Ukubuswa Kwemfundo E - United States

Imfundo elawulwa eUnited States iyisimiso esinemiphetho lapho ohulumeni bezwe besebenzisa khona igunya eliqinile. Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni unikeza izimali neziqondiso ezibanzi ngemithetho enjengethi Everse Students Foundations Act (ESA), uphawula ukuthi unomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokuklama nokusebenzisa isimiso semfundo. Le nqanda zamandla zibonisa iSichibiyelo seshumi, esigcinelwa amazwe angenawo wonke amandla kahulumeni agunyazwe. Isakhiwo sombuso esibusayo ngokwesiko sihlanganisa ibhodi lemfundo, isikhungo semfundo kahulumeni (ngokuvamile siholwa ngumphathi wezemfundo noma ikhomishane) nezifunda zesikole eziphethe izikole emhlabeni.

Isifundazwe ngasinye simisa uhlelo lwaso lomthetho sisekelo nemithetho yemfundo, okuholela ekuhlukahlukaneni okukhulu kwezimiso kulo lonke izwe. Ngokwesibonelo, izifundazwe njenge-Texas ne California zinezimiso ezisemzileni omkhulu lapho umbuso ugunyaza khona izifundo nezindlela zokuxhasa imali, kuyilapho ezinye njengeColorado ne-Illinois zinikeza izikhundla ezinkulu kakhulu ezizweni zendawo. Ukuqonda le nqubo yokulawula kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi izinqumo zesigaba sikahulumeni zisho ngokuqondile ukuthi zinjani okuhlangenwe nakho kwekilasi, uthisha uphumelela, kanye nemiphumela yabafundi.

Abadlali Abayinhloko Emthethweni Wemfundo Kahulumeni

  • Isiteshi se-Boards of Education: simisiwe noma sikhethwe izindikimba ezimisa izindinganiso zemfundo ebanzi, zivumele izincwadi zokufundisa, futhi zengamele izimfuneko zokufundisa.
  • Isimo se-State Suintentens/Izimemezelo zemfundo: abaqondisi abakhulu bezinhlangano zemfundo zikahulumeni, abanomthwalo wokusebenzisa izimiso zebhodi nokuqondisa izinhlelo zemfundo yezinga likahulumeni.
  • IGovernors neMithetho yoMbuso: uhlela uhlelo lwemfundo futhi ubeke imithetho egunyaza amazinga okuxhasa imali, izinhlelo zokukhetha isikole, kanye nezinyathelo zokulandisa.
  • Izifunda zesikole zasendaweni yakhona:[ Iqalwe noma i-tepboard ezimisiwe ezivumelanisa izimiso zikahulumeni ne-mosfection, ziphatha izikole, futhi zibeke imithombo esendaweni yazo.

Lesimiso esinezici eziningi siqinisekisa ukuthi nakuba amazwe enikeza indlela yonke, imiphakathi yendawo iyakwazi ukubhekana nezidingo ezihlukile. Nokho, ukuhlangana kwala mazinga kungadala izingxabano, ikakhulukazi ngokusekela ukuhleleka nokulawula uhlelo.

Imfundo Engokwezimali: Impicabadala KaHulumeni Enamandla Kunazo Zonke

Ohulumeni bahulumeni bayizisekelo eziyinhloko zemfundo yomphakathi K-12 e-United States, benikela ngokwesilinganiso cishe i-47% yemali egcwele, intela yempahla yendawo enikeza intela ecishe ibe ngu-45% nemali kahulumeni ehlanganisa i-8% esele (umthombo: ] i-National Center for Educations[)]). Le sibonelo sezimali siveza imfucumfucu engenakulinganiswa. Izifunda zengcebo ezinempahla eziphezulu zinganyusa inzuzo enkulu yendawo, kuyilapho izifunda ezimpofu zithembele kakhulu kuhulumeni. Ohulumeni bazama ukulinganisela lezindawo ngezindlela zokulinganisela ngokwemithetho, kodwa imiphumela iyahluka kakhulu.

Uhulumeni Ovamile Usekela Imishini

  • [ I-Fomuundation Formulas: Amazwe aqinisekisa izinga lokuxhasa imali elinciphileyo ngesilinganiso sephayiphu, nombuso uhlanganisa umehluko phakathi kwaleyo phansi naleyo izifunda zendawo ezingaphakamisa.
  • Imali Yokufunda Eqinisekisiwe: ihlanganisa izimali ezengeziwe zabafundi abanezidingo ezithile, njengalabo abavela emikhayeni ehlawulwa kancane, abafundi besiNgisi, noma abafundi abakhubazekile.
  • [ Imali enikezwayo: imali ehloselwe izinhlelo njengemfundo yabantwana basemancane, imfundo ekhethekile, noma ukuqeqeshelwa umsebenzi.

I- yendawo elawulayo iNgxoxo yoMnyango we-FOLF] , eyasetshenziswa ngo-2013-14], iyisibonelo esivelele sokuxhasa ngemali yabafundi enzima. Inikeza izimali eziyisisekelo kumfundi ngamunye kanye nezibonelelo ezinikezwa abantu abaswele kakhulu. Ukucwaninga okuvela eSiko Lemfundo ye-Progilm Institute kubonisa ukuthi i-LCFF iye yaholela ekunyuseni kwemali ephezulu ezindaweni zamazwe aphezulu nakuphumele ezingeni eliphansi, ikakhulukazi emazingeni okuthweswa kwemfundo (]] imfundo yolwazi nge-Piolicytical Institute )]). Ngokungafani, ukucwaninga okuthi kuncike kakhulu ezinkosweni zendawo zendawo zendawo, njengase-Illinolson no-Pennsyn, kunemiccole engcono kakhulu ephansi yempumelelo.

Izinselele Zokungaguquguquki Nezimali Zasesikoleni

Ukungalingani kwemali yesikole kuye kwabangela ukumangalelwa okuningi. Ezifundazweni eziningi, izinkantolo ziye zanquma ukuthi izimiso zezimali ezikhona manje ziphula umthetho-sisekelo wemithetho yemfundo eyanele noma elinganayo. Ngokwesibonelo, icala lengqopha - mlando Abbott v. I-Burke[[ eNew Jersey yaholela engqungquthela yemithetho efuna umbuso ukuba uxhase izifundazwe emazingeni alingana nezindawo ezicebile. Ngokufanayo, icala le-2019 Mcvisy v. Washington yaphoqa isiphaka isinqumo sokuxhasa ngokugcwele imfundo eyisisekelo. Lezi zikhombisa izimo zezwe ezisemfundayo ezisemgabeni ezisekwe ukuba kuxhakamele izimali eziko.

Izindinganiso Zobufundisi: Ukulawula Umbuso Kulokho Abafundi Abakufundayo

I-Administance inegunya lokubeka izindinganiso zemfundo ezichaza lokho abafundi okufanele bakwazi futhi bakwazi ukukwenza ebanganeni ngalinye. Lezi zindinganiso zithonya ukukhethwa kwencwadi, imfundo yekilasi, nokuhlolwa kwezwe lonke. Ukusetshenziswa kwezindinganiso ze-Common Core State ekuqaleni konyaka ka-2010 kwaphawula isikhathi esibalulekile sokubambisana kwezizwe, kodwa ukunqandwa kwezombangazwe kwaholela amazwe amaningi ukuba abukeze noma athathe indawo yazo ngezinguqulo zawo. Namuhla, kuqaqaqa izifunda ezisasebenzisa i-Commone bebbers; eziningi ziye zamukela izindinganiso ezingokomthetho ezibonisa izinto eziza kuqala zendawo.

Ukwehlukahluka Kokwaneliswa Nokudla

Ingqikithi yezindinganiso zikahulumeni iyahluka kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, amaMassachusetts nama-Virginia sekuyisikhathi eside eqashelwa ngezindinganiso zezibalo nezesiNgisi zobuciko, kuyilapho amanye amazwe eye akhetha ukuqopha okukhethekile ngokwesiko, njengokugcizelela kukaTexas umlando kahulumeni nomphakathi. Izindinganiso zesayensi ziye zaba yindawo yempi, kanye nezifundazwe njenge California ne New York ezihlanganisa i-Secreate Read Science Standards (NGS) kanye nezinye ezifana ne-Alabamia no-Oklahoma ezihlanganisa nolimi oluhlanganisa nohlelo lwezici zemibono ehlukile ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo noshintsho lwesimo sezulu.

Ukulawula uhulumeni ezifundweni nakho kuhambisana nokuvunyelwa kwezincwadi. ETexas, i- State Board of Education of the translationism ithonya lokuthathelwa phambili umsebenzi wokutholwa kwezincwadi linemiphumela yobuzwe ngenxa yemakethe enkulu kahulumeni. Lokhu kuye kwabangela izimpikiswano ngobandlululo lwemibono ezintweni zokufundisa. Ngokufanayo, umthetho waseFlorida wama 20222 ovimbela imfundo yekilasi ngokukhuliswa kwemizwelo yobulili kanye nobulili (i-“Don’t Say Gay”) ibeka isibonelo ngendlela imithombo eqonde ngqo ekuthuthukiseni kwemfundo.

Ukuzihlola Nokulandisa

Ngaphandle kwezindinganiso, ukuklama noma ukukhetha ukuhlola okusesilinganisweni ukuze kulinganiswe intuthuko yabafundi. Lokhu kuhlola, okufunwa ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni wamamaki angu-3,8 futhi lapho esesikoleni esiphakeme, kusebenza njengamathuluzi okulandisa izibalo zezikole futhi kubone izindawo ezidinga ukuthuthukiswa. Nokho, ukuhlolwa okukhulu kwalezi zivivinyo kuye kwaveza ukugxekwa. Ezinye izizwe, njengo-New Hampshire, ziye zangenela i-pioncy ezincis ezincikene ezisekelwe ekusebenziseni imisebenzi kunokuhlola imishini eminingi. Ezinye ziye zakhetha ukunciphisa inani lezivivinyo noma ukuvumela izifunda ukuba zikhethe ezinye izinqumo zokuhlola. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokulandisa nokuzimela iziqondiso nokuzivumela ukuba zihambisa. Ezinye izimo kuhlala kusemnyo enkabeni yemfundo yombuso.

Imfanelo Yothisha: Ukuqinisekiswa, Ukuhlolwa, Nokusekelwa

Ohulumeni bakahulumeni bamisa ibhange lokungena emsebenzini wokufundisa ngezimfuneko zomthetho wesiqinisekiso. Lezi zivame ukuhlanganisa iziqu eziphezulu, ukuqeda uhlelo olugunyaziwe lothisha, nokudlulisa amanani ezivivinyweni ze-inlamus. Ezinye izifunda-zwe zidinga futhi izinhlelo zothisha abanolwazi. Eminyakeni yamuva, ukuswelakala kwabafundisi kuye kwabangela amazwe amaningi ukuba anciphe imingcele, njengokudala ezinye izindlela ezivumela abashintshi bemisebenzi ukuba bangene emakilasini ngokushesha kakhulu.

Izimiso Zokuhlolwa Nokusebenza Kwazo

Indlela izigodi ezihlola ngayo ukusebenza kothisha iphinde ihluke kakhulu. Ukuphoqelela “inani elifakiwe" lezimo zemfundo yabafundi ukuhlolwa ukuze kwahlulelwe ukuphumelela kothisha − ukufakwa ngaphansi kwe-Frace yase-Oversity kuya ezinkokhelweni eziphezulu kodwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuye kwabekwa emuva ukuze kuphendulwe ukunqanda uthisha. Amazwe amaningi manje asebenzisa inhlanganisela yokuhlola kwekilasi, ukukhula kwabafundi, nemithwalo yemfanelo yobuchwepheshe. Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso seTennessee TEAM sihlanganisa izinyathelo eziningi futhi siye sakhonjwa njengesibonelo sokuhlola izibalo ezibanzi. Eminye imithetho enjengeCalifornia inethonya kakhulu ishumi lezifundo ezivimbela ukusetshenziswa kwemiphumela yabafundi ezinqubwelwe yizisebenzi.

Ukuthuthuka Kobuchwepheshe Nokuzigcina Uyingqapheli

Izwe lifaka futhi izimali ekuthuthukiseni intuthuko yobuchwepheshe ukuze lisize othisha bathuthukise. Izinhlelo ezifana ne-Friging Teacher Sfull Program yaseNyakatho Carolina inikeza othisha abahleliwe besikhathi sokuqala, kuyilapho izifundazwe njengoColorado zinikeza iziphakamiso zeNational Board Claire. Nokho, ukuzigcina kuseyinselele. Ngokwe-Learning Policy Institute, cishe u-8% wothisha uyawuyeka umsebenzi minyaka yonke, ngokushintsha okuphezulu ezikoleni ezithola imali ephansi. Izimiso zikahulumeni ezinikeza iziholo zokuncintisana, zinciphisa imithwalo yokulawula, futhi zithuthukisa izimo zokusebenza kuyagxeka ukuqeda le nkathi ephumayo.

Imiphumela Yabafundi: Ubufakazi Bokuthonya Komthetho KaHulumeni

Ukucwaninga okungaguquki kubonisa ukuthi izimiso zikahulumeni zithonya ukuphumelela kwabafundi, nakuba imiphumela iphakanyiswa ukufezeka kokwethembeka nomongo wendawo. Ukuhlola kwango-2019 kwe-National Bureau of Economic Research kwathola ukuthi ngezinguquko zezezimali zesikole eziningi ezilinganayo zathola intuthuko enkulu ekuhlolweni nasemazingeni okuthweswa iziqu kubafundi abaswele ([] Iphepha elisebenzayo).

Imfundo Yasebuntwaneni Nempumelelo Ephakeme Esikoleni

Ukutshala uhulumeni ezinhlelweni zangaphambi kwe-K kungenye yezibikezelo ezinamandla kakhulu zempumelelo yamuva. Izwe elinjenge-Oklahoma ne-New Jersey linezinyathelo ezithathelwe indawo yonke ezibonise inzuzo enamandla ekufundeni nasekuzilungiseleleni izibalo. Ezingeni lesibili, zisho ukuthi kunikeza kokubili izifundo ezinzima nokusekela ukungenela − njengokufundisa kwe- “Bastfoor" uhlelo lokufundisa noma ukubhalisa kwezemfundo ehlangene kwe-Georgia ngokwezimali.

Ukusingatha Ukuhlukana Kwezinombolo

Umqedazwe we-COVID-19 waqokomisa indima yezifunda ekuhlanganiseni igebe lenombolo. Amazwe asefake izakhiwo ezibanzi, njengalawo ase- Commission ye-United States [ yokulandelela i-data yokuhlola, ayesendaweni engcono ekusekeleni imfundo ekude. I-Arizona ne-Michigan asebenzisa izimali zosizo zikahulumeni ekwandiseni amathuluzi namatshe ashisayo, ebonisa indlela ukuphumelela kobuholi bezwe ekungeneni kobuchwepheshe. Ukuqhubekela phambili, izimiso zikahulumeni ziyoba baluleke ngayo ekuqinisekiseni ukufinyelela i-Internet yolwazi oluphelele njengesisekelo sezifundo ezingu-21-Adterna.

Izikhulu ZoMbuso Ezisanda Kuvela Nemiphumela Yazo

Lezi zinyathelo ngokuvamile zivela ezimweni eziyingqayizivele zezombangazwe noma zenani labantu kodwa zinikeza izifundo ezingavumelana nezimo.

Inguquko Yesikole Ekhethekile EFlorida

IFlorida igcwele enye yezinhlelo zesikole ezikhethelwe kakhulu ezweni, kuhlanganise nezikole zomthetho-mthetho, izikhombisi, kanye nezikhokhelo zentela. Ukwanda kwe-Manyments Family Studiation Corant kwa-2019 kukahulumeni kwenza ukuba kutholakale imali yokuziqeqeshela isikole, ukufundisa, kanye nokuhamba kubafundi abavela emikhayeni ephansi nengenayo. Ukucwaninga kwe-Urban Institute kusikisela ukuthi ukuncintisana nezinhlelo zokukhetha kuye kwakhuthaza intuthuko elinganiselwe ekusebenzeni kwesikole esivamile, nakuba abacusumbuli bephikisa ngokuthi kudonsa imithombo yezekhokhiwo yomphakathi.

Izinyathelo Zokuqala Zemfundo Nezokunakekela ZaseMassachusetts

IMassachusetts isebenzise imali eningi kakhulu ekutholeni imfundo yabantwana bakuqala, yakha uMnyango wemfundo ne-Care ngo-2005. Izwe linikeza isikole sobuntwana esikhululekile emiphakathini eswele kakhulu futhi liye lanweba indlela yokuthola izinhlelo ezixubile ezihlanganisa abanikazi bomphakathi nabazimele. Ukuhlolwa konyaka ka-2020 kwathola ukuthi izingane ezahlanganyela ezinhlanganweni zesikole ezihloselwe ukungenela isikole zingene enkulisa ngolimi olunamandla nangathí sina, okunciphisa amagebeba okuphumelela.

Isibonelo Sezikole Zomphakathi ZaseCalifornia

ICalifornia ithathe izikole zomphakathi, lapho izikole zomphakathi ezisebenzelana nemithola-mpilo, izinkonzo zezenhlalakahle, nangemva kwezinhlelo zokusingatha izithiyo ezingadingeki ekufundeni. Umbuso unikeze imali engaphezu kwamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3 ukuze wandise lomfanekiso, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezigcwele ubumpofu. Imibiko yokuqala evela ku- i-California Department of Education[ ibonisa intuthuko ekwamukweni, ekuthembisweni umkhaya, nasempumeleni yabafundi.

Izinselele Ezingapheli Kubaphathi Bezemfundo Bombuso

Naphezu kwamandla abo okusungula izinto ezintsha, ohulumeni bombuso babhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu ezingase ziphazamise imizamo yokulungisa isimo.

Ukushintsha Imibono Nesimiso Sezombangazwe

Isimiso semfundo siye sashintsha kakhulu, ngokulwa nezimpi zenkolelo yezinhlanga ezigxekayo, i-LGBTQ+ amalungelo, kanye nemithetho ethatha isikhathi eside elawula i-reera emboza izimpikiswano zemali njengemali elinganayo. Ezindabeni zohulumeni abahlukene, inguquko ebanzi ngokuvamile ayinakwenzeka, iholela ezinguqulweni ezibangelwa ukuhluleka ukuxazulula izinkinga zesimiso somhlaba. Ngokwesibonelo, izimpikiswano ngokumelene nezikhundla zokufihla ubuso ngo-2021 ziphazamisekile emizamweni yokuzimela ukubuya ekutholeni ukulahlekelwa.

Ukucindezela Kokuphila Kwabantu Nokuzomnotho

Izwe kumelwe lilwe nezindleko ezinyukayo, ikakhulukazi ukuze lithole imfundo ekhethekile kanye nezinzuzo zomhlalaphansi. Okwamanje, inani labafundi liyahlukahluka, lidinga izimiso ezisabela ngokwesiko nemfundo yolimi oluhlukahlukene. Izwe njengeWyoming ne Vermont libhekene nokuncipha kwenani lokungena, okuwuhlobo lwemali ekhona ngemali uma izindleko ezimisiwe zihlala zikhona. Ukulinganisela lokhu kucindezela kuyilapho kulondoloza umthwalo wemfanelo womthwalo wemfanelo kuvivinya amandla ezinhlangano zemfundo zikahulumeni.

Ukubukeka Kwesikhathi Esizayo: Izinto Eziza Kuqala Endleleni Uhulumeni Azothatha Ngayo Impi

Bebheka phambili, ohulumeni bombuso kuyodingeka basebenzise izindaba eziningana ezibucayi ukuze bahlale benabaphathi abaphumelelayo bemfundo yomphakathi.

Ukuthuthukisa Imizwelo Yomphakathi Nokusekela Impilo Yengqondo

Ukulimala kwalesifo sengqondo kubafundi kuye kwenza ukufunda ngokwezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo (SEL) kwaba yinto yokuqala. Izwe elinjenge-Illinois ne-Georgia liye lathatha izindinganiso ze-SELEL futhi lanikeza abafundisi ukuqeqeshwa. Ukuhlobanisa lemincintiswano nezifundo zemfundo ezisezifundweni zesikole kanye nezifundo ezingokwesiko kudinga ukutshala imali okuqhubekayo nokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe.

Ukulungiselela Izisebenzi Ezinamandla

Ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe olusheshayo lufuna ukuba izikole zihlomisele abafundi amakhono emisebenzi engase ibe khona. Izwe lizama izindlela zomsebenzi nemfundo yobuchwepheshe (CTE), ukubambisana namakholiji omphakathi, nokuqashwa kwemishini. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Campers Communice projectal ihlanganisa uhlelo lwezifundo zesikole esiphakeme nezidingo zezezezesayensi, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nokusungulwa kwemisebenzi ethuthukile. Izinhlelo ezinjalo zidinga ukubambisana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwezinhlangano zezemfundo nezinhlangano zezentuthuko yezomnotho.

Ukuqinisa Imininingwane Nesimiso Esisekelwe Kubufakazi

I-Asmedia ithuthukise ikhono layo lokulandela ukwenziwa kwabafundi ngezimiso zemininingwane ezinde, kodwa abaningi basazama ukusebenzisa leyo mininingwane ngokuphumelelayo. Ukuhlomela emikhakheni exhumanisa ukuxhasa ngemali, izinga lothisha, kanye nemiphumela kuyokwenza abenzi bezimiso bakwazi ukuhlasela imithombo yezobuchwepheshe lapho benemiphumela emikhulu. I-Statedial Longitudial Data Systems Grant Program[ evela e-U.S.Umnyango wezemfundo unikeza izimali zembewu kuleyo mizamo, kodwa ukugcinwa kwesikhathi eside kuxhomeke ekubophekeni kwezwe.

Isiphetho

Ohulumeni bakhona abagunyaza isimiso semfundo yaseMelika, kusukela ekusekeleni ukuxhasa nokufundisa kuya ekunikezeni izitifiketi nakumthwalo wemfanelo. Izinqumo zabo zisebenza kuwo wonke amakilasi, amathuba alo ezigidi zabafundi. Nakuba izinselele ezinjengezehlukana zezombangazwe kanye nokungaqiniseki kwempahla kuqhubeka, izingosi eziphawulekayo ziye zabonisa amandla okusungula nokuzivumelanisa. Ngokubeka kuqala inzuzo, ukutshala imali ebuntwaneni, nokuhlanganisa izinguquko ezisekelwe ebufakazini, abaholi bombuso bangakha izimiso zemfundo ezisiza abafundi bonke kangcono, futhi ngokwenza kanjalo, ziqinise izisekelo zomphakathi waseMelika eziza ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.