IRaje Sabra: Isakhiwo Esibucayi Semithetho Yezohwebo Nezentengiselwano Yamazwe AseNdiya

Isimiso somthetho wezohwebo nezentengiselwano saseNdiya asibunjwa yi-Lok Sabha noma igatsha eliphethe. IRajiya Sabhaha, njengeNdlu yePhalamende, isebenzisa ithonya elicacile neliwujuqu futhi ngokuvamile eliwujuqu emithethweni elawula umsebenzi wezentengiselwano wezwe lonke. Nakuba iRajiya Sabhaha ivame ukuxoxwa ngomongozelo kahulumeni noma njengegumbi lokusekela inqubo yokulungisa ibhizinisi, izivumelwano zokuqinisekisa izivumelwano, nomthetho wezentengiselwano ofanelwe ukuhlolisiswa kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela i-Rajiya Sabba esebenza ngayo imithetho engokomthetho, imisebenzi yekomiti, nempucuko elawulayo ehlangene ngayo ngokuqondile i-Ndiya nezimakethengiso zomhlaba wonke.

Izimiso Zomthetho - sisekelo: Isizathu Sokuba IRaje Sabha Izindaba Zohwebo

Igunya likaRaje Sabra ezindabeni zohwebo lisuka ku-245-255 yoMthetho-sisekelo, ochaza amandla ePhalamende okumisa izivumelwano ezisekuHlwini lwe-Union, kuhlanganise “ukuhwebelana ngezindawo nezohwebo” (imisebenzi engu-41) kanye ne-“imisebenzi yemisebenzi” (isivumelwano 83). Ngokungafani ne-Lok Sabha, i-Rajiya Sabba ayikhonzi ukudishwa, inika ukuqhubekela phambili okuvumela ukuhlolwa okujulile kwezibopho zezokuhweba isikhathi eside. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 253, iPhalamende lingamisa imithetho yokusebenzisa izivumelwano nezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke, kodwa ukumiswa okunjalo kudinga ukuvunyelwa kwazo zombili izindlu. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi umsebenzi we-Rajayabahabha esazi sezentengweni yezohwebo enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu.

Izivumelwano Zamazwe Ngamazwe Ezizulazula: Indima Yokugcina Isango LeRaje Sabha

Enye yezingamandla kakhulu − futhi engaqondwa kakhulu − imisebenzi yeRajiya Sabha iyindima yayo ekuvumeni izivumelwano zezizwe zonke nezivumelwano ezithinta ukuhwebelana. Igatsha eliphetheyo lixoxa ngezivumelwano nezimpawu, kodwa lezo ezidinga ushintsho kumthetho wasekhaya noma ukuphoqelela izibopho zemali kumelwe zigunyazwe yiPhalamende. IRajiya Sabhaha, emelela izithakazelo zezwe, ngokuvamile iletha izimo zezomnotho etafuleni. Ngokwesibonelo, isivumelwano sezohwebo esizuzisa amatheku asebusweni kodwa izifundazwe ezisezweni ezisezweni ezingase-uni.

Ukuhlola Icala: Izivumelwano Zenkululeko Yokuhweba Nokucusumbula KwePhalamende

Indlela ye-Indiya yokuhlola i-Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) ne-ASEAN, eNingizimu Korea, eJapane, futhi muva nje, iveza lokhu okunamandla. Nakuba i-Lok Sabhaha ingadlulisa umthetho ngenani layo, i-Rajiya Sabhaha iveza izindleko ezifihliwe noma ukungalingani kwe-metal Committee. Ngo-20222, i-Palameral Stance Committee on Commerce, ebekwe ilungu le-Rajaya Sabhaha, yakhipha umbiko ngemithetho ye-FTA , iqokomisa imingcele yemvelaphi nemingcele yezemboni yezemboni yomphakathi. Imibiko enjalo, nakuba ingabophezi, umbono womphakathi nezenzo zezezezembutho. Ngokufanayo, i-Rajiya Shabab e-UAhene yenkulumo ye-E - Komiti yezezomnotho (iMeline) eveza i-Admentssss (ementment 20222) e-evision.

Ukuze uthole ukubukezwa okuningiliziwe kwendlela yokwenza isivumelwano saseNdiya esebenza ngayo, bheka i-Uministry of External Affairs [[FLT: 0] ye-India’s Ministry of Affairs on the contrification [[FLT: 1].

IRaje Sabra NeMidlalo Yezohwebo Ehlukahlukene

Izivumelwano ze-Indiya eMhlanganweni we-World Trade Organization (WTO) zidinga futhi ukusekelwa kwemithetho yasekhaya. I-Rajiya Sabhaha iye yaphikisana nezikweletu eziningana zeWTO ezihlobene nemali, kuhlanganise nalezo zezentengiselwano, amalungelo empahla, nezimali zokukhokhela ezolimo. Ngo-2017, iRajiya Sabba Sabha wadlulisa i-Calstomment Act (Isivumelwano) Bill ukuze avumelane ne-Tractiation Actal ye-WTO progree", kodwa ngemva kwengxoxo ebanzi ngemiphumela yabahwebi abambalwa namasiko. Ikhono le Home lokufuna i-Rommarkby-bycause liqinisekisa ukuthi izibopho zokuhlolwa zezizwe zonke azikhonzi ngaphandle kwemiphumela ephelele.

Ukuchitha Imithetho Yezentengiselwano Zasekhaya Ukuze Kuhlaselwe Imbulunga Yonke

Ngaphandle kwesivumelwano esivunyiwe, iRaje Sabra ihlela ngokuzikhandla isisekelo somthetho wasekhaya esisekela ukuhwebelana kwezizwe zonke. Imithetho eyisisekelo − njenge-Croms Act, i-Formas Treade (Izikhundla Zomphakathi Nezivumelwano), kanye ne-Peocratic Zonements Act (i-Promment ne-Reacemon Zones) Act (i-R.)

Imithetho Nemithetho Yamasiko

Amajaji ayithuluzi eliyinhloko lenkambiso yezentengiselwano, futhi noma iziphi izinguquko ezisemicimbini yezentengiselwano zidinga ukulungiswa kwemithetho. IRaje Sabha iphikisana njalo ngezikweletu zamasiko, igxile ekuhlohlaneni kwemali, ithonya ekukhiqizeni kwasekhaya, kanye nemithwalo egunyaza abangenisi. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nokudluliswa kwe-Bill yezeMali, 2023, u-Rajiya Sabhaha amalungu athutha izinguquko ukuze anciphise imisebenzi enzima emshinini wezobuchwepheshe efuna i-software ye-sorrow",a kamuva yathonya ukuhweba kwamandla okuvuseNdiya okuvuselela. Indlu Yokukhetha amaKomiti eMithelo (Amement) Bill, 2021, futhi ilungiselela iqophelo leze ubufakazi obukhona, iholele ekusebenziseni okwengeziwe ekukhisweni kwemisebenzi enciphekayo.

Izindawo Ezikhethekile Zezomnotho (Izi - ZEZ) Nokugqugquzelwa Kwamazwe Athunyelwa Ngezwe

I-Special Zones Act, 2005, ebusa izikhungo ze-Indiya ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, yadluliswa ngemva kwezimpikiswano ezishubile kuzo zombili i Houses. I-Raje Sabha, ikakhulukazi, yacindezela ukuba ivikelelwe ekutholeni indawo, amalungelo omsebenzi, kanye nokuhlanganyela kwezimali phakathi kwezizwe. Ukulungisa i-SEZ Act kwadinga ukuvunyelwa kweSigraya Sabhaha eMntla House, ivumela amalungu ezifundazweni ezinjengoMaharashtra noTamil Nadu ukuba alwele izisusa zezwe. Namuhla, noma isiphi isimiso esisha se-SEZ noma isigwebo sentela sokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe sisabhekene-Rajiya Sabbaha ukuhlolwa, ebonisa ithonya lendlu elihlalayo ekuthulweni kwemithetho ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.

Amalungelo Nezohwebo Ezinhle

Imithetho efundekayo ithinta ngokuqondile ukuthengwa kwemithi, i-software, nezimpahla zokwakha. I-Raje Sabha iphikisana ngezikweletu ze-IP eziningi, kuhlanganise ne-Patents (Amendment) Act ne-Copyright (Amendment) Act. Ngo-2020, i-Rajiya Sabba’s Servince’s Committee ehlangene nezenterment ihlola ithonya lemithetho ye-IP eziboshweni zezokuhwebelana ngaphansi kwe-WTO’STIPS Requence. I batusakutusa kwayo ukuqinisa amalungiselelo aphonsiko kuthathwe ngokwengxenye, kubonisa indlela i-Umnyango we-Opper Home ehlo engahlolela ngayo ezimthethwe yi-IP. Ukuhambela kakhulu kwe-IP, ukuvakashela i-Indiya [FL:] i-Patenty Officet [F]

Amakomiti Okuhlola Umthetho Wezohwebo

Isimiso sekomiti kaRaje Sabra mhlawumbe siyithuluzi layo elinamandla kakhulu lokuthonya imithetho yezohwebo. Ngokungafani neLok Sabhaha, lapho amakomiti engase abuswe amalungu eqembu elibusayo, amakomiti eRaje Sabha avame ukuba namalungu anwebekile ahlukene futhi abe yizigebengu. Amakomiti abalulekile ahlanganisa:

  • Inkampani ehlangene nePhalamende e-Octive Committee on Commerce: Ibukeza izikweletu ezihlobene nebhizinisi, ukuhlola imfuno yemali efunwa yiNkonzo yezentengiselwano, futhi ilungise imibiko ngezindaba zezentengiselwano. Amalungu ahlanganisa abameleli abavela emazweni anezikhungo ezinkulu, izikhungo ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, kanye namabhande okukhiqiza.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Committee on Affairs and Defence: Izivumelwano ze-Scritimes ezinezingxenye zokuvikela ukuhweba, njengezivumelwano zokuthola izikhali noma ama-pactal okuhwebelana ngezikhali.
  • Khetha amaKomiti eTrest Bills: Amiselwe intela ethile (umzk., i-Trade Marks Bill, 2022), lamakomiti amema abafaki bezimali futhi athumele izikhokhelo ezinemininingwane.

Indlela Imibiko Yekomiti Ethonya Ngayo Umthetho

Isibonelo esiphawulekayo umbiko ka-2021 we-Parliary Stavince Committee on Commerce on the Customs (Amendment) Bill. Ikomiti, ephethwe yilungu leRaje Sabba, itusa ukwandisa incazelo yencazelo “yabantu abahlobene” ekudluliseleni imithetho e-price ukuze ivumelane neziqondiso ze-OECD. Uhulumeni wamukela ukutuswa, futhi ukubuyiselwa kwafakwa emthethweni wokugcina. Izibonelo ezinjalo zibonisa ukuthi ithonya lika-Rajiya Sabbaha alikho nje ithonya le-procetura kodwa liyi-ocentificial.

Funda okwengeziwe ngendima yamakomiti ephalamende e- Raja Sabba Sabha esemthethweni.[[FLT: 1]

Izimpikiswano, Izinqumo, Namandla Okulibala

Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 107 soMthetho-sisekelo, isikweleti singasungulwa kunoma yimuphi u-Rajiya Sabha kuqala. Ngisho noma izikweleti zisuka eLok Sabha, iRajiya Sabha izindleko ezihlobene neMali ezingahlukaniswanga ngokuthi iMa Bills (umz., ukubuyiselwa kwe-Formark Act, SEZ Act) zingasungulwa eRajiya Sabha. Ngisho nalapho izikweletu zingaba zingenwa ngezinyanga eziyisithupha (noma njalo, uma kukhona ukufa okungalawuleki). Lokhu kuphoqelela ukuba uhulumeni ukuba uxoxe, ikakhulukazi uma iqembu elibusayo lingenayo enkulu eMnyango.

Izibonelo Zeziphendu Zemithetho Yezohwebo ZeRaje Sabra

Ngo-2019, phakathi nokudlula kweSichibiyelo sohwebo saseMazweni Angaphandle (ISiphendulo neSivumo) uBill, iRaje Sabba wasusa izijeziso eziqinile zokufaka izijeziso zokuphamba ngokuthumela kwamanye amazwe futhi wagunyaza ukubukezwa kwamasu athuthukisiwe kwezinhlelo zokuhweba ngokwezimali njalo eminyakeni emithathu. Uhulumeni wakwamukela lokhu kulungisa ngemva kokumiswa kwesikhashana. Ngokufanayo, i-Rajiya Sappa Sabha ukuphikelela ekufakeni isigqebheko sokushona kwelanga eMthethweni weTaxiwa (Amendment) Act, 2021 [i] Intengo yentela encishisiwe ngokusemthethweni ezinkampanini zakwamanye amazwe. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi u-Rajaya Sabbaha amperandmentsments (intement) ayiyona intengo yeze ngokomthetho; ayiziwomthetho.

“ Ukwehlukanisa” Engxoxweni Yezohwebo

I-Raje Sabba yaqanjwa yizifemu ze-Rajiya Sabra. Amalungu akhethwe yimihlangano yezomthetho yezwe namalungu afinyelela ku-12 asemasimini anjengezincwadi, isayensi, nenkonzo yezenhlalo . aletha inqolobane yobuchwepheshe ezimpikiswaneni zezohwebo. I-Rajiya Sabba Saba ekwazi ukuhwebelana amaqembu akhona akhona phakathi nezingxoxo zezentengiselwano, izazi zezomnotho, nabaholi bezemboni. Lobu buchwepheshe bukhona phakathi nezingxoxo ezimayelana nezincwadi zomthetho, ukuthumela izimali, nokukhipha isinqumo. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nengxoxo ye Innconpencyncyny and Bankruptic Code (IBC) (IC) i-mendement ehlobene nobubanzi be-menualment, u-Rajiya Shabhaha amalungu ezinde ezisekelwe ezisekelwenisweni ezisemthethweni ezisemthethweni ezisemthethweni ezingosini zomthetho ezingaphandle zomthetho ezingaphandle.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: Raje Sabha vs. Lok Sabha in Trade Legislation

Nakuba i-Lok Sabha ivame ukuqhuba indlela yomthetho wokuhwebelana, i-Rajiya Sabba isebenza njengegumbi lokucwengisisa. Ithebula 1 (ayikhonjiwe ku-HTML, kodwa ichazwe) liqhathanisa izindima zabo: i-Lok Sabba iqala izinyathelo zokukhokhela imali kodwa ingatusa izinsolo, i-Lok Sabaha engazimukela noma inqabe. Ngokuvamile, uhulumeni u-Rajiya Sabra ufaka ukusikisela okungagunyaza-Monel Bill akhawunti, ukuvuma, nokuhlola isikhathi eside. I-Rajiya Sabba ayikwazi ukulahla i-Money Bills kodwa ingenza i-mendspending, okungase kwamukele noma kwenqandwe. Ngokuvamile, uhulumeni u-Rajaya Sabra ufaka ukusikisela kokungalay'ifa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isici esihlala njalo seRajiya Sabra sisho ukuthi siphatha umthetho wezohwebo phakathi nezindawo zokuhlalisana noma ngemva kokuphela kweLok Sabha, siqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nonyaka ka 2019-2024 REVUM ngemva kokudilika kwe-17 kweLok Sabhaha, iRajiya Sabhaha yaqhubeka iphikisana ngeMicimbi ye-Cooperative Societine (Izimo Zomphakathi Eziningi) Bill, eyathinta ukubambisana kwezolimo. Lokhu kuqhubekela kubaluleke kakhulu emithethweni yezentengiselwano edinga izimpawu ezivumelanayo.

Izinselele Neziqondiso Zamanje

Ukulinganisela Ubukhosi Nokuzimela Kwembulunga Yonke

Ithonya likaRaje Sabra libonakala kakhulu lapho imithetho yezohwebo ithinta izindaba ezibucayi ezinjengokufakwa kwemininingwane yendawo, imithetho ye-ecommerce, kanye nokuvikelwa kokutshala imali. Imali yokuvikela ukwaziswa yomuntu siqu, okuxoxwa ngayo kuzo zombili ikhona, inemiphumela eqondile yokuhwebelana ngenxa yokuthi ithinta ukuncintisana kwe-memo-mkhawulo wemininingwane ye-data edlulayo kungena [1]a isidingo esiyinhloko sabenzi bezohwebo baseNdiya. Amakomiti eRajeya Sabba u-Sabba aye asunduzela amalungiselelo anamandla obukhosi bemininingwane, abonisa ukuqapha kwe-up House House nge-ceday ngokulawula i-digamential. Ngokufanayo, izimpikiswano ngo-Heltical India Act zihilela uRaj Sya Syahah ukuhlola izibonombhobo zokuhweba e-Wtotic Concement ku-Ecomme.

Isivumelwano Sokusakaza

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi inqubo yesivumelwano se-Raje Sabba ayisheshi kakhulu, ibambezela ikhono le-Indiya lokusayina nokusebenzisa izivumelwano ngokushesha. Ekuphenduleni, uhulumeni uye wazama “ukuhlola iphalamende langaphambi kwe-athoriation,” emema amalungu eRajiya Sabba ukuba abhale i-fushane ngaphambi kokuba kuqale izinkulumo ze-FTA. Lokhu kuvumela i-Upper House ukuba ifake ngokushesha ngaphandle kokuphoqelela izingxoxo. Inqubo engokomthetho, mhlawumbe ngeKomiti Yesivumelwano, ingaqhubeka ilandela inqubo lapho ivikela i-Rajiya Sabra.

Ukuvula Ithuba Lokubona Kahle

Enye indawo ethuthukisayo ukutholakala komphakathi kwe-Rajiya Sabbaariat yekomiti yezohwebo. Nakuba imibiko ikhishwa kuyi-website, ukutusa kwabo kuvame ukugqitshwa nge-messace. Ukufinyezwa nokusakazwa okukhulu kungasiza amabhizinisi nama-gotiator athengiselaneyo ukuba aqonde injongo yomthetho wezohwebo. IRajiya Sabbariat ithathe izinyathelo zokuthuthukisa ukufinyelela kwemishini, kodwa okuningi kungenziwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iminikelo yendlu iqondwa kabanzi. Ikomiti yamanje iRajiya Sabra Sabra ibika, vakashela [[[FLT:] Rayman Komiti ye-S.[FRABRAB Stock]

Isiphetho: Indlu Ephakeme Njengeankile Elawula Uhwebo

Ithonya le-Rajiya Sabra eMthethweni wezwe lonke wezohwebo nezohwebo laseNdiya lidlulela ngalé kwesithombe esithandwayo segumbi eliphinde lavuselelwa. Kusukela ekuhlolweni kwe-FTAs kuya ekunqamuleni amasiko, kusukela ezimisweni ze-SEZ kuya ku-IP , iNdlu yeNdlu ihlela isimiso esingokomthetho esilawula ukuhlangana kwezezomnotho zembulunga yonke yaseNdiya. Isimiso sayo sekomiti sinikeza ukujula kokuhlaziya; impucuko yaso yempikiswano iqinisekisa ukuthi kuzwakala amazwi ahlukene ezifunda nangochwepheshe bezentengiselwano-ma. Njengoba i-Indiya ixoxa ngezindlela ezintsha zokuhweba nokuthumela amaqhinga ayo, i-Rajya Sabba ihlala ingumdwebi wezezezohwebi wezentengiselwano.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngenqubo yokuklama yezohwebo yaseNdiya, bheka i- Thurtry of Information and Industrucment kanye ne-[FLT]'s le-Indiya'.