Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezombangazwe zikahulumeni nenkambiso yendawo eyenziwa e-Australia bunamandla futhi buvame ukuphikisana. Akukho lapho kusobala khona kakhulu kunase-Australian Capital Territory (ATHET), isihlalo sikahulumeni wezwe kanye nesikhundla esinezimo ezihlukile zezombangazwe. Izinqumo ze-Federal .Izinqumo zenzakalela ngemigomo ehlukene, izinto eziphambili zezomnotho, nezibophelelo zemibono ("ithonya ngokuqondile izinhlelo zomthetho, ukwabiwa kwemali, nokulawulwa kwendawo ye-ACT). Ukuqonda lo mdlalo ubalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile ekwakhekeni, noma ukubusa phakathi kwezwe. Lesi sihloko sihlola imijelo ehlelwa yinqubo yezombangazwe ze-ACCT, izindawo eziyinhloko, kanye nezicindeze ekuqondisweni kwe-ase-kubusa kwendawo.

IFederal·Terrigory Enamandla EAustralia

Isimiso sikahulumeni wase-Australia sihlukanisa amagunya phakathi kukahulumeni weCommonwealth (wesizwe) nezifunda eziyisithupha. Nokho, amasimu anjenge-Act ne-Northern Territory anendawo ehlukile yomthetho-sisekelo. I-ACT yamiswa njengendawo kahulumeni ngaphansi kwe-Fond 125 yoMthetho-sisekelo wase-Australia, ehloselwe ukuba ibe indawo engathathi hlangothi yenhloko - dolobha yesizwe, iCanberra. Ngokungafani nezifundazwe, awanawo amandla omthetho-mthetho wezwe; igunya lemithetho yemithetho ye-mthetho linikezwa iPhalamende, elingathatha imithetho yezwe noma isiphi isikhathi.

Umlando Wokuzilawula Ngokwawo

I-CT yathola isilinganiso esithile sohulumeni ngokwawo ngo 1989 ngo- uMthetho we-Australian Capital Territory (Umbuso) 1988. Lesisenzo samisa i-Act Leglistivation Assembly futhi sakha isifundazwe esinomthwalo wokulawula izindaba eziningi zendawo, kuhlanganise nemfundo, impilo, ukuthutha, nokuhlela. Nokho, iCommonetualtitualism egciniwe amandla abalulekile, kuhlanganise nekhono lokulahla noma imuphi umthetho wezentengiselwano phakathi nezinyanga eziyisithupha zomkhondo wayo. Leli lungiselelo, nakuba lingavamile ukusetshenziswa, lihlala liyithuluzi elinamandla lethonya ithonya lombuso. Umlando wozibuko ubonakala ngokuphikisana phakathi kwesimiso esiqhubekayo senqubo ye-Actaltic programation systeance-se-setwell, futhi uhulumeni abambalwa kakhulu.

Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo Nomthetho

Ikhono le-Actal lomthetho lilinganiselwe kakhulu ngokulawula okuqondile. Ingxenye 122 yoMthetho-sisekelo inikeza iPhalamende leCommonwealth amandla okwenza imithetho yezindawo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, ngokwenkolelo, uhulumeni wezwe ungayimisa ngokuqondile noma yiyiphi into ngaphakathi kwemithetho yendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Act ingaphansi kwezinhlelo zesizwe nezindinganiso ze-National Health Reformation Agreement, i-National Education Reformation Active, kanye ne-National Disability Instimulation System System. Umphumela uwukwenza inqubo yokwenza amapulani ahlale ekhona lapho i-ACCC iqhubeka inikeza izinjongo zikahulumeni lapho izama ukuqinisa izinto zayo eziza kuqala.

Imishini Yethonya Lezenqubo

Izombangazwe ze-Federal zithonya isimiso se-ACT ngezindlela eziningana ezihlukene. Lezi zihlanganisa amalungiselelo ngokwezimali, ukumiswa kwemithetho, ukuhlelwa kwezindinganiso zezwe, kanye nokuhlelwa kwezindinganiso zezwe.

Amalungiselelo Emali Nokwehluleka Kwemali

Mhlawumbe inzuzo eqondile yethonya likahulumeni ingokwezimali. I-ACT incike kakhulu ezinkokhelweni zezempilo, ezikhokhelwayo nangezimo ezithile eziqondile ukuze isetshenziswe. Ngokwe-Act Government’s 2023-24 Uhlelo lwemali lwamaphephandaba, cishe i- 39% yemali yale ndawo ivela ezivumelwaneni ze-Commonealth, kuhlanganise nezibonelelo zemali ezibotshelelwe kakhulu zempilo, imfundo, nezezimo zemali. Lokhu kuncikelelwa kwemali kusho ukuthi izinqumo zikahulumeni zemali engosini zincike ngokwezicinezepolitiki zeqembu elibusayo (*) zithinta ngokuqondile izinga nezingako zenkonzo ze-ACPC. Ngokwesibonelo, izinguquko ekusekeleni izinkonzo zezempilo, imfundo, imfundo, nezakhiwo zesikole zingaphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba bathelele noma izintela zendawo yasekhaya. Futhi, ohulumeni bangayikhokhisiselela intela noma imibuso yesizwe ukuba ijekele ijelelo.

Imithetho Engalawuleki Nengagciniwe

ICommonwealth Act ilondoloza amandla omthetho-sisekelo okudlula imithetho ye-Act. Nakuba lombuso ungasetshenziswa njalo, uye wasetshenziswa ezimweni eziphakeme ezingaphezulu. Ngo-1997, uhulumeni we-Howard awuyivumeli i-Acty’Observatory Euthanasia Act, eyayizovumela ukufa. Muva nje, ukungenela kukahulumeni kuye kwasongelwa ngemithetho yezomthetho esemthethweni, izinguquko eziqashweni, kanye nesivikelo sendawo. Ithuba nje lokulawula icebo le-Actal i-Euntanasia lokuzithandela; uhulumeni wezwe ngokuvamile ufuna ukugwema ukubhekana ngqo nokungantengiselwa kwezinqumo noma izinguquko ezibambekayo ezithandwayo kuhulumeni wombuso owezwe wonke lisebusontweni.

Ukuhleleka Kwezombangazwe Nethonya Leqembu

Ukwakheka kwezombangazwe kukahulumeni kahulumeni kuthonya inqubo ye-ACT ngokuhlangana kweqembu nokuhleleka kwemibono. I-ACT ngokomlando iye yaba inqaba ye-Australian Labor Party futhi, muva nje, i-Greens. Uma uhulumeni wezisebenzi noma wezisebenzi zezisebenzi unamandla eCanberra, i-Act ithola indlebe enozwela kakhulu embusweni kahulumeni, futhi ingenza ukuba ikwazi ukuholela ekusekeleni imali eyandayo noma ukusekela intuthuko. Ngokuphambene, uma ikhokha (Leyalphal-National) isesikhundleni, i-ACY ingase ibhekane nokumelana kwayo nezenhlalo yayo nezindawo zendawo ezungezile. Imishini yeqembu futhi ifeza indima engokwenani elikhulu lohulumeni: abezombangazwe abavela ezindaweni ezihlukene zezikhululweni ezimbili zendlu nendlu yabameleli ye-Cernarberneastsss.

Izindinganiso Zesizwe Nokuzwana Okuqondiswayo

Izindawo eziningi zezimiso e-Australia zilawulwa amapulani esizwe avumelana phakathi kwe-Commonwealth nezifunda-zwe. Lezi zihlanganisa izindinganiso zemfundo yesikole, umsebenzi wezempilo, ukugunyazwa kwemithetho, iziqondiso zokwakha, neziqondiso zendawo ezungezile. I-ACT kumelwe inamathele kulezi zindinganiso zesizwe ukuze ithole imali noma ukugwema ukuxabana okulawulayo. Ezombangazwe ze-Frederal zinquma ukuthi ingqikithi kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwalezindinganiso. Ngokwesibonelo, iSikole seSikole senguquko sezemfundo, ihlela izisulu zemiphumela yabafundi nezindinganiso zothisha okumelwe zihlangane nazo. Ngokufanayo, iSivumelwano seSimiso sezempilo sinquma ukuthi izibhedl'ici zixhaswa kanjani futhi zilawulwa kanjani. Izinguquko kulezi zivumelwano zemithetho yesizwe zihlela ukuhleleka kwemithetho ye-ACCP ezihambelayo, ngezinye izikhathi, ngezinye izikhathi, zimisa izivumelwano zezindlela zezindawo zezindawo zendawo zendawo.

Izindawo Eziyisihluthulelo Zomthetho Ziyathinteka

Izombangazwe ze-Federal zithonya imingcele yemithetho eminingi phakathi kwe-ACT. Okubaluleke kakhulu imfundo, impilo, izakhiwo nezokuthutha, indawo ezungezile, nenqubo yomphakathi. Indawo ngayinye ibonisa izinqubo ezihlukene zethonya likahulumeni.

Imfundo

Imfundo iwumthwalo wemfanelo ohlangene. Uhulumeni we-Actal uqondisa izikole zomphakathi futhi umise izifundo zendawo, kodwa uhulumeni uhlela ukusekela kwezimali nezimiso zesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, izinguquko zeGonski, zasungula ifaksi elisekelwe ezimfunekweni zikahulumeni. Shifts enkambisweni yemfundo kahulumeni. Njengesiqalo se-National Assession Program-Literacy and Numbertacy (NaPLAN) noma i-Moral Services for Studentstors ngokuthatha isinyathelo sokukhubazeka. Izombangazwe zibuye zithinte imfundo yabantwana bakuqala nezokunakekela abantwana, izindawo lapho i-ACT iphiconday iveza khona imidweliso eqhubekayo njengendawo yonke ebanzi yokungena e-Actrientrectory. Nokho, ngaphandle kokuxhasa izimali okuqhubekayo komthetho, ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuhlukanisa noma ukuguqula inqubo.

Isimiso Sempilo

Impilo ingenye indawo yokuxhumana okukhulu kukahulumeni. I-ACP ilawula izibhedlela zomphakathi kanye nezinkonzo zezempilo zomphakathi, kodwa lokhu kuxhaswe kakhulu yimiphako yezempilo ye-Commonwealth ngaphansi kwe-National Health Reform Agreement. Izinqumo zezombangazwe ezisezingeni eliwumbuso . "njengokukhomba ukuxhaswa kwezimali ezibhedlela noma izinguquko zokuthunyelwa kweMedica aldare bul bulbrial is ezixhasa ukulondolozwa kwezimali zempilo ye-Actal. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfuno yempilo yesizwe, njengenguquko yempilo yengqondo noma ukuhlinzwa kwenkonzo yasebe, ngokuvamile ilawula ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo yendawo. I-ACCC isholose ukuthunyelwa kwezelulekwa kwezindawo ezikhungweni zezezezokwelapha, ngokwesibonelo, yayithonywe umthetho wezomthetho wezomthetho wezomthetho wezomthetho wokusebenza nokulimaza izidakamizwa.

Izakhiwo Nezokuthutha

I-infrablicture iyisibonelo esivelele sesivumelwano sikahulumeni sokulawula. Imisebenzi emikhulu e-ACT, njenge-train comnet (isiteji sesibili ukuya ku-Woden), ukwanda kweSibhedlela saseCanberra, nokukhuliswa kwemigwaqo, kuxhomeke ezibophweni ze-Commonwealth ngokwezimali. Lokhu kuvame ukumenyezelwa phakathi nemikhankaso yokhetho kahulumeni noma njengengxenye yezivumelwano zezezimali ze-bitenateal mental mental mental. Izombangazwe ze-Dederal , ngokuphandle kakhulu, imfuno yeqembu elibusayo kanye nethonya le-MPMers(etermines) yendawo ethola imali exhasayo kanye nakutholeni isikhathi. Iprojectal SCal Scolet , elwe nguhulumeni we-ccounternalces, wamukela isibopho sezigidi ezingu-4 zezigidi ezingu-201,1,1,1,1, ngokuveneze ye-eding ezombangazwe.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwendawo Nesimo Sezulu

I-ACT ibingumholi wezenzwe zesimo sezulu, ibeka izisulu eziphambili zokukhishwa kwenetha nogesi ovuselelwayo ongamakhulu 100. Nokho, ikhono layo lokuphishekela lemigomo lilawulwa umthetho kahulumeni wendawo ezungezile nesimiso samandla. ICommonwealth inegunya lokugunyaza izakhiwo ezinkulu ngaphansi kwe-Mbiko i-Ndevition and Biodiversity Conservation Act, Act 1999, futhi imithetho yamandla engokomhlaba amandla alawula ukuvuselelwa kwamandla e-Act nezinhlelo zokukhipha igesi ezincishisiwe. Uma ohulumeni bengazange basekele kakhulu inqubo yezemoyezo zokwenza umsebenzi wezezulu (Hlalpy) futhi i-Abbottbhnbu·Merson iminyaka engu-Act i-Active i-Activeracticsssssss (intellign-'ivices) i-acted Actal amathuluzi amathuluzi awenzile awezwe kakhulu). Ngokuphikisanayo, isimo sikahulumeni se-al sawo zenzayo

Ukulawulwa Kwezenhlalo Namalungelo Abantu

I-ACT ivame ukusebenza njengendaba yokuhlola inqubo eqhubekayo yezenhlala-khona, kuhlanganise nomthetho wezenhlalakahle osiza ukufa ngokuzithandela ngo-1997 (ukufakwa kwesivumelwano esingokomthetho sesizwe ngo-2017), i-Cannabis ukuqeda ubugebengu, ne-pager. Inkambiso ngayinye yalezi zindawo yemithetho iye yabona ukungenela kwezombangazwe. Ukungavunyelwa kwemithetho ye-Actal e - entacanasia kuhlale kuyisenzakalo esiphawulekayo. Muva nje, uhulumeni ka-Morlio usongela ukunqanda imithetho yemithetho yezeluleko emalungelo abantu nenguquko. Inkambiso yezenhlalo inkundla lapho ukuxabana okungoko kuvame ukungqubuzana kwemithetho ye-AC nemibuso engokwesiko. Ikhono lokushintsha kakhulu kwezombangazwe lixhomeke kakhulu embusweni yezwe nezindawo zezikhulu zezwe eliphethe izikhulu ze-Gene.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ethonyani Le - Federal

Ukuhlola okubili kwezehlakalo kubonisa imiphumela esobala yezombangazwe zikahulumeni ekusebenzeni kwenqubo.

Inqubo Yerail Elula

Ukusungulwa kwesimiso sikanothi ka-Chanberra ngo-2014. Ukuhlelwa kwecala ngendlela izinqumo zezimali zikahulumeni ezizolungisa ngayo izakhiwo ezinkulu. Ukumiswa ko 1 kwesitimela esilula, kusukela eGungahlin kuya edolobheni, kwavulwa ngo-2019 ngemva kokuba uhulumeni we-CCT ubonge unikeze uhulumeni we-Abbott uR1, R1,50 000 000 000, kodwa ngaphansi kwezimo zokuthi u-R36 wafaka imali engeziwe futhi uhlangane nemibandela ethile yezezombangazwe. Ukuhileleka kwezombangazwe kusho ukuthi isikhathi nemali ye-odollarces kwathoba kuthonyelwe ngokuqondile yi-Liberlarán joval kahulumeni ovamile kodwa ofuna ukuvota umphakathi.

Amalungelo Esifunda Nomshado Ongokobulili Ofanayo

Umzamo we-Actal wokwenza umshado ofanayo ngo-2013 uyisibonelo esinamandla sokulawula uhulumeni. I-ActAct Legislative Assembly yadlulisa i- Ukulingana (Sacome Sexual) Act 2013 [, okungavumela imibhangqwana efanayo externex ukuba ishade kulendawo. Nokho, iNkantolo ePhakathi yeSishaya umthetho weCommonweal, yawisa umthetho ngezizathu wokuthi umshado ungaphansi koMthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Icala labonisa imingcele ye-EPTCS ezindaweni lapho umthetho kahulumeni umkhulu usekela kakhulu khona umphakathi. Naphezu kokusekela okukhulu kwe-APU, uhulumeni wezwe lonke uzoba ne-poligiodsss (i-Prode, i-prese-detic producementssssstion) engokomthetho womphakathi wendawo yasekhaya siyaqhubeka ngokuvumelana kwezimiso ezingokomthetho.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kwethonya Lomphakathi

Nakuba izinga elithile lokuqondisa kukahulumeni lingenakugwenywa esimisweni sikahulumeni, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuntuleka kwe-Act yenkululeko engokomthetho-mthetho kwenza kube yisisulu esikhethekile sezifiso zezombangazwe. Ikhono leCommonwealth lokuvala imithetho yendawo (iminyaka engaphezulu) noma ingakanani ngemva kokudluliswa kwayo (ukungaqiniseki ngamabhizinisi, izakhamuzi, nezinhlangano zezimali). Ukungalingani kwe-actal kunciphisa ikhono le-Act ekusunguleni uhulumeni; noma isiphi isimiso esidinga ukuthengwa okusha okubalulekile kumelwe sihambisane nentela ephakeme kahulumeni noma isekelwe kuyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlelwa kwezombangazwe nemithetho ye-ACPCT ngokuvamile kunciphisa ikhono lokungalawuleki lapho kushintsha uhulumeni.

Okunye ukugxeka kuwukuthi ithonya likahulumeni lingavimbela ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwendawo. Izinqubo ze-Acts zivame ukuthuthuka kakhulu kuneze-oreversi yesizwe, futhi ukungenela kukahulumeni ngezinye izikhathi kubhekwa njengokubekwa kwezindinganiso ngokwenani elikude. Lokhu kwabonakala endabeni ye-euthania futhi kuyaqhubeka kubhebhebhethekiswa izimpikiswano ezifana nesimiso sezidakamizwa nemithetho yendawo ezungezile. Abaxhasi bamalungelo ezindawo baphikisa ukuthi i-ACT, njengegunya elivuthiwe elisebenza ngedemokramente, kufanele babe namandla afanayo njengamazwe, kuhlanganise nesivikelo somthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mgaviniyuntal wial ser. Ukusunduzwa kwe-ACTT kuye kwaba yisihloko esiphindaphindwayo, nakuba kuye kwenza intuthuko encane engokomthetho.

Umbono Wesikhathi Esizayo

Ithonya lezombangazwe zikahulumeni ezisenkambisweni ze-Actal alisoze lancipha. I-ACT izoqhubeka incike ekuxhaseni kwezimali ze-Commonwealism ngenxa yezakhiwo ezinkulu nezinkonzo. Nokho, ithonya elikhulayo lezezombangazwe ezihlangene nezikhulu zikahulumeni lingakha izivumelwano ezintsha ezizuzisa insimu. Impikiswano eqhubekayo mayelana namalungelo ezindawo. Qhapha namacala okuqeda amandla ezwe eliwenziwe nge-comnety (neymoney) ekugcineni kunganikeza i-actal commentation exploracy. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphakama kwezivumelwano ze-oglobulicrast, njengalawo angaphansi kwe-Council State State State (OAG), nomlandelist, i- National Complibrine, ukuhlangana kwemithetho eminingi, ukunciphisa izinga lokuthatha i-omgamsmesss show ashond show show show prommentstions provialtivementsssstion, i-mouvemoumes provertivemental

Kubenzi bezimiso ze-ACT, ukuqonda kwezombangazwe zikahulumeni akuyona into ezikhethelayo; kuyinkambiso yokuncintisana. Ukuphumelela kwenqubo kudinga ulwazi oluningiliziwe lwemijikelezo yemali kahulumeni, izinto eziza kuqala, neqembu. Ikhono lokuhlela izindaba zendawo ngokwezinjongo zesizwe , ukukhiqiza kwezomnotho, noma ukulondeka kwesizwe. Ngokuphambene, ukungazinaki izisekelo zikahulumeni kungaholela ekulahleni ijubane nomthetho owenziwe.

Isiphetho

Ithonya lezombangazwe zikahulumeni ezimisweni ze-AC linamandla futhi linezici eziningi. Ngezimiso zezimali, imibuso yemithetho, ukuhleleka kwezombangazwe, nezindinganiso zesizwe, iCommonwealth ihlela izimiso zensimu zemfundo, impilo, izakhiwo, indawo ezungezile, nezindaba zomphakathi. I-Act isebenza phakathi kwesimiso esilawulwayo esilawulwayo, iqondisa isimiso sombuso esinika amandla futhi silinganise amandla okunquma indlela yokulawula. Kunoma ubani ohileleke ekubuseni i-acence, ukubhanana, noma ukuhlaziywa kwezimiso ze-ACT, i-ACT, ukwazisa okuphelele kwalo mkhakhakha wemithetho kahulumeni kubalulekile. Ikusasa le-AP lizoqhubeka libhalwe phakathi komdlalo phakathi kwenhlokonhlokodolobha nenhloko yedolobha nesifundazwe lonke izwe.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka i-Australian Cityn Territory (FLT-Government) Act 1988 yesisekelo esingokomthetho se-Act:%S. Australian Palamente print home res control [ inikeza umongo ekwabiweni kwemibuso. Futhi [FLT:] i-pagement Papersess ye-ficts[fict:5] ye-film, ne-[FLT:] Can Times [[FLT:] yesihloko se-statement e-modentive yemikha] yemikhasi yemibalo.]