Umqondo wamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo uyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, oklanyelwe ukuvikela abantu ekuziphatheni ngokwentando yeningi nasekulondolozeni ukuzibusa komuntu siqu. Nokho lamalungelo awavamile ukuphelela; akhona ezimpikiswaneni ezihlangene njengenhlalayenzalele, ukulondeka komphakathi, ukuhleleka kwesizwe, nokuhleleka kwezenhlalo. Amalungelo omthetho athola igunya lawo encwadini ephakeme engokomthetho, kodwa amandla awo nokusebenza kwawo ahlala enziwa ngencazelo yomthetho, izenzo zomthetho, nenguquko yezemidalo. Ukuqonda kokubili inzuzo yalamalungelo amalungelo omphakathi nemingcele engokomthetho ebekwe kuwo kubalulekile kochwepheshe bezomthetho, abahleli bemithetho, abahleli bezakhamuzi, futhi ababo bonke abantu. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okubanzi kwamalungelo omthetho kanye nokulinganiselwa kwabo, ukuhlola izigaba zabo, izigaba zabo, izigaba, izigaba, nezinkonzo ezingokoqobo.

Isisekelo Samalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo afakwa kumthetho-sisekelo wesizwe futhi asebenza njengesiqinisekiso esigunyaziwe ngokumelene nohulumeni ophathwe kabi. Nakuba okuqukethwe kuyehluka kwezinye izifundazwe, lamalungelo ngokuvamile ahlose ukuvikela izithakazelo ezisemqoka zabantu, njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, umkhuba wenkolo, ukuhlangana, nokulunga komthetho-mthetho osemthethweni. Ukubekwa kwamalungelo emthetho-mthetho kusemthethweni ophakeme obopha wonke amagatsha kahulumeni, akha uhlelo okumelwe lusebenze ngalo.

Imithombo Yamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo avame ukuvela enhlanganiseleni yemibhalo engokomlando, izimpi zokuvukela, kanye nemibono yefilosofi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United States Bill of Rights (1791) yathola okukhulu emthethweni wesiNgisi ovamile nongqondo abakhanyiselweyo njengoJohn Locke. Ngokufanayo, uDeclaration of the Rights of Man and the Stocktizes [179] [izimiso zenkululeko, impahla, nokumelana nokucindezela. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, imithetho eminingi ihlanganisa izimiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, njengaleyo ese Universaltic Declaractal of Human Rights [[FLT]]], yenza uhlelo olungokomthetho oluhlangene.

Ibhalwe ama-v. Imithetho-sisekelo engabhalwanga

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo angahlanganiswa encwadini eyodwa ebhaliwe (njengase-United States, eJalimane, noma eNdiya) noma ethathwe enhlanganiseleni yezimiso, izandulela zezehlulelo, nemihlangano (njengaseUnited Kingdom nase-New Zealand). Imithetho ebhalweyo ngokuvamile inikeza isivikelo esiqinile ngokwenza ukulungisa kube nzima, kuyilapho amasiko angabhaliwe evumela ukuvumelana ngokwengeziwe kodwa angashiya amalungelo esengozini kakhulu ekungeneleni kwemithetho.

Izinhlobo Zamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Izazi ezingokomthetho ngokuvamile zihlukanisa amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo ngezigaba eziningana ezilandelanayo:

  • Inkululeko engokwezimo: Lena ibalulekile ekuhloniphekeni kobuntu nasekukhuleni komuntu siqu, njengelungelo lokuphila, inkululeko ekuhlukunyezweni, nenkululeko yokucabanga. Ngokuvamile bathola izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lesivikelo sokwahlulela.
  • Amalungelo e-Civil:[ avikela abantu ekucwaseni futhi aqinisekisa ukuphathwa okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, kuhlanganise namalungelo okuvota, ukungena ezindaweni zomphakathi zokulala, nenqubo efanele ezindabeni zomphakathi nezezigebengu.
  • [ Amalungelo angokobuProlithi:[ Amalungelo enza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuthatha iqhaza ekubusweni kwezwe lazo, njengelungelo lokuvota, ukubalekela isikhundla, futhi ukwakha izinxulumano zezombangazwe.
  • Economic and Social Rights: Itholakale kweminye imithetho-sisekelo (umz., iNingizimu Afrika, iNdiya), le mithetho iqinisekisa ukutholakala kwezindlu, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, imfundo, nemibandela yemisebenzi elungile.

Ngokwesibonelo, amalungelo ezombangazwe angase alinganiselwe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhwabanisa kwevota, kuyilapho amalungelo ezomnotho engase alinganiselwe ngenxa yokuvinjelwa kwemithetho.

Izimiso Ezilawulayo Ziyalinganiselwa Elungelweni Lomthetho - sisekelo

Umqondo wokuthi amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo angalinganiselwa awuyona into entsha noma edala inkinga. Indaba iwukulunga nobukhulu bomngcele. Izimiso zomthetho ziye zasungula isimiso sezimiso ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imingcele ihlala isesilinganisweni, idingekile, futhi ihambisana nomthetho.

Ukulinganisela Ukuhlolwa Nokuhlola

Izinkantolo zivame ukusebenzisa ukuhlolwa okucubunguliwe ukuze zihlole ukuthi umngcele welungelo lomthetho - sisekelo uvumelekile yini.

  • Scrutiny: Isebenziselwe kumalungelo ayisisekelo (umzk., inkululeko yokukhuluma, ukuzivivinya okungokwenkolo, ukuzifihla) nokusola izigaba (umz., umjaho). Uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi umngcele ufeza isithakazelo esiphoqelelwe sikahulumeni futhi uhloselwe ukufinyelela lesosithakazelo.
  • I-Scrutiny ephakathi: isetshenziselwa amalungelo anjengokulingana kwabesilisa nabesifazane noma inkulumo yezentengiselwano. Isithiyo kumele sihlobene kakhulu nomgomo kahulumeni obalulekile.
  • Rational Basiss Review: Isetshenziswa ezimisweni eziningi zezomnotho nezezenhlalo. Ukunciphisa kudinga ukuhlobana kuphela nenjongo kahulumeni esemthethweni.

Lokhu kuhlola kwakha uhlelo lokuhlola kokwahlulela, kuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo awathathi kalula. Ngokwesibonelo, ku [FLT][[FLT]] New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen[FLT] [2022], iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ibambelele ekuthi imithetho yokulawula izibhamu ivumelana nesiko elingokomlando lemithetho yezikhali, isebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo indlela yokuhlola ngokuqinile i-Impompele.

Ukuhlaziya Okutholakalayo

Ezimisweni eziningi zomthetho ngaphandle kweUnited States, ikakhulukazi eCanada, eJalimane, nase - European Court of Human Rights, ukulinganisela kuyindlela evelele yokuhlola ukulinganiselwa kwamalungelo. Ngalendlela, inkantolo ibuza imibuzo emine:

  1. Ingabe umthetho ulinganisela?
  2. Ingabe uphishekela umgomo ofanele nocindezelayo?
  3. Ingabe kuhlobene ngokunengqondo nalowomgomo?
  4. Ingabe idingekile, uma kushiwo ukuthi kukhona enye indlela evimbelayo?
  5. Ingabe kulinganisela ngokusesilinganisweni phakathi kwamalungelo omuntu nezithakazelo zomphakathi?

Lokhu kuhlola okuhlelwe kahle kuvumela izahlulelo eziqondanayo ezihlonipha kokubili amalungelo nenhlalakahle yezizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, R. v. Oakes (1986), iNkantolo ePhakeme yaseCanada yamisa ukuhlolwa kokulingana ngaphansi kweSiqendu 1 seSiphakamiso samalungelo nenkululeko saseCanada, ifuna uhulumeni ukuba athethelele noma imuphi umngcele wamalungelo eCharter.

Ukubekezelelwa Okuvamile Kokulinganiselwa

Ohulumeni bawabekela njalo imingcele amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo ngenxa yalezi zizathu ezilandelayo:

  • Ukuphepha nohlelo: Inkulumo ebangela ubudlova ingajeziswa; imihlangano evimbela izinkonzo eziphuthumayo ingasakazeka.
  • Ukulondeka kwesizwe: ulwazi oluyisigaba lungagodlwa ekuthululweni komphakathi; izinhlelo zokuhlola zingagunyazwa.
  • [ Ukuziphatha okungathandeki: imithetho eqinile ivimbela izinto ezicacisiwe ngobulili; ukugembula nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ngokuvamile kuyanqatshelwa.
  • [ Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abanye:[ imithetho enqabelayo ivikela idumela; ukuvinjelwa kokukhuluma ngenzondo kuvimbela ukulimala kobandlululo.
  • Impilo ephelele: Imithetho ye-Vaccine kanye neyadi yokuhlukanisa ingaphazamisa ukuzimela komzimba kanye nokuhamba ngokukhululekile.

Ngokwesibonelo, ukuvinjelwa ngokuphelele kwayo yonke imibhikisho yezombangazwe cishe akunakwenzeka ukuba kuqhubeke kuhlolwa, kuyilapho kungase kusekelwe imingcele yomsindo ehlelwe ngokucophelela eduze nezibhedlela.

Ukuziphendukela Ngokomlando Kwamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Nemingcele Yawo

Ukuqondwa kwanamuhla kwamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo kwabangelwa ukulwa kwezombangazwe, impikiswano yefilosofi, nokuthuthuka kwemithetho.

Ukusuka EMagna Carta Kuya Ekukhanyiselweni

Izimpande zamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo zingalandelelwa ku- Magna Carta [1215], eyamisa ukuthi inkosi yayingaphansi komthetho futhi yaqashelwa amalungelo afanele kubantu abakhululekile. Lemiqondo yaseNgilandi ye-Lill of Rights (1689) yathonya ngokuqondile izikhulu zobukhosi kanye nokuvikelwa kwenkulumo nesicelo sephalamende. Phakathi kokukhanyiselwa, izazi zefilosofi ezinjenge-John Locke zathi abantu banelungelo elingokwemvelo lokuphila, inkululeko, nempahla uhulumeni ongenakuyiphikisa ngokungenamdlanganiso. Lemiqondo yathonya ngokuqondile inguquko yaseMelika naseFrance kanye nokusungulwa kwemithetho engokomthetho.

Intuthuko yamashumi amabili nanhlalo

Unya lweMpi Yezwe II lwabangela ukuwabeka kabusha amalungelo abantu. ISimemezelo somhlaba Wonke samalungelo abantu (1948) samisa indinganiso yomhlaba wonke, kuyilapho izizwe eziningi zafaka amalungelo amakhulu kakhulu emithethweni yazo. UMthetho weSisekelo waseJalimane (1949) wabeka isithunzi somuntu esisemqoka futhi wamisa iNkantolo enamandla yeFederal Constitution ukuze iphoqelele amalungelo abantu. INhlangano yaseYurophu elwela amalungelo abantu (1950) yakha inkantolo yesizwe evumela abantu ukuba baphikise izenzo zikahulumeni.

Izinselele Zanamuhla

Namuhla, amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo abhekene nezingcindezi ezintsha ezibangelwa ukushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, ubuphekula, nezinkinga zempilo yembulunga yonke. Ukuhlola kwezemishini, ukwenza izinqumo ze-algorith, nemithetho yezezokuxhumana kuphakamisa imibuzo emisha ngokuphathelene nobukhulu bezindaba zomuntu siqu nenkululeko. Izinkantolo zicelwa ngokwandayo ukuba zilinganisele ukulondeka kwesizwe ngokumelene nokubonakala kwangaphandle, futhi impilo yomphakathi ngokumelene nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Umqedazwelo we-COVID wavivinya imingcele yamalungelo amaningi, kuhlanganise nenkululeko yokuhamba, ingqungquthela, nenkolo, okuholela ekuncipheni kwenkululeko yokubonana kwenkululeko emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuhlanekezelwa Kwamalungelo Nokulinganiselwa Kwabantu

Imibono engokomthetho ngamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo iphakanyiswa ngokujulile izimpikiswano zefilosofi ngokuphathelene nesimo sobulungisa, inkululeko, nendima kahulumeni.

Umthetho Wemvelo Uphikisana Nomthetho Ongokomthetho

Izazi zomthetho wemvelo, njengoThomas Aquinas noJohn Finnis, baphikisa ngokuthi amalungelo athile angokwemvelo kubantu futhi ayandulela noma yimuphi umthetho obhaliwe. Kubo, umthetho ophula amalungelo ayisisekelo awuwona ngempela umthetho futhi awunalo igunya lokuziphatha. Abaholi abangokomthetho, balandela uH.L.A. Hart, baphikisa ngokuthi amalungelo akhona kuphela ngokubekwa kwegunya elingokomthetho; akukho ukuhlobana okudingekile phakathi komthetho nokuziphatha. Lo mehluko unemiphumela esebenzayo: abalandeli bomthetho wemvelo bangazimisele kakhulu ukuphula imithetho ecasula izimiso zokuziphatha ezijulile, kuyilapho i-posivisss ithambekele ekulaleleni izahlulelo zomthetho phakathi komthetho womthetho.

Ukuzimela Nokugxeka Kwako

Abaqondisi benkululeko yokukhuluma njengoJohn Stuart Mill basekela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye njengenzuzo ephakeme kakhulu yezombangazwe, bephikisa ngokudume ngokuthi okuwukuphela kwesizathu sokuvimbela inkulumo ukuthi ukugwema ukulimala okuqondile kwabanye. Lokhu kulimaza kusenethonya ekwakheni inkululeko yokukhuluma. Abagxeki besiko lobuhlanga nabezikhulu baphikisa ukuthi ukukhululeka kugcizelela ukuzibusa komuntu siqu ngokulahlekelwa komphakathi, ubuhlobo, namaqembu angenamdlandla. Lezimpikiswano ziveza indlela izinkantolo ezilinganisela ngayo amalungelo ngokumelene nezinzuzo ezihlangene, njengokulingana kwezinhlanga noma impilo yomphakathi.

Imibono Yokulahlwa

Ronald Dworkin wachaza amalungelo adumile ngokuthi "izicubu" ezidlula izintando ezinkulu ezimweni eziningi. Ngaphansi kwalombono, izinkantolo kufanele zivikele amalungelo ngamandla, ngisho nangaphandle kombono othandwayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abacuphi baphikisa ngokuthi amajaji kufanele agweme imithetho ebanzi futhi esikhundleni sawo anqume amacala ngokuncane, ashiye indawo yokuhlola intando yeningi. Ukukhetha phakathi kwalezi zinqubo ukuthi amathonya angayisekela yini imingcele yamalungelo noma awehlise.

Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Enquboni: Ukuhlola Icala

Ukuhlola izindaba eziphawulekayo kwembula indlela izimiso ezingabonakali ezisetshenziswa ngayo ezimpikiswaneni ezingokoqobo, ngokuvamile ezinemiphumela efinyelela kude emphakathini.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma: Kusukela eSchenc kuya eBrandenburg

Scheck v. United States (1919), uMahluleli Oliver Wendell Holmes wacacisa "ukuhlolwa okucacile nokukhona", esekela ukuqiniseka komuntu owasakaza amapheshana amelene nenqubo phakathi neMpi Yezwe I. Amashumi eminyaka kamuva, [[FLT:] Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969], iNkantolo Ephakeme yamukela indinganiso yenkulumo evikelayo, iphethe ukuthi ukukhuthaza ubudlova kungajeziswa kuphela uma kuqondiswe ukukhuthaza isenzo sokungalungisi okuseduze futhi ngokunokwenzeka kuphumelele. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi imingcele yomthetho ihlelwe kanjani ngezinguquko zefilosofi nefilosofi.

Ukuba Wedwa Namalungelo Okuzala

Ilungelo lokuvimbela ukuvimbela inzalo, nakuba lingashiwonga ngokucacile eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., laqashelwa ku- Griswold v.Connecticut (65]), elaqeda ukuvinjelwa kokuvimbela ukuvimbela inzalo. Lendaba yabeka isisekelo senhlangano ye . [[FLT:][FLT]] [62] [7]] [77]), ibambe ukuthi umthetho wecala wecala lihlanganisa isinqumo sowesifazane sokuqeda ukukhulelwa. Nokho, [[FLT:], kulokhu kungenziwa ngisho nokushintsha. [indlela yokukhipha izisuselwa]. [iKlomendo].[FLT][FLD:2] [202], iNkakhululuk'umthetho [FT] [F] [F] [F]

Inkululeko engokwenkolo njsw. Imithetho yokulwa nokungavumelani

Izimpi phakathi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo namalungelo omphakathi ziye zaveza izenzakalo ezibalulekile. KuMastercances Mathop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (2018), iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi umbhaki owenqaba ukwakha ikhekhe lomshado ukuze enze umbhangqwana ofanayo ongowesilisa unelungelo lokwenza izinqumo ezingathathi hlangothi, kodwa washiya udaba olubanzi lokuthi ukuthi amakholwa angakhulula yini emithethweni yendawo yokuhlala. Lezi zinkantolo ziphoqelela ukulinganisela ukusetshenziswa kwenkolo ngesihle ngokumelene nokuzinikela komphakathi ekuphathweni okulinganayo.

Imibono Eqhathaniswa Nomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqhathanisa izimiso ezihlukene zomthetho kuveza ezinye izindlela zokuxazulula ukungezwani phakathi kwenkululeko negunya.

I-United States: Isibonelo samalungelo abantu esingene ngaphakathi

Indlela yaseMelika ibeka amalungelo abantu kuqala futhi ngokuvamile isebenzisa imithetho elandelanayo (isib., isivikelo ku "impinda yamagama" v. "inkulumo engokombangazwe""). Ukulinganiselwa kuvame ukuboniswa njengokungalinganiswa nje okuvamile. Ngokwesibonelo, isigqebhezana seSichibiyeli Sokuqala sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile, sivikela uhide olubanzi lwenkulumo, futhi imingcele icubungulwa ngokuqinile.

ECanada: I - Charter of Rights ene - Claus Elinganiselwe

Ingxenye 1 ye-Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ivumela ngokucacile "imingcele enjalo enengqondo emiswe umthetho njengaleyo engathethelelwa ngokunamandla emphakathini okhululekile nowentando yeningi" lolulimi olugunyaziwe lumema izinkantolo ukuba zisebenzise ukuhlaziywa kohlelo, njengoba kusungulwe R. v. Omakes. Abahluleli base-Canada bazimisele kakhulu kunabantu baseMelika ukucabangela izithakazelo ezihlangene, njengokulingana, lapho belinganisela amalungelo.

IJalimane: Isithunzi Sesintu Njengemingcele Ephelele

ISici esiyisisekelo soMthetho waseJalimane sibeka isithunzi somuntu ngaphezu kwanoma yikuphi ukulinganiselwa. Amanye amalungelo, njengenkululeko yokuveza nokukhulekela, angalinganiselwa kodwa kuphela ngomthetho ohlonipha "ukubekwa" kwelungelo. INkantolo ye-Federal Constitution isebenzisa ukuhlolwa okudinga ukulinganisela okucophelelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iJalimane ivumela imithetho yenzondo engase ibhuntshwe ngaphansi kwe-U.S. Isibuyekezo sokuqala, ebonisa ukuvumelana okuhlukile kwezenhlalo ngemingcele yokubekezelelana.

Izicelo Ezingokoqobo Zochwepheshe Nezakhamuzi Ezingokomthetho

Ukuqonda amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo nokulinganiselwa kwawo akuyona nje indlela yokufunda, kodwa kunemiphumela eqondile ngendlela abameli abaphikisana ngayo nangamalungelo abo angokomthetho, indlela abawanquma ngayo nendlela izakhamuzi eziwasebenzisa ngayo.

Kubantu Abaqagela Ngokomthetho

Ama-athorney kumelwe abe nolwazi ekuboneni izinga elifanele lokuhlola, ukuhlela ubufakazi benhloso yomthetho, nokufushanisa izimpikiswano ezinikeza isiqinisekiso sokulunga kombuso sokuwalinganisela. Ezikhundleni ezisebenzisa ukuhleleka, abameli kufanele bakulungele ukubonisa ukuthi kukhona yini ezinye izindlela ezingaqinile.

Othisha Nabafundi

Ukufundisa umthetho - sisekelo kudinga ukuveza kokubili izifiso ezivelele zamalungelo kanye namaqiniso angcolile okusetshenziswa kwawo.Indlela yokuqondisa isikole isiza abafundi ukuba babone indlela izimiso ezifiphele ezisebenza ngayo emongweni oqondile, ukukhuthaza ukucabanga ngokugxeka imingcele yamandla okwahlulela nendima yengxoxo yentando yeningi.

Izakhamuzi

Ukwazi ukuthi amalungelo alinganiselwe ngokomthetho kusiza abantu ukuba baqonde ukuthi kungani imingcele ethile (ngokwesibonelo, imithetho ethile yomgwaqo, izimfuneko eziphoqelelayo) ivumelana nomphakathi okhululekile, kuyilapho abanye (isimo, ukuqapha okungenasisekelo, ukucwasa imibono) bengenjalo.

Isiphetho

Amalungelo oMthetho womthetho akha isisekelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye emiphakathini yentando yeningi, kodwa akhona phakathi kwesimiso sokulinganisela okudingekile. Inselele ehlala njalo ixhomeke ekutholeni ukulinganisela okulungile: ukuvikela inkululeko edingekile kuyilapho inakekela izidingo ezihlangene zokulondeka, ukuziphatha, nenhlalakahle yomphakathi. Izimiso zomthetho ziye zasungula amathuluzi ayinkimbinkimbi − kusukela ekuhlolweni okucubungula ukuhlelwa kwenkululeko (*) kodwa inqubo ihlala iphikiswana ngokwemvelo futhi ingaphansi kokushintsha. Njengoba izinhlangano ziguqula, kanjalo incazelo nemingcele yamalungelo omthetho. Ngokufaka ngokujulile kulemiqondo, singanezela ekuhlolweni okungokomthetho okuhlobana nokuhlolwa kokuhlaziya kokubili ukulinganisela okuhlonipheka − − − kodwa lenselele inselele ewujula.