kotshani kuye kwaphoqelela izigaba ezibusayo nokuphikisa . "ukulawula" nokulawula isimiso sazo esiza kuqala, ukuhlanganisa iziteshi, nokukhetha. Nakuba i-LDP iye yamelana nokuthatha izimfuno ezigcwele zenhlangano, iye yabonisa ikhono lokuthatha futhi yasebenzisa izinguquko ezithile uma umbono womphakathi uqala ukukhungatheka. Amaqembu aphikisa, ancike ekusekeleni ukusekela kwawo ukuzahlukanisa nokuveza ezinye izindlela eziqhubekayo.

Njengoba iJapane ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha zokwenza inani labantu, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukungezwani kwezombangazwe, nokungalingani kwezenhlalo, kusezakuhlala kubalulekile. Abalwayo bayoqhubeka besebenzisa ukubhikisha, imithombo yezindaba, nokhetho ukuze bakhuthaze ushintsho, futhi amaqembu azoqhubeka elungisa amapulatifomu awo ukuze alondoloze ukufaneleka nokukhetha. Ukuqonda le ncazelo ibalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi idemokhrasi ivela kanjani kwelinye lamazwe ase-Asia anethonya kakhulu.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngethonya lezinhlangano zezenhlalo kwezombangazwe zamaJapane, bheka ukuhlaziywa kwezazi njengokuthi Patricia Steinhoff umsebenzi wokubhikisha kanye nokubika kwamuva [ku- i-Japan Times ekuqhubekeni kwezenzo zobuProfini kanye [FLT] ne-[FLT] i-DPlomat yemist .