Table of Contents

Ithonya Elihlala Njalo Lohulumeni Bendawo Ezombangazwe Zezizwe EJapane

Isimiso sezombangazwe saseJapane sivame ukuphawulwa ukubusa kweLiberal Democratic Party (LDP) ezweni nasemkhakheni wokuphatha ophakathi kwezwe. Nokho, lomfanekiso ophezulu owehlayo ufiphaza i-pane yekhono lezombangazwe elinamandla nelilandelanayo phakathi kohulumeni bendawo :(madolobheni, amadolobha, namadolobhana.) namaqembu esizwe ezombangazwe. Abaphathi bendawo eJapana aba nje amagumbi okulawula uhulumeni ophakathi; bayizindawo zokuhlola inqubo, amapulatifomu okusungula ikhono ezombangazwe, namapulatime okuveza umbono womphakathi ongabuyisela izinto eziza kuqala emapulatimendeni esizwe. Ukuqonda lo mzila ophansi wethonya lethonya lezwe. Ukuqonda indlela yokuzilawula, ukuhleleka kwezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimiso zezentengalabalazwe, izimiso zezimiso zezimiso zomthetho, izinhlangano zezindawo zomphakathi, izinqubo zomphakathi, nokulungisa, izinqubo zesizwe, izinqubo zesizwe.

Isimiso Somthetho - sisekelo Nesezomthetho Se - outonomy Yasendaweni

UMthetho-sisekelo waseJapane, owamiswa ngo-1947, uqinisekisa ngokucacile isimiso sokuzimela kwendawo. Isahluko VIII (Artles 92-95) simisa isisekelo esingokomthetho sokuzilawula izinhlangano zomphakathi zendawo, sizinika igunya lokuphatha izindaba zazo siqu, ukumisa imithetho, nokukhetha abaphathi bazo nemihlangano emikhulu. I-Local Autonomy Law (1950) ikhipha la malungiselelo, ichaza imisebenzi yezikhulu nonohlu lomphakathi ngokuthi “izinhlangano zomphakathi ezivamile zendawo.” Le ndawo engokomthetho inikeza ohulumeni bendawo inkululeko engavamile ewumbuso wenkululeko, futhi ivumela ukuba bazame ngemithetho ehlukeneyo engokomthetho.

Izigodlo Nezindawo Zohulumeni: Ukwehluka Kodwa Kunezindima Ezihlangene

Isakhiwo sendawo sokuphatha saseJapane sihlanganisa ama-patroli angamashumi amane nane (kuhlanganise nohulumeni we-Tokyo Metropolitan) kanye nomasipala angaba ngu-1,700. Izifunda zisingatha izindaba zesifunda ezibanzi − njengamaphoyisa, imfundo, nesisekelo sezakhiwo (nesikhathi sawo) lapho omasipala belawula izinkonzo zomphakathi ezinjengokulahlwa kwemfucumfucu, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo, nenhlala - kahle eyisisekelo. Naphezu kokuzilawula ngokusemthethweni, ohulumeni bendawo bahlala bethembele kakhulu ezivumelwaneni zikahulumeni eziphakathi kanye nasezinkokhisweni zentela, ezibangela ukungezwani phakathi kwezenzo zendawo kanye nokuncika kwemithetho yesizwe. Lokhu kungathi ithonya lendawo liyilapho kuvela khona ithonya lezindawo ezisemfazweniza ezombangazwe: lapho ohulumeni bendawo bephindisela izivumelwano zempikiswano yesizwe noma izinhlangano ezintsha.

Imishini Yethonya Lendawo Ezakhelwe Iqembu Lesizwe

Kunalokho, basebenzisa inhlanganisela yamathuluzi angokomthetho, ezombangazwe, nangokwezenhlalo ukuze bahlele izinhlelo zamaqembu esizwe.

Ukulinga Uhlelo Nokuhlukana

Enye yezinqubo ezinamandla kakhulu “umphumela wesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi”. Ohulumeni bendawo, ikakhulukazi labo abaholwa ababusi abafuna ukuguqula isimo noma amameya, bavame ukusebenzisa izimiso ezintsha ezikhuluma ngezidingo zendawo kodwa futhi zisebenza njengobufakazi bezinto ezifihlwayo. Uma lokhu kuhlolwa kuveza impumelelo enciphileyo − njengokuncishiswa kwegesi, ukuthuthukisa impilo, noma ukwaneliseka okukhulu kwezakhamuzi. Inqubo yokudazulula ingavela ngokomthetho, ngamakomiti ezimiso ahlola impumelelo yendawo, noma ngokwethukela, ngokuhlanganisa imithombo yezindaba ephakamisa ukuvelela kwesizwe.

Ukubolekisa Nokuphanga Ngezinhlangano Zesizwe

Abaholi bakahulumeni bendawo baye bazihlela baba amaqembu anamandla okuphatha izigebengu. I-National Gurnerers’s Association (NGA), i-National Association of Cities, ne-National Association of Towns and Villages bafaka iziphakamiso njalo, babambe iziphakamiso nezikhulu zesizwe, futhi banxuse ngokuqondile i-Diet. Lezi zinkampani azinamaqembu azimele ahlelile kodwa awezombangazwe kakhulu; bangasebenzisa ukucindezela okungafinyelwa nguhulumeni wendawo kuphela. Ngokwesibonelo, i-NGA ibilokhu isebenza ekuthuthukiseni izinguquko zezwe nezimiso zokuphatha izinhlekelele. Amaqembu ezombangazwe, alangazelela ukusekela izinhlangano zendawo eziphethe imikhankambiso yotshalo yotshani, ngokuvamile afaka leziziphakamiso ezindaweni zawo.

Ukuguqula Umbono Womphakathi Ngezinhlangano Zemithombo Yezindaba Nezakhamuzi

Izimiso zendawo ezivumelana nabavoti zingaguqula izinkulumo zeningi futhi zibangele ukucindezela kokhetho emaqenjini esizwe. Uma isikhulu esinjengamaphayona aseKochi siwuhlelo lwemfundo yenkulisa yamahhala noma idolobha elifana neYokohama lisebenzisa izisulu zekhabhoni ezinobudlovu, lezizindaba zithathwa yimithombo yezindaba yesizwe. Izakhamuzi, zibona izinzuzo ezingokoqobo kwezinye izindawo, ziqala ukufuna imithetho efanayo ezweni lonke. Amaqembu ezombangazwe asabela ngokuthatha lezi zinyathelo ezithandwayo ukuze akhange abangenisi. Ngale mqondo, ohulumeni bendawo basebenza njengezimo ezihleliwe zekhasi, besebenzisa inqubo yabo yokuhlela izinkulumo zengxoxo yesizwe.

Ukuhlola Icala Okungokomlando: Kusuka Ekuvuselweni Kwendawo Kuya Emithethweni Yesizwe

Ithonya lohulumeni bendawo ezimisweni zeqembu lesizwe alisona isenzakalo samuva nje.

Amandla Avuselelekayo: Kusuka Emapulazini Elanga Endawo Kuya Ezweni Elifuya I - National Seafing Taff

Ekuqaleni kwawo- 2000, ingxenye yamandla avuselelwayo yaseJapane yaqala ukuthatha i-paredires e-Europe. Ama-stares amaningana, ikakhulukazi i-Nagano no-Oita, aqala ukwenza imisebenzi ye-octive ye-lar ne-opine, esebenzisana nemishini yendawo yokubambisana nokuxhasana. Idolobha lase-Iida eNagano Prefecture laba uphawu lwesizwe lokukhushulwa kwamandla avuselelwe, ukudonsa izifundo ezivela kwezinye izinkonzo ze-PP. Le mizamo yendawo, ihlangene nokuthola i-NGA, yaveza ngokuqondile isisekelo sokusekela amandla avusene. Ngo-2009, uhulumeni wezwe wasungula ukudla okuphakela okuphakelayo okunenzuzo, okwaqiniswa yi-LDPP ngemva kokubusa. Inqubo ye-FIT, yanikela ngokuqondile ekusunguleni kweminde yeze yezentengo yezentengo yeze yaseJapane, i-Fraline, futhi yaveza ukuhlola kwezententente yomphakathi.

Ukunakekela Kwasebegugile: Abaholayo Endaweni Eholela Emshuwalenseni Wokunakekela Osuhlala Isikhathi Eside

Inani labantu asebegugile eJapane lalidinga ukucatshangelwa okuyisisekelo kokunakekela abadala. Ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe isimiso sezwe se-Liver-Term Care Inshuwarence (LTCI) ngo- 2000, kusungulwe ohulumeni abaningana bendawo, kuhlanganise nedolobha lase-Tokyo laseMitaka nedolobha laseYokohama, kakade base bedale “izimiso zenkonzo zeshumi nambili” zezakhamuzi zabo esezikhulile, ngokuvamile zixhaswe ngentela yomphakathi neminikelo yokuzithandela. Le zinhlelo zazama ngokunakekela abaphathi bezindawo, izinkonzo zasekhaya, nezindawo zomphakathi. Uhulumeni wezwe“ Icebo elidala” langowangowango 1990 ladwela kakhulu kulemifanekiso yendawo. Isimiso sezezenhlalakahle yezwe, manje itshe lenkambiso yezezenhlalo yezenhlalo, iwuhlobo lokunakekela kokubili ukunakekelwa kwezindawo zomphakathi, kanye nezindawo zomphakathi womphakathi womhlaba wonke. I-DP sishone yonke i-DP, kodwa saqinisekisa ukuthi inguhulumeni sokuqala.

Izinguquko Eziqhubekayo: Isidingo Sasezindaweni Zokuzisebenzela Okungaphezu Kwezinga Elivamile

Emashumini eminyaka, ohulumeni bendawo bakhononda “ngemisebenzi egunyaziwe e-Tokyo. Imisebenzi yokuthunyelwa kwezandla” (kikan i - iku jimu) eyabaphoqelela ukuba benze imisebenzi kahulumeni ophakathi ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali eyanele. Ngo-1990, ababusi abanjengoMasayoshi Takemura wase-Kyoto bahola isikhungo sokulwa nokulwa kwe-fiscal jovergal. Inguquko yabo yaboniswa yizizwe zesizwe ukuze ihlonipheke. Umphumela walokhu “Trinity Reformations” (200,2006), eyanciphisa inzuzo ephakathi lapho inyusela i-Implasisi yendawo, yaba ukusabela okuqondileyo ekungeneni i-Impyutho yomthetho wendawo. Nakuba izinguquko zazingaphelele futhi ngokwengxenye, zazibonakala ziqashelwa yizizwe yizizwe zesizwe sesizwe se-LDP.[9]

Izibonelo Zangesikhathi Esidlule: Ohulumeni Bendawo Njengamaphayona Angomthetho

Umkhuba wohulumeni bendawo obumba izimiso zeqembu lesizwe uyaqhubeka namuhla unqamula ezinhlalweni ezihlukahlukene.

Ukuvimbela Inhlekelele Nokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu

Ngemva kwe-1920 Great East Japan Netuanation, ohulumeni bendawo ezindaweni ezinendawo ebanzi ehlanganisa i-Iwate ne-Miyagi Pritaures, basungula izingozi ezitshaliwe njengezindawo zokufihla izingozi zokuthutha abantu eziphezulu kanye nokudweba izibalo zezingozi ezinamandla. Idolobha laseMiamisanriku lasungula “isimiso sokubhola sokukhipha itsunami” kamuva esasetshenziswa njengesibonelo sesizwe se-Fireat and Disagement Agement Agement. Muva nje, ohulumeni bendawo basentshonalanga yeJapane (umz. Okayama ne-Hiroshima) baye bahola ekushintsheni isimo sezulu, basebenzisa imisebenzi enjengemidensiba efana nezindawo ezikwazi ukunyakazela amabhulohova kanye nezindawo eziluhlaza zasedolobheni ukuze bavize izingozi. Uhulumeni wezwe lonke u-Climatem Plandiciation Plandiciation, ngokubanzi ku-201818, lemisebenzi yale . I-Dhomimeticism, ikakhulukazi i-Dmocraticism Triciotivemental Par

Ukulingana Kwesizwe Nokushintsha Kwemisebenzi

Ohulumeni bendawo baye balawula uhlelo lwe-Communication e-Aichi Prefecture oluthatha kancane ukulingana kwabesilisa nebesilisa. I-Tokyo Metropolitan Government, ngaphansi koMbusi uYurikoike, yasungula izilinganiso ezibophayo zobulili kumakomiti ayo okuqondisa izingane futhi yasungula uhlelo lokuthuthukisa izingane ngo-2017. Idolobha lase-Tatoyo eAichi Prefecture lasungula isimiso esibanzi sokukhuthaza ukuthatha isinyathelo sokwenza izinqumo zendawo, kuhlanganise nokuqeqesha nokuqondisa izinhlelo. Lokhu kuhlola kwendawo kwathonya izisulu ‘ zamandla kahulumeni wesizwe” kanye nemithetho engu-2020 efuna ukuba izinkampani ezinkulu zikhokhe izikhala zobulili. Nakuba intuthuko ihlala ingekho ngokulinganayo, ukuthatha izinyathelo zendawo ezinikeza ubufakazi bokulingana kwezimiso zobufana nako kokubili ukuhlanganisa ubulili obuphakathi kwezimiso zobufana.

Ukuguqula izinombolo: Izixwayiso ze-E-Governity yasendaweni

Inguquko yezimiso ze-mitutual (DX) eqondiswa ohulumeni bendawo bekhungathekiswe yizimiso zakudala ezisekelwe kumaphepha. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha laseFukuoka, lasungula itheku elibanzi le-intanethi yemisebenzi ye-intanethi ye-intanethi yezisebenzi zesizwe, kuhlanganise nentela nezinhlelo zesikole zesikole, inciphisa izikhathi zokulinda amahora ngemizuzu. Isigaba sikaMie sakha iqonga elivulekile elivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zisebenzise imali ngesikhathi sangempela. Le mpumelelo yazisa ngokuqondile “i-Digal Agency” yesizwe ngo-2021, kanye nokusunduza kukahulumeni nge-injini yenombolo yami” njenge-ID yendawo yonke. Izikhulu zezombangazwe zangaphandle komkhankaso manje ezindaweni zikahulumeni, kodwa izibonelo ze-DX zingeza ngokuqondile eziphethe i-Propopuletiesting ezisenkabeni.

Izinselele Nokulinganiselwa Kwethonya Lasendaweni

Naphezu kwalezi zindaba zempumelelo, ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bendawo namaqembu ezizwe bugcwele imingcele evimbela ithonya lendawo.

Izindawo Zokuncika Kwesizwe Ezingalawuleki

Ohulumeni bendawo baseJapane bathembele cishe ku-40% yemali yabo ephelele ekuthunyelweni kukahulumeni ophakathi, bebenza babe sesichengeni sokuphoqelelwa kwemali. Ngisho noma ukuthatha isinyathelo endaweni kuzibonakalisa kuphumelela, kungase kungalinganiswa ngokwesizwe ngenxa yokuthi izakhiwo eziphakathi azikuvumeli ukulawula uhlelo lwemali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqembu amazwe avame ukubeka umthetho “okwenza inzuzo” elawula umthetho wendawo ngendlela ehlelekayo evimbela ukusungulwa okuqhubekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokusungulwa kokudla kwesizwe okungagunyazi, ukuqashelwa kwamandla ezindaweni ezithile kuye kwasuswa kakhulu, ukulawulwa okushintsha emuva kuhulumeni ophakathi. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ithonya lendawo ngokuvamile phakathi nesigaba sokuhlela izinto ezihlelwayo kodwa incipheka phakathi nesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwemisebenzi.

Ukuyala Nokuthuthukisa Iqembu Lezombangazwe

Amaqembu ezombangazwe eJapane, ikakhulukazi i-LDP, alondoloza ukulawula okunamandla kokukhetha isigaba somkhwelisi nesimiso. Amagatsha eqembu lendawo ngokuvamile anezikhundla ezilinganiselwe, futhi abaqondisi bendawo (izikhulu, imeya) ngokuvamile bahamba bezimele noma benezivumelo zokusekela ezingokwamagama kuphela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nabaholi bendawo abasungulayo bangase balwe kanzima ukuthonya inqubo yesizwe ngokuqondile; imiqondo yabo kumelwe ithathwe yimithetho yesizwe enozwela. Ukuphikiswa kobuholi beqembu kanye nokuqhutshekiselwa phambili kwemithetho yeqembu, kwenza kube nzima ngohulumeni bendawo ukuba basekele imikhankanti ende.

Ukungafani Kwezifunda Nokungalingani Kwezombangazwe

Akuwona wonke ohulumeni bendawo abanethonya elilinganayo. Izehlakalo ze-fulier, ezithe chithi saka kakhulu (Tokyo, Osaka, Aichi) ziyala ukunaka okukhulu kumaqembu esizwe kunasemaphandleni, ukususa izifunda. Izimiso eziphumelelayo ezivela ku- “umboniso” ngokuvamile ziyaphindaphindwa, kodwa inqubo ephambili yokuhlahlela noma ukuncipha kwezindawo (ezifana nokuncishiswa kwenani labantu, ukuthengwa kwemali, ukuthunyelwa kwezolimo, noma ukufika kwezokuhamba. Lokhu kungaholela ekubekelweni imingcele elinganiselwe yezehlakalo lolwazi lwezwe, kuyilapho imfuno yezifunda ezibuthakathaka. Izinhlangano zesizwe, ezaziwa izindawo zokuvota-madolobha, zivame ukusabela ngokushesha kakhulu ezimweni ezivela kohulumeni bendawo, ezindaweni ezinamandla, ezihlukene ngokwezinhlangothini ezihlukene.

Amathuba Okuthuthukisa Ubuciko

Naphezu kwalezi zithiyo, kunezindlela zokuqinisa ukusabela okuhle kohulumeni bendawo namaqembu ezizwe.

Imikhandlu Yezimiso Zezwe Nezindawo Ezihlangene

Izinhlangano ezihlanganisa imisebenzi ehlangene phakathi kwenkonzo, amalungu kaDiet, kanye nabameleli bakahulumeni bendawo bangahlela uhlelo lokufunda. “Ingqungquthela Yemali Yendawo Yonke ye-Local Government” iyisibonelo esisodwa, kodwa igxila kakhulu ezimpikiswaneni ezibandayo. Imikhandlu ehlanganisa inhlalakahle, indawo ezungezile, noma isimiso sezibalo singahlela ukukhucululwa kwezinto ezintsha zendawo. I-LDP’s “Headcations for Local Creation” iyisinyathelo esiqondene nenkambiso, kodwa ihlala iyinqubo evame kakhulu, mhlawumbe efana neyaseJalimane iBoundrat-ssss ss speciom ezimweni zendawo, ingenza ukuthuthuka kwesimiso sesizwe sesizwe sokuhlola i-eactive.

Amanethi okwazi ukusebenza kanye nokubambisana kwendawo ezungezile

Ohulumeni bendawo ngokwabo bangaqinisa ithonya labo ngokwenza izinhlanganisela zezimiso ezigxile ezindaweni ezithile ezikhethekile. “I-Local Renobled Energy Network'. ne-“Isizwe Somkhandlu Wamadolobha We-Gerder Ukulingana” ziyizibonelo zokubambisana kokuzithandela okuhlanganyela imikhuba emihle kakhulu kanye nokusekela ushintsho lwezimiso zezwe. Lemifelandawo inciphisa ukwaziswa njengokuvumelana phakathi kwabangenisi nabadlali besizwe, futhi bakha izwi elihlangene amaqembu ezombangazwe angenakulishaya indiva. Ukukhuthaza izinhlangano ezinjalo ngezindlela ezilinganiselwe zesizwe ezisekela ithonya lendawo ngaphandle kokulawula okukhulu.

Izinguquko Zeqembu Ne - Electoral

Ekugcineni, ushintsho olukhulu kakhulu lungavela ngezinguquko zeqembu namavolontiya athuthukisa ukubaluleka kwezindaba zendawo emikhankasweni yezwe. Ukunikeza izakhi zophawu olulinganayo oluvumela uhlu lwezindawo, noma ukuqinisa indima yezihloko zesigaba sezikhulu, kungaqinisekisa ukuthi impumelelo yesimiso sendawo ivuzwa phakathi kwesimiso seqembu. Amanye amaqembu, njengeQembu lamaKhomanisi laseJapan, kakade agcizelela imikhankaso yotshani bendawo, kodwa amanye ahlala ephakeme kakhulu. Ukushintshela ekubusweni kwentando yeningi yangaphakathi kuzokusakaza izinhlelo zendawo ngokwemvelo ezisezikhungweni zesizwe.

Isiphetho: Indima Engenakuxazululwa Yohulumeni Bendawo Ebuningini Bentando Yeningi BaseJapane

Ohulumeni bendawo eJapane bangaphezulu kakhulu kobuphathi obuyikho obuyikho obuyimpumelelo. Bahlanganyela ngentshiseko enqubweni yezombangazwe, behlela izinqumo zezimiso zamaqembu esizwe ngokuhlola, ukugunyaza, nokuthonya komphakathi. Kusukela ekuvuselweni amandla okunakekela abadala, kusukela ekuvimbeleni inhlekelele kuya kuhulumeni wezemishini, okuningi kwezinhlelo eziphawulekayo zeJapani zinemisuka emikhankasweni yendawo. Yiqiniso, ubuhlobo buyi-aymememetermeter", ukulawulwa kwezezimali nemithetho yeqembu ngokuhlola imingcele yamandla engokongalengi nemithetho engcono yendawo. Izimiso zezenhlalakahle zinamandla ekwakhelini. Njengoba iJapane ibhekene izinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi njengokuwohloka kwenani, ukushintsha isimo sezulu, nokuvusezigodlo, amandla ohulumeni bendawo okuzenza izixazulu nokuzondlalela kwezwe lonke. Izinhlangano zezombangazwe ziyoqaphela futhi ziyonake kakhulu izinhlelo zemisebenzi yokwakha izikhali zezandla eziphambili eziphambili ezikhona phakathi kohulumeni bendawo.