Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinqumo zokwahlulela nezenzo zomthetho buyisisekelo sezimiso zomthetho zanamuhla. Uma izinkantolo zomphakathi zixazulula izingxabano, zivame ukukhanyisa ukuswela, ukuquleka, noma ukungalungi komthetho we-state, ukudala ukucindezela okunamandla kokuguqula. Lokhu kubambisana okunamandla phakathi kwe-actritudic nemithetho kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqubo ezingokomthetho ziyozivelela ekusabeleni ezimpikiswaneni zezwe langempela kanye nalokho okulindelwe yizenhlalakahle. Ukuqonda indlela ukunqabelana kwemithetho yemithetho yesizwe okudingeka ngayo kudinga abenzi bemithetho engokomthetho, abenzi bemithetho yemithetho, nabafundi be-jurisudeunial.

Imishini Yokuqeda Izono Zomphakathi

Ukuqamba icala kubhekisela ekwahluleleni izimpikiswano ezingezona ezobugebengu phakathi kweqembu elithile, − kuhlanganise nabantu ngabanye, izinkampani, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni − ngaphansi kwesimiso senqubo yomphakathi. Lezingxabano zingahlanganisa ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, amalungelo empahla, ukubekeka izivumelwano, ubuhlobo bomkhaya, izimpikiswano zemisebenzi, noma ukujeziswa kwemithetho. Ngokungafani nezigebengu eziqala ngumbuso futhi zithwele izijeziso njengokuboshwa, amacala omphakathi ngokuvamile afuna amakhambi njengesijeziso, imiyalo, noma ukulawulwa okukhethekile.

Icala lomphakathi liqhubekela phambili ngokuqunga izikhalazo, ukuvubukula, ukuthatha izinqumo zomthetho, futhi ngokuvamile ukuxazulula izingxoxo. Uma kungekho ukugaxelwa kwecala, icala liya enkantolo, ekhipha isinqumo. Leso sinqumo singadluliswa ezinkantolo eziphakeme. Ngayo yonke le nqubo, izinkantolo zichaza izimiso zomthetho ezivamile, zikhiphe imibono ehleliwe. Lemibono yenza okungaphezu kokuxazulula ukuphikisana okusheshayo; ikha izibonelelo futhi inikeze impendulo ezingase zidlulisele imingcele noma ukungqubuzana kwemithetho ekhona.

Umphumela oqhubekayo wezivumelwano eziningi zomphakathi, qhakazi lezo ezifinyelela ezinkantolo eziphethe umthetho. Uma uchungechunge lwamacala afanayo luveza imithetho engqubuzanayo, noma uma icala elilodwa eliyingqophamlando liveza iphutha lesimiso, isishayamthetho sishukumiseleka ukuba singenele. Le mpendulo ivezwa ikakhulukazi ezimisweni ezivamile lapho izenzakalo zokwahlulela zinesisindo esikhulu khona, kodwa futhi isebenza nasemasimini emithetho ezakhamuzi lapho izinkantolo ziboshwe khona kakhulu ngemithetho egunyazwelwe i-consiwe.

Imigwaqo Esuka Enkantolo Iya Eqenjini Lemithetho

Ukuqamba umthetho kuthinta umthetho ngezindlela eziningana ezihlukene. Isinqumo esiqondile senzeka lapho izinkantolo ziveza ngokucacile izindawo lapho ulimi lwemithetho lungacacile, lungaphelele, noma luphelelwe isikhathi. Ngezinye izikhathi abahluleli bahlanganisa ukulahlwa noma ngisho ukutusa okungokomthetho emibonweni yabo, benxusa abenzi bemithetho ukuba bacacise umthetho. Abameli bangase bazise izikweletu ukuze baxazulule amaphutha akhona.

Ukubona Igebe Ekufuyweni Kwemithetho

Imithetho eminingi ibekwa nezimiso ezibanzi ezidinga ukuthuthukiswa kamuva lapho kuvela izimo ezintsha. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho yokuvikela abathengi yakuqala yayingalindele ukuhweba ngemishini, ukukhwabanisa nge-inthanethi, noma ukufakwa kwe-algoric. Lapho amacala omphakathi ahilela ukungezwani kwamakhadi okuthenga ngemishini okungekho semthethweni afika ezinkantolo, amajaji azama kanzima ukusebenzisa izisekelo ezikhona eziklanyelwe ukudambisa izikhala ezidaliweyo, eziholela ekulungiseni ukushintshwa okunjengokuvusenelwa kwemithetho ye-Electronicly Fund Drection nemithetho yesivikelo kahulumeni yokuthenga.

Hlela Isiyaluzi solwembu

Izinqumo zokuphakanyiswa kwezinqumo ziba izincazelo ezinegunya zomthetho. Ezimisweni ezivamile, izinkantolo eziphansi kumelwe zilandele izandulela ezimiswe izinkantolo eziphakeme. Uma inkantolo yamukela incazelo ethile.

Ukukhulisa Ukuqapha Komphakathi Nokucindezela Kwezombangazwe

Izehlakalo zabezindaba eziphezulu zidonsa ukuqulwa kwezindaba nokuhlolwa komphakathi, ziguqula izimpikiswano zobuchwepheshe zibe izimpikiswano zezezezenhlalo nezezombangazwe. Uma ijaji likhokha umonakalo omkhulu ecaleni lomkhiqizo elikhubazekile, noma lapho isenzo sekilasi siveza imikhuba yokubolekisa ngempango egcweleyo, ukuthukuthela komphakathi okuwumphumela kungakhuthaza amaqembu afuna ukungenela kwemithetho yomthetho. Abenzi bomthetho, abazwelayo ekuvoteleni, ngokuvamile basabela ngezinguquko ezilawulayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukulwa nezinhlangano zikagwayi ngo-1990 zavubukula izincwadi ezibonisa imfihlo yangaphakathi yezingozi zempilo. Amajaji amuva ezwe ahlasela umphakathi afuna ukungenela izivumelwano zemithetho yomthetho.

Ukuhlola Icala Elinophawu Lwasezweni Nethonya Lalo Lomthetho

Ukuhlola izindawo ezimbalwa eziyinhloko kubonisa ububanzi balesi simo.

Ukuvikelwa Nokukhiqizwa Kwabathengi

Ukwanda komthetho wesivikelo wanamuhla wabathengi e-United States kubangelwa kakhulu yizenzakalo zomphakathi ezidalula imikhiqizo eyingozi nokuthengisa okukhohlisayo. Kuyi-Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors (1960]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseNew Jersey yanciphisa ukubekwa indiva kwesivumelwano sokuthenga imoto, yamisa izimemo ezidiza ukuthengwa kwemikhiqizo yezentengiselwano. Lesinqumo sathonya ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yenkolo yenkolo yenkolo yoMcimbiso futhi sakhuthaza umthetho weSikhungo se-Pronethi ye-Magnoson-Maos Wartyy Warty Act. Ngokufanayo, izimo ezihilela izimoto ezimelene neFirestone neFord . Ukuhlobana okunamandla kakhulu nokukhumbula. [FFF:]

Umthetho Wendawo Ezungezile Nokuthembeka

Izibalo ze-comburrt ziye zasiza ekuqondiseni imingcele yendawo ezungezile. Ngawo-1980, ukumangalelwa kwezinkampani ezalahla udoti onobuthi ngaphansi koMthetho weResource Conservation and Recovery nemithetho kahulumeni ehluphayo kwadalula ukuhluleka kokuqondisa kukahulumeni. Icala elidumile United States v. Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corp.[FLT] [Uthando] [Isithako] [Izinga] hilela isikhungo sesigaba esaholela ekudalweni kwesimiso seSuperfured Confective Resotion, Compensation, ne Livementation Act of 1980). Muva nje, ukushintsha isimo sezulu kusuka [FLT:] Maachsetts v. [FFF] [200] [FFF] [200]

Amalungelo Omsebenzi Nokucwaswa

Ukunqabelana kwesizwe kuye kwaba yisici esibangela imithetho emelene nobandlululo. Ngaphambi kwesihloko se-Covil Rights Act ka-1944, izinkantolo zivame ukusekela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga emsebenzini. Kodwa amacala omphakathi abekwa ngaphansi kwemithetho yangaphambili ye-consolen-eration, njengalawo acashunwe ku-[[FL:0] Jons] v. Alfred H. [Mayer .[FLT] [1968] [196], asiza ekumiseni isimiso sokuthi ukucwaswa kwamacala ayimfihlo. [i-CP] Isigaba singenza ukuba ukucwaswa kwe-'anti kusebenze. [i-'''''''''''''''''''''''', njengalawo acashunwe-1970, asho ukuthi ukucwa kwenkampatho ye-'imposiso somthetho shobo.[5] nakuba i-Spointrce i-ATrectives.[5], i-octived Treactivessss, i-octived sy

Amalungelo Omphakathi Nezinguquko Zezinhlangano

Ngalé komsebenzi, ukufushaniswa kwemifelandawonye kuye kwabangela izinguquko ezinkulu emajele, ezimongweni zempilo yengqondo, ezikoleni, naseminyangweni yamaphoyisa. Brown v. Ibhodi lemfundo (11954], ukunquma kwesizwe okuhlangene kwesikole okuye kwabangela ukuhlelwa kwenkululeko yezenkululeko yesizwe futhi kwaholela eSivumelweni samaLungu somthetho we-Ovinial Rights Act nase Voting Rights Act. Muva nje, imvume ekhona ebangelwa amalungelo omphakathi iye yaphoqa inguquko yamaphoyisa emadolobheni anjenge-Foffeneg, Missouris, ne-Chicagony, i-Illinois. Lemithetho ifuna ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yokuhlelwa kwemithetho yeze inzuzo yeze i-Rogntion ukuze ithole, umqondisi, i-odocustory, nezinhlelo zomphakathi.

Indima Yokwahlulela Ibuya Indinganiso Ekumisweni Kwama - mithetho

Ukukhipha isinqumo kokwahlulela kuyinqubo engokomthetho nengenamthethweni lapho izinkantolo zixhumana khona nezishaya-mthetho. Ekupheleni okungokomthetho, abahluleli bangahlanganisa ukutusa okucacile kwesenzo somthetho phakathi kwemibono yabo. Eminye imithetho-mthetho ifuna ukuba abahluleli babike ngezinguquko ezidingekile zomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Oregon, iNkantolo Ephakeme idlulisela iziphakamiso zemikhandlu yokwahlulela kuhulumeni. Ngokwesilinganiso sikahulumeni, i-Conference ye-United States inikeza iziphakamiso zemithetho njalo eMkhandlwini yenkantolo nangezimpikiswano zezezezezomthetho.

Ngokwethukela, imibono edlulisayo ngokuvamile inezigijimi eziqokomisa izikhalo zenqubo. Abenzi bomthetho nezisebenzi zabo bafunda njalo izinqumo zenkantolo njengengxenye yenqubo yomthetho. Lapho benza izikweleti ezintsha, iseluleko somthetho singabhekisela ezincazelweni zokwahlulela ukuze kuthethelelwe ulimi oluvala izikhalazo noma olucacisa amagama angacacile. Amakomiti futhi aphethe ukuthethwa lapho ochwepheshe bezomthetho bexoxa ngezinqumo zamuva nezici zabo, benikeza iqophelo lesenzo somthetho.

Izindlebe Eziwumthetho Ezishukunyiswa Ukwahlulela

Izinqumo ezinkulu ngokuvamile zibangela ukuqulwa kwamacala enkantolo. Ngemva kwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme iSicizen United v. FEC (2010), eyachitha imithetho yezentengo yezezimali, ukuzwa okuningi kwabekwa ukuze kuqashe izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho-siseko nezimfuneko ezintsha zokwambulwa. Ngokufanayo, [Masterbinding macatonhop[ icala (20:8)) lemithetho yeze yezehlulelo ezithile zezenkolo nengadiscritive. Nakuba kungenziwanga zonke izimemezelo eziphumela emthethweni, zenza umbhalo wobufakazi walokho okungazisa.

Izinselele Esondleni Lokuqeda Icala

Nakuba ithonya lokuzinqumela kwesimiso somphakathi ngokuvamile libhekwa njengelakhayo, izinselele eziningana zenza lobu buhlobo bube nzima.

Imingcele Yokwahlulela Iqhathaniswa Nezenzo

Izinkantolo zivame ukuqapha mayelana nokwenza izimemezelo ezibanzi. Imfundiso yokunqanda ukwahlulela isekela amajaji ehhovisi lemithetho ezindabeni zezenhlala-khaya. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye abahluleli bathatha indlela ekhuthele kakhulu yokusebenzisa incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ukuze bashaye imithetho noma bagunyaze amakhambi adala isimiso ngokuphumelelayo. Umngcele phakathi kwencazelo engokomthetho yomthetho nenobuqili uphikiswa kakhulu. Uma izinkantolo zibonakala zivale ibhentshi ebhentshini, bafaka engozini yokubuyela emuva eKhondlelweni nasemphakathini, okungalulaza ukufaneleka kwesinqumo sabo nokuthatha imithetho engokomthetho.

Intando Nesiyaluyalu Kwezombangazwe

Ngisho noma inkantolo isho ngokucacile igebe lomthetho noma ukungabi nabulungisa, inqubo yezombangazwe ingase ihluleke ukuthatha isinyathelo. I-Gridlock eKhongomeni isho ukuthi ukutusa okuningi kokwahlulela inguquko akukaze kwenziwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ibekwe Zivotafsky v. Kerry [20] [20] [20] [0] ukuthi uMongameli unamandla akhethekile okuqaphela ohulumeni bangaphandle, uMkhandlu awuwudlulisi umthetho. Ngokufanayo, imiphumela yokwahlulela ephindaphindiwe yezimiso zomphakathi ayizange iveze izinguquko zesimiso somphakathi. Ukuguqulwa kwesinqumo kwesinqumo senkantolo esingokomthetho esingokomthetho esingokomthetho kuphela akudingi ukusikisela okungokomthetho kodwa futhi nokuvumelana kwezombangazwe, nokulahlekelwa kwemiphumela emisha. [FT:] futhi, ukunciphiselwa kwemithetho yemithetho yecala emisha emisha emposokweni yezindawo ezikhona.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: Izimiso Zomthetho Ovamile

Ithonya lokufushaniswa kwemithetho lihluka ngokwesiko lomthetho. Emthethoni ovamile (umz., UK, US, Australia, India), izimpawu zokwahlulela zinamandla futhi zinesimo esiqondile sokuchaza umthetho nokuguqula. Abahluleli bahileleka obala ekucabangeni okungokomthetho, futhi imibono yabo ingaba isisekelo sokumisa umthetho. Ngokungafaniyo, amazwe omthetho (umzz., iFrance, iJapane) ithembele kakhulu emithethweni ebanzi; izinkantolo zilinganiselwe kakhulu ekusebenziseni umthetho, ngaphandle kwendlela yokulawula inqubo. Nokho, ngisho nasezimisweni zenkantolo eziphakeme zingabangela ukubukeza imithetho yemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-French Coour decationsss transmetionsss transmessss trainss travolutionss of Memon Active Active Actives Act ne-Deneral ye-General (RGeneral) i-movement, inqubo ekhululekile yemithetho yezizwe enjenge yesizwe, izikhulu zezizwe, izikhulu zemithetho yezizwe, izikhulu zezizwe.

Ikusasa Lokulahlwa Kwecala Noshintsho Lwesimiso Somphakathi

Njengoba umphakathi uba yinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, ukuhlobana phakathi kwezivumelwano nomthetho kuyojula.

Izimpikiswano Zobuchwepheshe Nemithetho Yomthetho

Ukuhlakanipha kokwenza, izimiso ezizimele, kanye nezindawo zomphakathi kuye kwabangela izingxabano ezintsha zomphakathi .Kusukela ekuzifakeni engozini yezingozi zemoto ezihambisana nokuphulwa kokwaziswa ngasese. Izinkantolo zilwa nemibuzo engabhekisi iziqondiso ezikhona. Imiphumela yalezi zimo cishe izokwazisa ikusasa likahulumeni nomthetho wezwe we-II. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubekwa kwemithetho ye-Tok ye-data yenze i-Congress idlulise i-Conse Congress ukuze idlulise i-Antext ne-alction ehlongosini ye-American. Umxhumanisi we-FLC: [F:]NCSL ku-UP [FLT] ku-ULLLGON .]

Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nokuncishiswa Kwezizwe Zonke

Izingxabano zombango eziphakathi kwemingcele, njengalezo ezihilela ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuxhashazwa kwamalungelo abantu emaketangeni okunikezwa, nokugcinwa kwesivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe, kuxazululwa kakhulu ezinkantolo zasekhaya. Lezi zinqumo zingadala imiphumela eyengeziwe futhi zishukumisele izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe. Ukwanda kokumelene nezinhlangano ezihlangene ezinhlanganweni zaseNtshonalanga eziphethe emazweni asathuthuka kuyinjini enamandla yokushintsha imithetho engokozwe namazwe ngamazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Alien Tort Le-S i-S iholela ekuvuselweni kabusha kwemizamo yokuhlanganisa izindinganiso zokuphatha izinhlangano zenhlangano.

Isiphetho

Ukufushaniswa kwemithetho akuyona nje indlela yokuxazulula izimpikiswano; iyinjini ebalulekile yokuguqula inqubo yemithetho nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngokudalula izikhala ezichazayo, ukubeka impikiswano yomthetho, ukunikeza ukunikeza ukuzwana okuqondile kubenzi bomthetho, izinkantolo zisiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho wemithetho uyaqhubeka usabela ezidingweni zomphakathi. Nakuba izinselele ezinjengokuvimbela kokwahlulela, i-glockbock, nokuhlela izithiyo zezombangazwe kumelwe ziqondiswe, ithonya licacile: isimiso sokuphikisa esisebenza ekhonsathinini negatsha lemithetho ekhipha uhlelo olulungile noluvumelana nomthetho. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nabenzi bemithetho, ukuqonda lokhu kudingekile kokubili ukuqhubekela phambili kwezemfundo engokomthetho nezimiso ezisebenzayo.